试样两端固定或松弛态结晶对取向非晶态聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯膜结晶的影响

<正> 在研究聚合物的结晶过程中,有时(如在同步辐射法、X-衍射法和红外法的测定中)须将试样两端固定,有时(如研究热处理过程中取向聚合物的尺寸和结构变化)须将试样处于松弛状态。因而研究两端固定或松弛状态对取向聚合物结晶速率和结构的影响引起了人们的兴趣。一些研究结果得出,与松弛状态结晶相比,试样两端固定态结晶使取向聚合物的结晶速率变慢,但有时也出现相反的结果。此外,在上述文献中所用的原始试样都已具有较高的结晶度。为了弄清这一问题,我们用密度、双折射和应力测量等方法对取向程度不同的非晶态PET膜进行了深入和系统的研究。结果表明,试样两端固定与否对结晶速率的影响与试样原始的取向程度有关。     

取向非晶态聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)膜的结晶

采用小角和广角X-散射法比较了未拉和热拉PET膜在结晶性能方面的差别,热拉试样在分子链段的小尺度范围内基本上是无规取向,而在分子链的大尺度范围内却是高度取向的。研究结果表明:热拉PET膜的结晶诱导期较短,长周期发展得较快,结晶后小角X-线散射表现出明显的各向异性,在热处理过程中先出现显著的热收缩,随后又表现出结晶伸长现象,这些都和未拉试样有明显的差别。     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯溶剂诱导结晶研究 Ⅲ．溶剂对聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯玻璃化转变温度的影响

应用动态力学方法测定了聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯ＰＥＴ／溶剂体系的粘弹谱，从实验上证实溶剂对ＰＥＴ进行增塑，使其玻璃化转变温度降低，导致ＰＥＴ在低下通常的结晶温度下结晶，甚至在室温便进行结晶，证明溶剂诱导结晶是由于玻璃化转变温度降低的机理是正确的。可接受的。     

大区域取向对非晶态聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯结晶的影响

ffects of the chain orientation in the global sense on the solvent induced crystallization (SINC),diffusion velocity of toluol into poly(ethylene terephtlialate)(PET)and crystallization morphology were:studied by using density measurement and SEM.It has been shown that the SINC and diffusion velocity of toluol into PET increase with increasing degree of chain orientation in global sense,and the chain orientatioll can be essentially remained during SINC.     

大区域取向对非晶态聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯结晶的影响

大区域取向对非晶态聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯结晶的影响林辛，吴永升，高金贵，范庆荣（中国科学院化学研究所北京１０００８０）关键词聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯，溶剂诱导结晶，大区域取向Ｓｌｏｎｉｍｓｋｙ等’‘’“最早注意到区分小区域取向和大区域取向的概念，钱人元等”’对...     

分子链大尺度取向对非晶态聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯结晶行为的影响

用ＤＳＣ和溶剂诱导结晶（ＳＩＮＣ）的方法对比研究了（ＧＯＬＲ）态和未取向聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（ＰＥＴ）纤维样品的结晶行为．实验结果表明，样品的大尺度取向可有效地降低样品的冷结晶温度（Ｔｃｃ），证明大尺度取向对样品的结晶行为可起到促进作用．     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯非晶态膜片单轴热——拉伸中的结晶与松弛

用动态力学损耗温度谱作为测试手段,研究了非晶态PET膜片在78—112℃温度范围内的单轴拉伸。实验结果说明,在较低温度下所得结晶的拉伸试样,完全由于应变诱发结晶,发生在应力-应变曲线的屈服后应力开始上升的阶段。在较高温度下(90℃或更高)拉伸可得非晶态而且光学各向同性的试样,是由于分子链的小尺度取向在拉伸过程中已完全热松弛所致,而分子链的大尺度取向要通过高弹态流动而松弛,其速率较慢,用拉伸后试样两端固定时的应力松弛进行了观察。在较低温度下应力松弛后仍为非晶态,在较高温度下应力松弛到起始应力的1O％下才开始结晶。FTIR研究表明在这种状态下的结晶有一结晶诱导期,其时间尺度与应力松弛阶段相当。     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯溶剂诱导结晶研究 Ⅲ．溶剂对聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯玻璃化转变温度的影响

应用动态力学方法测定了聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯ＰＥＴ／溶剂体系的粘弹谱，从实验上证实溶剂对ＰＥＴ进行增塑，使其玻璃化转变温度降低，导致ＰＥＴ在低于通常的结晶温度下结晶，甚至在室温便进行结晶，证明溶剂诱导结晶是由于玻璃化转变温度降低的机理是正确的，可接受的．     

取向对物理老化的聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯纤维溶剂诱导结晶速率的影响

通过密度法、ＤＳＣ、力学性能测试等方法研究了物理老化对聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（ＰＥＴ）纤维溶剂诱导结晶速率及结构的影响，并进一步探讨了取向程度对ＰＥＴ纤维物理老化过程的影响．发现在一定老化温度下，ＰＥＴ纤维的溶剂诱导结晶（ＳＩＮＣ）速率随老化时间的延长呈现先降低后升高的趋势；取向程度高的样品则经较短的老化时间即可出现这种情况．对上述现象用凝聚缠结的观点加以解释．     

低密度聚乙烯/乙丙烯三元共聚(LDPE/EPO)共混体系的结晶动力学

用DSC方法研究了LDPE/EPO共混体系的等温及非等温结晶动力学,对LDPE/EPO共混体系的等温结晶动力学研究表明,共混物是三维生长的异相成核,共混物在各个结晶温度下的结晶过程都是以方式K_g(Ⅱ)进行的.采用联系Avrami方程和Ozawa方程导出的新非等温结晶动力学方程,处理了LDPE/EPO共混体系,得到了非等温结晶过程的一些基本参数,新方程很好地描述了此共混体系的非等温结晶动力学过程.     

聚酯／聚醚酯高分子混合系的凝集状态和结晶化机理

研究了结晶性高分子聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（ＰＥＴ）聚二苯氧乙烷（１,２）二甲酸（Ｐ．Ｐ′）乙二酯（ＰＥＥＴ）混合系的热结晶化机理．用ＤＳＣ,Ｘ光,偏光显微镜观测研究发现,ＰＥＴ与ＰＥＥＴ的熔融混合并未发生酯交换和共聚合等化学反应,各组分独立结晶,它们的结晶度、结晶速度、球晶结构受到结晶化温度和混合组成两因子的影响,提出了表征这种效果的综合结晶化阻碍因子值．     

不同结晶速率的PET薄膜在拉伸过程中的结晶与取向

用多种方法对两个结晶速率不同的PET样品在拉伸过程中的结晶和取向进行了研究。结果表明在同样的拉伸条件下,结晶速率较快的样品的结晶度和取向程度均比另一样品要高得多,这种结构变化上的差别说明把拉伸行为的差别归因于结晶速率的不同是合理的。     

CHEMOSELECTIVE REDUCTION OF AZIDES WITH SODIUM SULFIDE HYDRATE UNDER SOLVENT FREE CONDITIONS

Sodium sulfide hydrate has been employed for an efficient reduction of a variety of azides to the primary amines in good-to-excellent yields under solvent-free system and without perturbing many active functionalities such as ether, carbonyl, sulfonyl, and nitro.     

FREE STANDING FILM OF POLYANILINE

A free standing film of polyaniline as large as 18 cm×18cm×0.002 cm can be obtained by evaporation of a solution of the chemically synthesized base in NMP. Its structure was examined by the elemental analysis, IR, U.V.-visible spectra, XPS, DSC, SEM and X-ray scattering and its conducting behavior as well as electrochemical properties were studied. Results show that the composition, structure of main chain, physical properties of the free standing film of polyanilme is similar to that of the powder. However, some differences in its electronic structure, conductivity at room temperature and potential of redox couple between the flee standing film and powder are observed, which may be due to cross-linking of the film of polyaniline.     

非晶态全同立构聚丙烯玻璃的结晶过程与玻璃化转变

以低于-75℃的干冰-乙醇淬火聚丙烯熔体薄膜,制得了全同立构聚丙烯玻璃。观察此试样在升温过程及等温过程中的比容变化和红外光谱变化,研究它的松弛过程和结晶过程,结果表明在-23℃以下它相当稳定,高于-20℃则有明显的松弛、结晶过程产生。非晶态全同立构聚丙烯的玻璃化转变温度大约稍高于-20℃。     

INTERPRETATIONS OF THE SOLUTION AND ORIENTED FILM SPECTRA OF BROWN MEMBRANE OF HALOBACTERIUM HALOBIUM

Abstract— The absorption and circular dichroic spectra of the brown holo-membrane (retinal present) and apo-membrane (retinal absent) of Halobacterium halobium in solution and oriented as a film have been studied over the accessible wavelength region, 800–183nm. Since the structure of the well-studied purple membrane can be considered to be a modification of the structure of the brown membrane and much is known about the structure of the purple membrane, interpretations of the brown membrane spectra are based on our previous interpretations of similar studies of the purple membrane. The brown membrane contains two membrane proteins, bacteriorhodopsin and cytochrome b-561 in a 3:1 molar ratio in contrast to the purple membrane which contains only bacteriorhodopsin. Main findings are (a) degenerate oscillator coupling (exciton) among the retinyl chromophores of the bacteriorhodopsins, (b) a relatively strong in-plane interaction between the retinal and the bacteriorhodopsin apoprotein environment, possibly due to a dissymmetric static charge distribution, (c) the planes of the aromatic rings of some of the tryptophans must be nearly parallel to the plane of the membrane, (d) the helical axes of the bacterio-opsin polypeptide segments are significantly tilted in respect to the normal to the membrane plane in contrast to the helical axes of the bacteriorhodopsin polypeptide segments which are nearly parallel to the normal, (e) no detectable interaction between the two membrane proteins, (f) the plane of the heme of the cytochrome cannot be parallel to the membrane plane and is most likely perpendicular to it. (g) the dipole moments of the two mutually perpendicular Soret porphyrin transitions of the heme are most likely oriented at an angle to the membrane plane, (h) there seems to be a significant reduction in the symmetry of the heme group in the environment of the apoprotein, (i) the possibility of a unique geometrical arrangement and resonance interaction between the Soret porphyrin and nearby cytochrome aromatic amino acid π–π* transitions, (j) the secondary structure of the cytochrome is significantly α-helical, and (k) the helical axes of the cytochrome polypeptide segments are randomly oriented in respect to the normal to the membrane plane. A consequence of these findings is that the fine structures of the bacteriorhodopsins of the brown and purple membranes are very similar in spite of differences in the composition and the structure of the two membranes. In addition, the orientation of the helical segments of the bacteriorhodopsin polypeptides relative to the membrane plane in the brown and purple membranes can be regulated by the retinal–apoprotein interactions. Significance of this possible regulation in respect to the proton-pumping function of these membranes is discussed.