基于虚内键理论的材料多尺度力学模型

宏观上线弹性材料的力学属性只需杨氏模量和泊松比两个相互独立的参量来控制;相应地,微观上也需要两个相互独立的参量来控制.基于这个思想,在原VIB模型中引入了切向键,并提出了VMIB模型.该模型在材料的宏观力学属性与微观虚拟键力学属性之间建立起了一座桥梁.考虑到模型中能量密度函数含有坐标轴方向向量一项,该文对能量密度函数的张量性进行了严格的数学证明,并将VMIB模型初步应用到脆性材料的单轴受压破坏.     

Discretized virtual internal bond model for nonlinear elasticity

The virtual internal bond (VIB) is a micro–macro constitutive model. Although this model is based on a postulated discrete microstructure, it ultimately returns to a continuum constitutive relation through a homogenization process. The homogenization process can reduce the internal degrees of freedom, but it omits the effect of the individual micro bond that may play an important role in the fracture process. The present research develops a discrete system to represent the nonlinear elasticity by discretizing the continuous VIB. This discrete system is composed of unit cells, which can adopt any geometry with any number of bonds. The system is characterized by the force–displacement, not the stress–strain constitutive relationship. The nonlinear properties of this discrete system are governed by the micro-bond potential. The micro bond properties are related to Young’s modulus of the material, the volume and the bond number of the unit cell. For a given material, the unit cell has a certain topological structure and configuration. A discussion of two specific cases (the 2D triangular and 3D tetrahedral unit cells) suggests that the discrete system converges with decreasing unit cell size. In the unstructured unit cell scheme, the discrete system can almost precisely represent the initial Young’s modulus and the Poisson ratio of a nonlinear continuum. A mixed fracture example demonstrates that the present method can efficiently simulate the fracture propagation. The present paper provides a theory for developing a lattice-type mechanical model for nonlinear elasticity and provides new method for the fracture simulation of a nonlinear elastic material.     

Region dependent fracture resistance behavior of human dentin based on numerical simulation简

Dentin has a hierarchical structure and is composed of numerous tubules whose diameters and densities vary with the distances to the dentin-enamel junction. The unique structure determines the mechanical performance of dentin. In this study, a multiscale model, which is based on the combination of the virtual multidimensional internal bond (VMIB) theory and the Monte Carlo method, is used to simulate the fracture behavior of human dentin. Numerical simulations reveal that human dentin exhibits a graded resistance curve (R-curve). Among the three regions of dentin, superficial dentin shows the strongest resistance to crack propagation, and deep dentin has the weakest resistance. In addition, the predictions of fracture toughness of middle dentin agree well with the experimentally reported values, suggesting that the proposed model can be used to characterize the fracture behavior of human dentin comprehensively and properly.     

Micromechanical consideration of tensile crack behavior based on virtual internal bond in contrast to cohesive stress

A modified version of the virtual internal bond model (VIB) is presented. This involves the introduction of a R-bond restricting the relative rotation freedom of pairwise mass particle. Such a modification allows the VIB model to consider arbitrary values of the Poisson ratio. A linear elastic cohesive law considering both the R-bond and L-bond are assumed. The constitutive relationship is derived using the Cauchy–Born rules. The derived constitutive associates the bond stiffness with the Young’s modulus and Poisson ratio of materials. This gives the bond stiffness in terms of the Young’s modulus and Poisson ratio of materials.The modified VIB model is then used to analyze the tensile crack behavior. In contrast to the cohesive stress method, the deformation-governed concept will be used. The local materials failure is assumed to coincide with the reduction of the bond density due to the local deformation rather than by the local cohesive stress. A phenomenological relationship between the bond density and the deformation is established. The criterion which is applied to determined crack initiation and propagation is built into the constitutive model. As an example, the method is used to study the crack initiation and propagation behavior under tensile loading.     

考虑粘结面厚度的局部粘结单元法

传统无厚度粘结单元法CFEM (Cohesive finite element method)在模拟脆性材料断裂方面具有很强的优势,但也存在很大问题.一是单元尺寸增大,收敛性变差;二是单元尺寸变小,模型刚度发生折减.为了克服这两个问题,发展了考虑厚度的局部粘结单元法,即在裂纹可能扩展区插入具有一定厚度的粘结面单元.粘结面单元采用拓展虚内键本构(Augmented virtual internal bond)描述.由于考虑了厚度,粘结面交叉处会形成多边形空缺.为了弥补这一空缺,将其看作多边形键元胞,采用离散虚内键模型(Discretized virtual internal bond)对其建模,保证了模型的几何完整性.模拟结果表明,本文方法有效,克服了传统CFEM方法的刚度折减问题,提高了计算稳定性和收敛性.     

Evolution of bond fractures in a randomly distributed fiber network

Fracture in a planar randomly ordered fiber network subjected to approximately homogenous macroscopic stress and strain field is considered. A theory describing material degradation on a macroscopic scale is derived via Griffith’s energy balance for an internal fractured area in the network assuming the active fracture process on the microscopic level is fiber–fiber bond breakage. Attention is confined to a purely mechanical theory assuming isothermal processes and the theory relies on equations commonly used in theories of statistical physics. In the theory, a bond breaking driving force is stated to be equal to the elastic strain energy density of a non-fractured network. A debond fraction can be coupled to a linearly decrease of the network’s macroscopic stiffness. The rate of the fracture processes is determined by the network’s inherent properties (bond and fiber density, bond strength, etc.). During the loading process, until onset of localization, the bond breaks occur at randomly distributed locations spread over the fiber network and the theory estimate material degradation on a macroscopic level. When localization takes place, the fracture process changes from a two-dimensional randomly distributed process to a one-dimensional process and other theories have to be included to describe post-localization behavior. An approximately in-plane isotropic low-density paper is used in tensile experiments while monitoring acoustic emission activity to evaluate the theory. The experimentally obtained results support the theory surprisingly well.     

Compatible model for herringbone bond masonry: Linear elastic homogenization,failure surfaces and structural implementation

A simplified kinematic procedure at a cell level is proposed to obtain in-plane elastic moduli and macroscopic masonry strength domains in the case of herringbone masonry. The model is constituted by two central bricks interacting with their neighbors by means of either elastic or rigid-plastic interfaces with friction, representing mortar joints. The herringbone pattern is geometrically described and the internal law of composition of the periodic cell is defined.A sub-class of possible elementary deformations is a-priori chosen to describe joints cracking under in-plane loads. Suitable internal macroscopic actions are applied on the Representative Element of Volume (REV) and the power expended within the 3D bricks assemblage is equated to that expended in the macroscopic 2D Cauchy continuum. The elastic and limit analysis problem at a cell level are solved by means of a quadratic and linear programming approach, respectively.To assess elastic results, a standard FEM homogenization is also performed and a sensitivity analysis regarding two different orientations of the pattern, the thickness of the mortar joints and the ratio between block and mortar Young moduli is conducted. In this way, the reliability of the numerical model is critically evaluated under service loads.When dealing with the limit analysis approach, several computations are performed investigating the role played by (1) the direction of the load with respect to herringbone bond orientation, (2) masonry texture and (3) mechanical properties adopted for joints.At a structural level, a FE homogenized limit analysis is performed on a masonry dome built in herringbone bond. In order to assess limit analysis results, additional non-linear FE analyses are performed, including a full 3D numerical expensive heterogeneous approach and models where masonry is substituted with an equivalent macroscopic material with orthotropic behavior and possible softening. Reliable predictions of collapse loads and failure mechanisms are obtained, meaning that the approach proposed may be used by practitioners for a fast evaluation of the effectiveness of herringbone bond orientation.     

橡胶材料弹性的一种新的螺旋管模型

建立统计力学模型正确描述材料微观结构与宏观力学特性之间的关系是软物质类材料的最大挑战之一,已有的橡胶材料统计模型尚存在一些不足.文章根据橡胶类材料宏观各向同性、连续均匀和不可压缩特性,结合分子链的非高斯统计模型,提出一种橡胶材料网络结构的力学特性模型.该模型将代表体元上对应点之间的传力路径用一个类螺旋管区域约束的分子链子网络来描述,螺旋管的表面随材料的宏观变形做仿射变形,分子链子网络由方向和长度随机的分子链或链段首尾链接而成,在此基础上由分子链的熵推导出描述材料宏观力学特性的本构关系.通过大量的材料测试数据对本构模型进行拟合验证,拟合结果表明该模型具有非常好的精度,并且在采用两个参数时模型具有非常高的可靠性,仅用单轴拉伸实验数据拟合模型就能准确预测全部3类实验数据.该模型使用了仿射的弯曲管假设,能从微观结构尺度上说明材料的不可压缩特性,避免了直管模型的近似性,为微观尺度的随机性和宏观的均匀性的联系提出一个新的模型.     

Modeling rock fragmentation by coupling Voronoi diagram and discretized virtual internal bond

The rock fragmentation involves the inter-block and the intra-block fracture. A simulation method for rock fragmentation is developed by coupling Voronoi diagram (VD) and discretized virtual internal bond (DVIB). The DVIB is a lattice model that consists of bonds. The VD is used to generate the potential block structure in the DVIB mesh. Each potential block may contain any number of bond cells. To characterize the inter-block fracture, a hyperelastic bond potential is employed for the bond cells that are cut by the VD edges. While to characterize the intra-block fracture, an elastobrittle bond potential is adopted for the bonds in a block. By this method, both the inter-block and intra-block fracture can be well simulated. The simulation results suggest that this method is a simple and efficient approach to rock fragmentation simulation with block smash.     

On higher order gradient continuum theories in 1-D nonlinear elasticity. Derivation from and comparison to the corresponding discrete models

Higher order gradient continuum theories have often been proposed as models for solids that exhibit localization of deformation (in the form of shear bands) at sufficiently high levels of strain. These models incorporate a length scale for the localized deformation zone and are either postulated or justified from micromechanical considerations. Of interest here is the consistent derivation of such models from a given microstructure and the subsequent comparison of the solution to a boundary value problem using both the exact microscopic model and the corresponding approximate higher order gradient macroscopic model.In the interest of simplicity the microscopic model is a discrete periodic nonlinear elastic structure. The corresponding macroscopic model derived from it is a continuum model involving higher order gradients in the displacements. Attention is focused on the simplest such model, namely the one whose energy density involves only the second order gradient of the displacement. The discrete to continuum comparisons are done for a boundary value problem involving two different types of macroscopic material behavior. In addition the issues of stability and imperfection sensitivity of the solutions are also investigated.     

Derivation of a Darcy’s Law for a Porous Medium Composed of Two Solid Phases Saturated by a Single- Phase Fluid: A Homogenization Approach

The objective of this article is to derive a macroscopic Darcy’s law for a fluid-saturated moving porous medium whose matrix is composed of two solid phases which are not in direct contact with each other (weakly coupled solid phases). An example of this composite medium is the case of a solid matrix, unfrozen water, and an ice matrix within the pore space. The macroscopic equations for this type of saturated porous material are obtained using two-space homogenization techniques from microscopic periodic structures. The pore size is assumed to be small compared to the macroscopic scale under consideration. At the microscopic scale the two weakly coupled solids are described by the linear elastic equations, and the fluid by the linearized Navier–Stokes equations with appropriate boundary conditions at the solid–fluid interfaces. The derived Darcy’s law contains three permeability tensors whose properties are analyzed. Also, a formal relation with a previous macroscopic fluid flow equation obtained using a phenomenological approach is given. Moreover, a constructive proof of the existence of the three permeability tensors allows for their explicit computation employing finite elements or analogous numerical procedures.     

Empirical plasticity models applied for paper sheets having different anisotropy and dry solids content levels

The rheological nature of paper or board is usually treated either as elasto-plastic or as viscoelastic depending on the studied paper making process or behavior in converting and end use. In this paper we study several stress–strain curve models and the determination of material parameters from an elasto-plastic point of view. Finally, a suitable approach for all stress–strain curves measured from 180 strips is constructed using a linear function for an elastic region and a nonlinear function for a strain hardening region. This model determines a proportional limit (elastic limit) and gives fairly elegant dependencies between material/fitting parameters and two important factors of mechanical properties of paper: dry solids content and anisotropy. In this paper the dependency of a plastic strain on dry solids content and anisotropy is estimated using the introduced stress–strain curve model. Correspondingly, the model can be used to estimate many other mechanical behaviors, for example, the tension differences arising from non-uniform moisture content of the paper web profile. However, the main target of this study is to produce competent parameters based on modeled stress–strain curves for further construction of a material model. This elasto-plastic material model will be utilized in out-of-plane deformation and fracture models.     

On the coupling between macroscopic material degradation and interfiber bond fracture in an idealized fiber network

The numerical analysis performed here, using a finite element network model, provides a number of important results regarding the evolution of micro fractures in planar random fiber networks where the only active microscopic fracture mechanism is bond fracture. The fibers are randomly distributed in the network meaning that the network is considered having in-plane isotropic properties on the macroscopic scale. The network is loaded so that, in an average sense, homogenous macroscopic stress and strain fields are present.Several conclusions are drawn. It is found that the development of macroscopic material degradation follows an exponential two-parameter law, consisting of an onset parameter and a fracture rate parameter, justifying a previous theory derived by the authors. The fracture rate parameter is linearly related to the inverse of the bond density above a certain density limit (percolation) and increases with increasing slenderness ratio of the fibers when keeping the bond density at a constant level. The strain energies stored in interfiber bonds are exponentially distributed over the whole network. The numerical analysis reveals that there is a linear relation between the ratio of fractured and initial number of loaded bonds, and the network’s macroscopic material stiffness normalized with its pristine stiffness, confirming earlier findings based on experimental observations. At localization the analyzed theory looses its validity because the fracture process is no longer randomly distributed over the whole network. Localization coincides with location of peak load in force–displacement tensile tests.     

Microcontact-based theory for acoustics in microdamaged materials

A universal theory describing the wide range of mechanical and acoustic phenomena in solids with internal contacts such as rocks, concrete, ceramics and composites is quite complex to develop. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the potential to deduce the macroscopic stress-strain constitutive equation for a material as a whole starting from the microscopic hysteretic force-displacement relationship of individual asperities in contact. The material considered in the proposed model contains a large number of isotropic oriented penny-shaped cracks with rough internal surfaces. The stress-strain relationship we obtained for such a material is based on physical principles and laws. Even so, it displays close resemblance to the phenomenological Preisach-Mayergoyz model adopted for mechanical hysteresis and nonlinearity. This constitutive relationship is then used to simulate an experiment with standing acoustic waves in a resonant bar, and to compare model predictions to actual observations. We show that the most important experimentally measurable nonlinear features of these materials, such as the typical classical and nonclassical shifting behavior of the resonant frequency, the dependencies of the amplitudes of the generated harmonics, the softening due to intensive straining, and the subsequent relaxation effect (slow dynamics) can be attributed and explained in terms of the mechanics and the statistics of the internal contacts. The present model bridges the gap between three scales: macroscopic (material as a whole), mesoscopic (structure of intergranular contacts and cracks) and microscopic scale (contacts of individual asperities).     

基于多尺度模型解释固体中的挠曲电效应

挠曲电效应是一种跨尺度的多场耦合现象。当前的宏观挠曲电理论均是基于应变梯度局部破坏晶体反演对称这一微观机理对该现象进行唯象描述。该宏观理论与基于晶格动力学及密度泛函理论的微观挠曲电理论模型之间存在较大差异。难以将两者结合用以跨尺度地研究材料中的挠曲电效应。针对该现状,本文基于前人提出的原子场理论,建立了一种新的多尺度挠曲电模型。并在该多尺度模型框架下解释了应变梯度诱发极化的微观机理。一方面,与基于连续介质力学的唯象理论不同,本文从材料微结构演化的角度推导了原子位移与极化的关系。另一方面,与通过晶格波假设原子位移的微观理论不同,本文得到的极化表达式更加真实和广义地解释了挠曲电效应。其能够适用于材料边界存在机械力作用,材料内部存在缺陷等复杂的情况。本文所建立的多尺度挠曲电模型能够为后续多尺度挠曲电效应的研究提供一些思路。     

含正交排列夹杂和缺陷材料的等效弹性模量和损伤

研究含正交排列夹杂和缺陷材料的等效弹性模量和损伤,推导了以Eshelby－Mori－Tanaka方法求解多相各向异性复合材料等效弹性模量的简便计算公式,针对含三相正交椭球状夹杂的正交各向异性材料,得到了由细观参量（夹杂的形状、方位和体积分数）表示的等效弹性模量的解析表达式．在此基础上,提出了一个宏细观结合的正交各向异性损伤模型,从而建立了以细观量为参量的含损伤材料的应力应变关系．最后,对影响材料损伤的细观结构参数进行了分析．     

Virtual improvement of ice cream properties by computational homogenization of microstructures

Optimal shape design of microstructured materials has recently attracted a great deal of attention in materials science. The shape and the topology of the microstructure have a significant impact on the macroscopic properties. This paper presents different computational models of random microstructures, to virtually improve the physical properties of ice cream. Several sensory properties of this heterogeneous material issued from food industry are directly controlled by the elastic and thermal conducting ones. The material effective elastic and thermal conducting properties are obtained through direct large scale numerical simulations. The different formulations address the problem of finding the shape of the representative microstructural element for random heterogeneous media that increase the elastic moduli and thermal conductivity compared to existing products. The computational models are established using finite element method and images of virtual microstructures. In this paper we propose a new model of microstructures. This model is constructed with hexagonal prismatic rods and plates with volume fractions around 0.7 for the hard phase represented by hexagons of ice. A comparison between three two-phase elastic heterogeneous microstructures models is drawn. This illustrates the concept of design of microstructures using computational homogenization tools.     

热粘塑性体的积分－微分型本构关系

应用　　　关于应力是五维偏应变空间变形历史的泛函的概念和Ｖａｌａｎｉｓ有关内＊时理论的描述，本文提出，对热粘塑性体，应力可设为应变、应变率和温度历史的泛函；并应用Ｍｉｌｌｅｒ和其它一些作者有关内变量演化方程的描述，由此建立了热粘塑性体的积分－微分到本构方程．这一积分－微分型本构关系大体和Ｍｉｌｌｅｒ微分型模型等价．对１０２０钢的单轴本构响应进行了数值模拟，和Ｔａｎａｋａ与Ｍｉｌｌｅｒ的分析及一些实验结果符合较好．     

A simple model of the mechanical behavior of ceramic-like materials

This paper presents a macroscopic mechanical theory for ceramic-like materials undergoing isothermal deformations. The proposed model describes an elastic brittle material which is damageable only under tensile loading. The damage lowers the elastic stiffness in traction simulating hence the softening and the fracture (zero stillness) of the material. The basic idea is to consider the continuum as a mixture of two phases—a linear elastic phase and a masonry phase (which shows a linear elastic behavior under compression but cannot hold tractive loads at all). The damage is then related to the volume fraction β of the clastic constituent. The constitutive relations are derived from macroscopic thermodynamics with the volume fraction β and its gradient β taken as state variables.