卫星激光通信均匀信标光的研究

采用信标光是完成卫星激光通信捕获过程的一种重要手段,信标光的远场分布对捕捉概率和捕获时间有较大的影响。为满足通信系统的性能要求,对信标的远场分布提出一定的要求是必要的。首先从理论计算的角度,分析了远场高斯分布信标光对卫星激光通信捕获过程的影响,认为在存在光束抖动的情况下,均匀信标光在捕获阶段具有明显的优势。基于多激光器合束技术,利用半导体激光器设计了一个能实现远场均匀分布的信标光模块。给出了模块结构,分析了均匀信标光产生的机理,并从理论上推导了该模块的远场光强分布表达式。实验表明,所研制的均匀信标光模块可出射功率超过3.8 W,不均匀度小于11%的远场均匀信标光,通光效率为54%,从而证明了所设计的信标光模块的可行性。     

深空光通信中图像信标的捕获和跟踪

用激光进行深空探测科学数据回传,上行信标光衰减严重,不能提供足够高的跟踪速率,因此常采用自然天体图像作为信标。对该信标的捕获和跟踪是深空光通信链路成功建立和保持的关键。在航天器上存储一幅目标天体图像做参考,利用该图像和探测图像的相关性对该信标进行捕获,理论分析和仿真结果都表明,可以精确地确定光通信天线的初始对准方向,使跟瞄系统进入跟踪模式。基于离散傅里叶变换和极大似然方法对信标的平移进行计算,需要解一个非线性方程组,线性近似计算结果表明平移量总误差在0.5个像素以内,X方向的平移误差为3.3%,Y方向的平移误差为2.7%,可以满足深空通信的要求,因而是一种可行的方案。     

基于Hough变换和颜色特征的预瞄准技术研究

为实现激光通信终端地面验证实验中终端的自动对准,提出了一种基于图像识别的预瞄准方法.该方法首先基于颜色特征提取出图像中的指示光斑与标尺光斑,根据标尺光斑的尺寸,建立图像与实物的比例关系,并预估出目标圆的半径像素值.然后,基于Hough变换原理识别出图像中的通信终端通光中心位置,并与指示光斑进行比较计箅出补偿角度.将补偿角传给运动控制卡,控制指示光瞄准目标终端.最后,启动攻瑰曲线扫描,捕获信标光后完成预瞄准过程.实验结果表明:该方法能准确识别目标,计算时间为0.94 s,并具有良好的抗干扰能力.基本满足通信终端自动识别、快速对准的设计要求.     

深空光通信中的图像信标捕获技术

为实现深空光通信链路建立过程中精确的对准,提出了一种深空光通信系统扩展信标的捕获方案。该方案以可视地球图像作为信标,在航天器上存储一幅信标图像作为参考图像,采用天线扫描的方式在各点对所瞄准的区域成像,利用像素扫描的方式,使参考图像和实际探测图像进行相关,在天线扫描完成以后,找出相关性最大的位置,即可认为在该点捕获到地球图像。在计算两图像相关系数的过程中,由于傅里叶梅林变换幅度谱具有伸缩及旋转不变性,因此利用傅里叶梅林变换即可消除两图像相关系数因为旋转和伸缩的影响。利用蒙特卡罗方法随机产生1000个视场,仿真结果表明,3σ内正确捕获到信标图像的概率为99.6%,表明这是一种可行的方法。     

高帧频信标光定位与跟踪实验研究

信标光斑准确定位是完成空间光通信跟踪和捕获时的一个重要方法。应用改进的Otsu分割方法,对采集序列图像进行实时处理,提取潜在的信标光斑,对后续图像处理引入感兴趣区域的读入技术,在感兴趣区域内对信标光图像进行处理,应用卡尔曼预测模型实现了信标光跟踪,并将跟踪误差控制在精跟踪视场之内。实验结果表明,改进的Otsu具有更佳的抗噪能力和分割效果,并且实时性和定位精度均获得了满意的结果。     

固定翼无人机视觉着降引导的合作信标设计方法

基于透视模型原理,提出了固定翼无人机视觉着降引导的合作信标设计方法。通过信标成像对引导精度的敏感性进行分析,得到了信标特征点间最小距离的设计方法。在无人机由远及近接近信标的过程中,进行视场边界的迭代计算,给出了特征点布置范围的设计方法。搭建了OpenGL视景仿真系统,在国际民航组织规定的二级引导精度及多种无人机飞行位姿条件下,进行了图像敏感性及信标捕获情况分析。测量结果表明,所提方法可保证合作信标设计满足图像敏感性要求,且该信标始终可以被完整捕获。     

光通信 其他

TN927．2 2005043037 提高卫星光通信扫描捕获概率的方法研究=Methods of improving acquistion probability of scanning in intersatel- lite optical communications[刊,中]／于思源(哈尔滨工业大学可调谐激光技术国家级重点实验室,黑龙江,哈尔滨 (150001)),马晶…／／光电子·激光．-2005,16(1)．-57- 62 在相同的外部环境和系统参数条件下,捕获扫描方式的选择直接影响卫星间光通信终端的捕获性能。粗瞄误差是确定捕获扫描方案过程中的首要考虑因素,通常假设为水平俯仰对称高斯分布,这时螺旋扫描为最佳扫描方     

像增强器的光生背景噪声对微光目标质心探测精度的影响及其抑制方法

 像增强器作为微光探测器件，在天文目标观测、空间目标捕获、跟踪和瞄准以及生物荧光光谱探测等方面发挥越来越大的作用。重点讨论了在微弱亮度的空间点目标探测应用中，像增强器的光生背景噪声对目标质心探测的影响。实验和分析表明，像增强器的光生背景噪声是由目标信号寄生而来的，并且呈现散粒噪声特性，无法采取屏蔽环境背景杂光、阈值去背景等方法来消除光生背景噪声，对目标信号质心探测的影响很大。提出一种减小这种影响的质心计算方法，实验证明是有效的。     

卫星激光通信跟瞄精度测试方法及其实验研究

卫星激光通信捕获、跟踪、瞄准(ATP)需要端机具备有微弧度(μrad)量级的高精度跟踪能力。如何检验通信端机的这一特性是一个很重要的问题。设计了一套端机跟瞄精度测试装置。装置模拟入射光方向的偏转,端机跟踪从偏转方向发出的回馈信标光。通过测量回馈光远场光斑的位置变化可以得到端机的跟瞄精度。测试实验表明,当入射光方向的变化小于4μrad,测试频率在0~250Hz时,测试系统的精度可达到0.2μrad。此项工作对卫星激光通信的光链路通信的研究以及对端机性能的整体评估具有重要意义。     

面阵探测器点目标探测随机误差度量方法研究

为了提高星地光通信中捕获跟踪瞄准系统的目标探测精度,需要对面阵探测器上信标光斑位置探测的随机误差进行高精度分析评估.基于影响光斑探测的多种随机因素,建立了不依赖于目标信号点扩散函数的质心定位噪声等效角(NEA)模型,并仿真了不同因素对NEA的影响.结果 显示,不同目标信号点扩散函数下的NEA的变化趋势相似:随噪声的增大...     

长基线定位系统高精度阵型标定方法

为解决长基线定位系统传统标定方法中受垂直方向声速变化剧烈而导致的标定精度差、逐个声信标交汇标定效率低、跟踪定位阶段采用不同声信标基准对目标解算不一致的问题,本文提出了一种高精度相对阵型标定方法,通过水下声信标的互测距信息构建观测模型改进了传统标定方式。理论分析表明,采用该方法水平方向上能够获得与测距等量级的标定精度,有效地提高了标定效率,采用不同的声信标基准目标解算结果一致,在深海作业中优势明显。通过浅水试验结果可以看出该方法水平方向上的标定精度能达到和测距等量级的毫米量级精度,和传统标定方法相比提高了一个数量级,在提高标定精度的同时降低了作业复杂度,采用本文的标定结果获得的目标定位结果更接近于GPS输出,具有良好的工程应用价值。      

Underwater target localization using long baseline positioning system

The absolute position of an underwater target is difficult to pinpoint because the global positioning system (GPS) cannot penetrate water bodies. The long baseline (LBL) positioning system can extend GPS using high-precision calibrated underwater beacons as references. While traditional LBL systems give the target position without considering calibration error of deployed beacons. To solve this problem, we propose a method different from previous works, that combining the errors of observations together. We use GPS outputs as true values to evaluate the localization performance. An LBL system with four beacons was installed in deep sea to test the results. The positioning accuracy in deep sea improves nearly 5 m. The results suggest that beacon positioning errors have a great impact on localization precision, that is significant in high-precision positioning tasks.     

A new method for determination of satellite orbits by transfer

The original idea of a new method for determination of satellite orbits by transfer is from Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT). The original method is called “determination of satellite orbit by transfer”. The method is not only for determination of satellite orbit but also for the time transfer with high accuracy and precision. The advantage is that the accuracy and the precision for determination of satellite orbit are very high and the new method is favorable for various applications. The combination of various signals disseminated and received forms various modes of satellite orbit determinations. If receivers at stations receive the own station-disseminated signals via a satellite transponder, it forms an orbit determination mode called “receiving the own station-disseminated signals mode”. If receivers at all stations receive the signals disseminated from the master station via satellite transponders, it forms an orbit determination mode called “receiving the master station-disseminated signals mode”. If all of receivers at stations receive all stations-disseminated signals via satellite transponders, it forms an orbit determination mode called “receiving all stations-disseminated signals mode”. Also there are other combinations of signals for satellite orbit determination. For different orbit determination modes with different signal combinations, their rigorous formulae of processing are hereby presented in this paper. The accurate and the precise satellite orbit determination for both of the modes, “receiving the own station-disseminated signals mode” and “receiving the master station-disseminated signals mode” is attempted. It shows that the accuracy and precision for both of modes are nearly the same, the ranging accuracy is better than 1 cm, and the observation residuals of satellite orbit determination are better than 9 cm in the observation duration of 1 day. Supported by the National Basic Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB815503100453001)     

机载卫星制导武器直接瞄准攻击研究

 介绍了卫星制导武器直接瞄准攻击方式在对地精确打击中占据的关键位置,阐述了卫星制导武器直接瞄准攻击方法的原理。由于卫星制导武器直接瞄准攻击对目标定位要求较高,采用常用定位手段已不能满足系统对目标定位的要求,分析了使用相对GPS制导成为卫星制导武器直接瞄准攻击的关键的原因。相对GPS制导误差主要包括采用载机和武器相对GPS定位误差以及传感器对目标的相对定位误差,分别对两者的定位精度进行了分析和推导。仿真结果表明：这两者的综合误差理论值小于7.5 m,满足卫星制导武器在直接瞄准攻击中对目标定位的需求。     

Development of Aptamer Beacons for Rapid Presumptive Detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis> Spores

A library of 92 DNA aptamer sequences was developed against Bacillus anthracis (nonpathogenic Sterne strain) spores and anthrose sugar immobilized on magnetic beads. The selected DNA sequences were studied for similarities and potential binding pockets between the B. anthracis spore and anthrose aptamers. Several recurring loop structures were identified and tested for their potential to act as aptamer beacons when labeled with TYE 665 dye on their 5′ ends and Iowa Black quencher on their 3′ ends. Of these candidate sequences, two beacons designated BAS-6F and BAS-6R emerged which gave strong fluorescence responses at high spore concentrations (greater than 30,000 spores/ml). These aptamer beacons also detect B. cereus and B. thuringiensis spores with greater fluorescence intensity, but do not strongly detect vegetative cells from an array of other bacterial species. BAS-6F and 6R are also not capable of detecting pure anthrose, thereby probably ruling that epitope out as a spore surface target for these particular beacons. While not extremely sensitive, the BAS-6F and 6R aptamer beacons are potentially valuable for rapid presumptive detection of anthrax or Bacillus spores in suspect powders or bioterrorist activity where spore concentrations are anticipated to be high. The sequence similarities of these beacons to other published Bacillus spore aptamers are also discussed.     

声屏蔽技术抗拖船干扰

提出了多途信道中的声屏蔽技术,并应用于抗拖船干扰,以克服传统的阵处理办法抑制拖船干扰时所存在的探测盲区问题。把拖曳线列阵接收的拖船干扰和同方位的目标信号在频域通过一个屏蔽聚焦权滤波器,在对干扰屏蔽的同时,对目标聚焦。针对聚焦权实用性差的缺点,又提出了屏蔽非聚焦权,并与常规波束形成做了比较。11元水平阵数据仿真结果表明,该技术提高了处理增益约5 dB;在抑制拖船干扰提高处理增益的同时,理论上也可以消除掉在该方向上强目标干扰形成的探测盲区。     

收发分置目标强度的计算及前向散射信号的分离

研究时域有限差分(FDTD)法计算收发分置弹性目标散射声场的有效性,和实验测量中从直达与散射干涉信号中分离目标前向散射信号的方法。将FDTD法应用于三维声场计算,分别计算了平顶圆柱、球顶圆柱、球锥顶圆柱和扁长回转椭球等几种不同形状的弹性体散射近场空间分布,再用近远场变换方法获取远场目标强度空间分布。模拟结果表明:目标强度的空间指向性是受声波入射方向、无量纲波数kL(k-波数,L-目标特征尺度)、目标形状、材料等影响;在本文所计算的几种不同形状目标的尺度和kL取值范围内,计算得到的收发分置目标强度空间分布均有显著的前向散射与镜反射特征。计算结果得到解析解和实验结果的印证,从而表明了FDTD法计算收发分置目标散射场的有效性。对接收信号采用相关处理方法,能有效地分离出目标前向散射信号,表明对于收发分置目标散射声强的测量,这是一种简单有效的分离目标前向散射信号的方法。      

中段目标的可见光辐射特性计算研究

中段目标的可见光辐射特性对目标的探测、跟踪与打击具有重要的指导意义。提出计算中段目标可见光辐射特性的方法,计算了目标表面的二向性反射,并考虑太阳的可见光辐射和云层背景反射太阳的可见光辐射情况下,计算了白天从同步卫星、低轨卫星和中轨卫星观测中段目标在可见光波段的辐射特性。研究结果表明：在可见光波段,目标对同步卫星辐射的光谱变化规律与太阳直射辐射的光谱变化一致,低轨卫星上观测目标的光谱辐射热流比同步卫星上观测的结果大3个数量级,中轨卫星上观测目标的光谱辐射热流比同步卫星上观测的结果大1个数量级。     

国外地基光电系统空间目标探测的进展

简要介绍了国外先进地基空间监视系统的发展现状,从地基光电系统观测空间目标的角度描述了星火光学靶场35 m口径望远镜系统及367 m口径高级光电(AEOS)望远镜系统,给出了这两种望远镜系统的工作性能和所开展的工作。通过对这两套系统的设计理念和先进单元技术的研究,对构造“用于卫星成像的地基光电系统”的相关技术进行了初步探讨;针对目前提出的“对卫星成像的大口径地基光电观测设备”的总体研制方案,提出了建造应用自适应光学技术的18 m地平式望远镜的观点,提出该系统应设计为一个功能可扩展的光学平台。     

Time synchronization and carrier frequency control of CAPS navigation signals generated on the ground

The Chinese Area Positioning System (CAPS) works without atomic clocks on the satellite, and the CAPS navigation signals transmitted on the ground may achieve the same effect as that with high-performance atomic clocks on the satellite. The primary means of achieving that effect is through the time synchronization and carrier frequency control of the CAPS navigation signals generated on the ground. In this paper the synchronization requirements of different time signals are analyzed by the formation of navigation signals, and the theories and methods of the time synchronization of the CAPS navigation signals generated on the ground are also introduced. According to the conditions of the high-precision satellite velocity-measurement signal source, the carrier frequency and its chains of the navigation signals are constructed. CAPS velocity measurement is realized by the expected deviation of real time control to the carrier frequency, and the precision degree of this method is also analyzed. The experimental results show that the time synchronization precision of CAPS generating signals is about 0.3 ns and the precision of the velocity measurement signal source is about 4 cm/s. This proves that the theories and methods of the generating time synchronization and carrier frequency control are workable. Supported by the Major Knowledge Innovation Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KGCX1-21), the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2004AA105030 and 2006AA12Z314), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10453001), and the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB815502)