一种改进的原子力显微镜摩擦力标定方法

在传统标定AFM测力系统的楔形法基础上,通过线形加载的扫描方式,得到不同载荷下AFM针尖在平面和斜面上的切向力-位移循环曲线,并进一步计算出不同载荷下的摩擦力标定系数,进而根据该系数随载荷的变化趋势,选取高载下相对稳定的数据作为最终的标定结果.结果表明,由于改进的楔形法全面考察了摩擦力标定系数随载荷的变化趋势,避免了低载标定所引入的误差,标定结果更合理.     

混凝土框架结构内力测量传感器研制

研制了一种可用于混凝土结构试验中测量柱底截面轴向力、剪力和弯矩的内力测量传感器。该传感器主要由加载板、基座、4根竖向测力杆和2根水平测力杆组成。使用时,柱底截面的内力通过加载板传递给6根测力杆,根据6根测力杆的结果,通过力平衡方程可以计算实际加载的轴向力、剪力和弯矩的大小。对该传感器进行了4种工况下的标定试验。结果表明,传感器的测量误差满足框架结构内力测量精度要求。将该传感器应用到单层两跨的钢筋混凝土框架推覆试验中,获得了整个试验过程中构件的内力时程。     

Hysteresis models of dynamic mode atomic force microscopes: analysis and identification via harmonic balance

A new class of models based on hysteresis functions is developed to describe the operation of dynamic mode atomic force microscopy. Such models can account for dissipative phenomena affecting the interaction between the probe and the sample. The model analysis, which is developed using frequency domain techniques, provides a insights into experimentally observed behavior. Experimental data corroborates the models developed.     

Dissecting the Molecular Basis of the Mechanics of Living Cells

Cells establish and modulate their morphology and mechanics through the use of structural networks whose components range in size from a few nanometers to tens of micrometers. Over the past two decades, an exciting suite of sophisticated micro- and nanoscale technologies has emerged that permits investigators to directly probe structural and functional contributions of these components in living cells. Here we review underlying principles and recent applications of four such approaches: atomic force microscopy, subcellular laser ablation, micropatterning, and microfluidics. Together, these new tools are offering valuable insight into the molecular basis of cell structure and mechanics and revealing the remarkably broad influence of the mechanical microenvironment on many aspects of cell biology.     

AFM稳定性研究

“突跳”现象严重影响着原子力显微镜(AFM)的性能。根据W igner-Seitz模型微观连续介质理论,建立了AFM针尖同试样面接触力包含斥力的数学模型;由分析力学的稳定平衡条件,发现了引起AFM“突跳”的本质是不稳定平衡点的存在;通过增加AFM悬臂梁刚度,提出了一种避免AFM“突跳”现象发生的方法,并给出仿真结果。     

桩柱水流作用力实验测量技术研究

桩柱的绕流水流作用力一直是工程设计中所关注的问题。为了精确地测量模型试验中竖直桩柱在不同来流夹角下的水流作用力,基于力的平衡原理,设计并制作了一种新的桩柱水流作用力试验测量装置,并采用标准砝码模拟水流作用力,验证了该测量装置在不同来流工况下的测量精度。结果表明:桩柱受不同来流夹角的水流作用力时,该装置都具有相当高的测量精度,可满足模型试验要求。因此,该测量方法可用于竖直桩柱在水平或斜向水流作用下模型试验中水流作用力的试验研究。     

标准负阶跃力的实现及其测量研究

本文介绍了新研制成功的用于对大力值（最大1200KN）、宽频带（最高分析频率50kHz)的力传感器动态特性校准的标准负阶跃力装置,该装置是基于帕斯卡原理和冲击卸荷方法来实现的,文中详细介绍了力传感器输出电压和用激光测速仪测量负阶跃力跃变过程的高速数据同步采集技术。     

固定结构下的两向力及弯矩传感器设计

为了刀板切削过程中的受力满足最合理的设计准则,专用传感器设计须基于固定总体结构,对局部结构优化,以达到设计合理的目的。刀板切削时受到土体的阻力可分解为水平力和垂直力,多维力传感器测量了两个力的大小和对传感器产生的弯矩。刀板工作中,弯矩引起的正应力比垂直力引起的拉应力及水平力引起的切应力要大得多,因此特别设计了弹性体的局部结构使得三个应力值接近于同一量级。传感器的标定结果显示,输入输出有良好的线性关系,并且很好地消除了耦合效果。最终,将该传感器应用于土体切削测试并验证了其可靠性。     

某飞机部件测力风洞试验天平研制与应用

为满足某飞机部件高速风洞测力试验的需要,研制了四台部件测力天平,用来同时测量飞机机翼不同部件(全翼、外翼、翼尖弹、弹架组合)所受的气动载荷。由于是全模试验,天平的设计载荷不匹配,安装空间极度受限。设计时,全翼天平采用了机身中部安装方案、外翼天平与机翼加工成一体并且采用了新型多柱梁结构;翼尖弹天平和弹架组合天平采用了杆式天平方案。上述措施不仅满足了天平的测量需要,也确保了天平在模型中的安装位置以及测力的有效性。该部件测力试验已经在中国空气动力研究与发展中心FL-26风洞完成。试验结果表明,天平测力结果准确可靠,精准度高,达到了预期的目标。     

Theory of amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy with and without Q-Control

The present text reviews the fundamentals of amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy (AM-AFM), which is frequently also referred to as dynamic force microscopy, non-contact atomic force microscopy, or “tapping mode” AFM. It is intended to address two different kinds of readerships. First, due to a thorough coverage of the theory necessary to explain the basic features observed in AM-AFM, it serves theoreticians that would like to gain overview on how nanoscale cantilevers interacting with the surrounding environment can be used to characterize nanoscale features and properties of suitable sample surfaces. On the other hand, it is designed to introduce experimentalists to the physics underlying AM-AFM measurements to a degree that is not too specialized, but sufficient to allow them measuring the quantities they need with optimized imaging parameters.More specifically, this article first covers the basics of the various driving mechanisms that are used in AFM imaging modes relying on oscillating cantilevers. From this starting point, an analytical theory of AM-AFM is developed, which also includes the effects of external resonance enhancement (“Q-Control”). This theory is then applied in conjunction with numerical simulations to various situations occurring while imaging in air or liquids. In particular, benefits and drawbacks of driving exactly at resonance frequency are examined as opposed to detuned driving. Finally, a new method for the continuous measurement of the tip-sample interaction force is discussed.     

基于数字散斑相关实验测量的材料构型力的计算方法

材料构型力学主要研究材料中的缺陷(夹杂、空穴、位错、裂纹、塑性区等)的构型(形状、尺寸和位置)改变时,所引起的系统自由能的变化。本研究将基于数字散斑相关技术,实验测量材料试件的位移场分布,随后通过材料构型力的定义式,计算求得弹塑性材料中缺陷构型力的分布。其方法概括如下:位移场通过数字图像相关技术测得;应变及位移梯度场利用三次样条拟合获得;线弹性材料应力通过简单线弹性本构方程获取,而塑性材料的表面应力场通过Ramberg-Osgood本构方程计算求得;弹塑性应变能密度分布则由应力-应变曲线数值积分获得。该方法对普通弹性材料或者弹塑性材料均适用,可以用于各种不同的缺陷及缺陷群的材料构型力测量。     

Bifurcations and chaos in vibrating microcantilevers of tapping mode atomic force microscopy

We study the dynamics of a microcantilever in tapping mode atomic force microscopy when it is close to the sample surface and the van der Waals force has an important influence. Utilizing the averaging method, the extended version of the subharmonic Melnikov method and the homoclinic Melnikov method, we show that abundant bifurcation behavior and chaotic motions occur in vibrations of the microcantilever. In particular, in the subharmonic Melnikov analyses, a degenerate resonance is treated appropriately. Necessary computations for the subharmonic and homoclinic Melnikov methods are performed numerically. Numerical bifurcation analyses and numerical simulations are also given to demonstrate the theoretical results.     

在横向气流激励下螺旋管管阵流体力系数的实验测定

螺旋管式蒸汽发生器由于其结构紧凑，换热性能好，体积小优点，在快堆和高温气冷堆中被广泛采用。广西根据２００ＭＷ高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器的结构参数建立了实验模型，并对在横向气流激励下管阵的流弹不稳定性进行了实验研究。试验测量了螺旋管管阵在横向气流冲刷下的流体力系数，这一实验结果将有助于进一步了解螺旋管管阵在横向气流激励下的振动特性。     

Calibration of a simple cone-penetration model for snow

Numerical studies using the Material Point Method (MPM) have been conducted recently to model snow penetration tests for fine-grained and coarse-grained snows using small cones with diameters ranging from 2.5 mm to 4 mm, and cone half-angles between 15° and 45°. Although numerical studies have gained physical insight of these tests, due to the lengthy computation time needed for the MPM simulations, it is not feasible to use these simulations to develop a stochastic model to assess the large variations of the mechanical properties of snow typically shown in tests. In this paper, we present a simple and efficient physics-based analytical model based on equilibrium and a cavity expansion solution upon which a stochastic model is built to obtain calibrated material parameters for a Drucker–Prager (DP) model such that prediction of the model can be made. Sensitivity analysis of the analytical model indicates that cohesion and interfacial shear (friction) factor contribute significantly to the penetration hardness whereas the friction angle has little contribution. The calibrated material parameters are similar to those estimated via the MPM simulations. The quality of the stochastic model, when compared with test data, was assessed using four interval-based validation metrics with good results.     

Application of reconstitution multiple scale asymptotics for a two-to-one internal resonance in Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy

In this paper we formulate an initial-boundary-value-problem describing the three-dimensional motion of a cantilever in a Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy setup. The equations of motion are then reduced to a modal dynamical system using a Galerkin ansatz and the respective nonlinear forces are expanded to cubic order. The direct application of the asymptotic multiple scales method to the truncated quadratic modal system near a 2:1 internal resonance revealed conditions for periodic and quasiperiodic energy transfer between the transverse in-plane and out-of-plane modes of the MRFM cantilever. However, several discrepancies are found when comparing the asymptotic results to numerical simulations of the full nonlinear system. Therefore, we employ the reconstitution multiple scales method to a modal system incorporating both quadratic and cubic terms and derive an internal resonance bifurcation structure that includes multiple coexisting in-plane and out-of-plane solutions. This structure is verified and reveals a strong dependency on initial conditions in which orbital instabilities and complex out-of-plane non-stationary motions are found. The latter are investigated via numerical integration of the corresponding slowly-varying evolution equations which reveal that breakdown of quasiperiodic tori is associated with symmetry-breaking and emergence of irregular solutions with a dense spectral content.     

Non-classic modeling of three-dimensional manipulation with different geometry of atomic force microscopy components: Multi-scale approach

The size effect must be considered for dynamic modeling of an AFM since the dimensions of the AFM, are in micro-scale. In this study, a three-dimensional multi-scale method based on a non-classical continuum mechanic theory is developed in order to include material length scale parameter (MLSP) in the dynamic behavior of manipulation carried out by AFM. First, the governing equations of Macro Field (MF) are derived using the modified coupled stress theory and the Kirchhoff plate model. Moreover, Nano Field (NF) is modeled using the molecular dynamics equations. The MF and the NF are then combined employing the multi-scale algorithm. Rectangular and dagger cantilevers are taken into account to obtain manipulation results. The influence of two types of tip on the manipulation results is also investigated. The obtained results show that the deformations of the AFM components in non-classic models are less than the one in the classical model. Furthermore, Root Mean Square (RMS) results for a nano-particle demonstrates that damage and deformation of the nano-particle are underestimated by the classical model. The investigations carried out in the present study show the significance of employing the non-classical theory for analyzing AFM performance, particularly for estimation of separation time span.     

载重子午线轮胎帘线受力的有限元分析

以10.00R20轮胎为原型,针对特定的断面轮廓形状和帘线结构形式建立了轮胎结构计算的有限元模型,着重研究了额定充气压力状态以及受静负荷作用时各部分帘线受力的基本特征。结果表明:(1)充气状态下胎冠部和胎圈部的帘线结构参数之间的相互影响很小,因而在分析设计中可以相对独立地考虑;(2)静负荷作用下帘线受力在接地面附近的分布情况较复杂,尤其是负荷较大时可能出现胎冠中部帘线张力不足甚至受压以及0°带束层边缘受拉力过大的情况,这些对轮胎使用性能不利的受力状况可以通过帘线结构的合理设计来克服。     

Design Optimization of Connection Section for Concentrated Force Diffusion

In many load carrying thin shell structures, a connection section is arranged to transfer concentrated external forces to its main section. It is very important for the concentrated external forces to diffuse as uniformly as possible. Nevertheless the traditional design of uniform radial rib is not optimized. The present paper studies an integrated optimization procedure for design optimization of connection section. Variance constraint of node forces at the interface between the main section and connection section is firstly proposed as the evaluation criterion of concentrated force diffusion efficiency and introduced into the topology optimization formulation. Afterwards, for improving the manufacturability of the final design the topology optimization results are interpreted and further optimized by size or shape optimization. Two strategies of interpretation are examined. The first strategy is called strategy of making holes, which inserts a number of internal holes of regular geometric features and smooth boundary with B-spline curves in the continuum based on the topology optimization result. In the second strategy, an initial truss-like design is extracted from the characteristic of topology optimization result. Then a further shape and sizing optimization is followed to obtain the final optimal design. An example of design optimization of plane connection section is presented. The effectiveness of the present approach is demonstrated. The respective advantages and disadvantages of the two strategies are discussed.     

The Analysis for the Airflow Exciting-Vibration Force of Control Stage of Steam Turbine

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非线性材料杆系结构的内力求解

随着科技的发展,已研发出了许多非线性材料,这些非线性材料组成的结构已在工程实际中得到了广泛应用.本文研究了静不定非线性材料结构杆件内力的求解这一关键问题.利用非线性材料结构余能及静力平衡条件,构造了新泛函数,对新泛函数进行一阶求导,即可方便求得静不定非线性材料结构杆件的内力.同时,指出了非线性材料杆系结构的内力求解时存在漏解的原因:结构材料的应力与应变本构关系为非线性幂函数,把结构余能对杆系的内力求一阶偏导,令所得到的位移方程等于零,该方程为一元二次方程,应有两个实数解,而有关文献却遗漏了一个实数解.