矢量拖线阵水听器流噪声响应特性

针对传统拖线阵流噪声理论的局限性, 建立了完善的矢量拖线阵流噪声理论分析方法, 可全面准确地揭示矢量拖线阵流噪声响应特性. 基于细长圆柱的湍流边界层压力起伏Carpenter模型, 采用波数-频率谱分析方法对矢量拖线阵流噪声响应特性进行了理论研究, 导出了圆柱形矢量水听器流噪声响应的声压和振速自功率谱及其互功率谱的解析表达式, 定量分析了流噪声响应功率谱与拖曳速度、水听器尺寸、套管尺寸和材料等参数之间变化规律; 另外, 还讨论了圆柱形矢量水听器偏离护套轴线时矢量拖线阵流噪声响应, 导出了流噪声响应的声压、径向和轴向振速自功率谱及其互功率谱的解析表达式, 数值计算结果表明: 轴线偏移距离对声压和轴向振速的高频噪声的影响要大于对低频噪声的影响, 而对径向振速的全频段噪声都有明显影响, 且对振速分量影响要远大于对声压影响.     

矢量拖线阵不同形状水听器流噪声响应特性

拖线阵声呐流噪声大小与水听器形状密切相关,为了揭示矢量拖线阵流噪声响应特性,研究了不同形状矢量水听器滤波特性及其噪声抑制特点。基于波数-频率谱分析方法,导出了圆柱形、球形、胶囊形矢量水听器的波数响应函数以及噪声功率谱解析表达式;并根据湍流边界层压力起伏Carpenter模型数值计算了矢量水听器波数响应函数、流噪声响应特性与水听器形状和几何尺寸之间的变化规律,得到了不同形状矢量水听器抑制流噪声特点。研究结果表明,细长胶囊形矢量水听器具有较好的流噪声抑制性能。     

拖线阵机动时的自适应波束形成

提出了一种MVDR(最小方差无失真响应)的改进算法,用以解决常规MVDR算法由于阵形时变而出现的性能下降问题。在获得时变阵形估计数据的基础上,该算法以统计时段内的平均阵形为基准阵形,在每个扫描方向上根据实际阵形和基准阵形的差异对阵列互谱矩阵多样本进行相位补偿,从而实现统计时段内的互谱矩阵多样本相干累加和目标检测。数值仿真与海上实验数据处理结果表明:与传统MVDR算法相比,改进算法有效缓解了时变阵形下的目标测向角度模糊问题,可提高拖线阵目标左右舷分辨性能、增强弱目标检测能力。     

主被动拖线阵声呐中拖曳平台噪声和拖鱼噪声在浅海使用时的干扰特性

分析了主被动拖线阵声呐中拖曳平台的螺旋桨噪声和主动发射基阵(拖鱼)流噪声对被动接收基阵的干扰作用,指出在浅海声学环境下,直达波和海底、海面反射波会成为声呐系统的严重干扰。给出了拖曳平台和拖鱼在各种不同深度和缆长的情况下干扰源的入射角。从理论上计算了不同参数下干扰噪声对系统响应的影响,系统仿真结果可为声呐设计者抑制这种干扰提供途径。     

基于多级恒模阵的拖线阵拖转时的阵形自校准方法

针对拖船转弯时,弯曲的拖曳线列阵的波束形成和方位估计,提出了一种先盲捕获信号,再校准阵形并估计目标方位的方法。该方法首先利用多级恒模阵对多个独立的目标信号进行盲分离,并估计出拖线阵对目标的方向向量;然后再根据方向向量对拖线阵阵形进行校准并估计出目标方位。其中,阵形自校准时的核心问题——一个多维非线性约束最小二乘问题采用了遗传算法进行求解。文中还推导了对阵元位置和目标方位估计的克拉美罗界。针对较大弯曲度拖线阵的计算机仿真实验,结果表明该方法不依赖于阵形就可实现对目标信号的捕获与分离,具有自适应抑制其它方向入射干扰信号的能力,并可以对阵形和目标方位进行有效估计。仿真结果验证了方法的正确性和有效性。     

矢量水听器线阵和弧线阵抗左右舷模糊性能分析

针对线阵声纳左右舷模糊问题,建立了基于矢量水听器直线阵 和 两种信息处理模式以及标量水听器弧线阵不同布阵方式的抗左右舷模糊性能数学模型,分析了不同布阵方式以及不同信息处理模式的抗左右舷模糊性能,并进行了仿真计算。分析和仿真结果表明,矢量水听器直线阵和标量水听器弧线阵在分辨左右舷性能和观察范围上各有优势。矢量水听器直线阵虽然可分辨左右舷且在作用距离上具有优势,但由于在一定扇面内分辨左右舷是依靠声纳方位历程图的明暗差异,在多目标情况下易造成声纳观察上的干扰;具有一定弧心角的标量水听器弧线阵,可以在更宽的扇面内具有抗左右舷模糊能力,但其以减小观察范围作为代价。     

一种用于大坝混凝土声层析成像的水听器线阵

声层析成像技术可以用图像的方式精确完整地反映层析面上检测体内部质量,是一种有效的无损检测手段,在大坝混凝土的安全隐患检测中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本研究旨在研制成像用的接收声波的水听器线阵,该水听器线阵由12个水听器阵元组成,阵元间隔2 m,水听器由直径40 mm的接收型压电圆管和前置放大器组成。水听器在低于20 k Hz的频率范围内,自由场接收电压灵敏度为-173±3 d B,在2 MPa静水压力下灵敏度下降不超过2 d B。制作了2例具有清晰接收波形、一致性和可靠性好的水听器线阵,最终为客户在现场实地获得了高质量的层析图像。     

利用拖线阵运动特性的阵形估计方法

有效估计阵形是提高机动条件下拖线阵声呐探测性能的关键,流体力学类阵形估计方法稳定性和可靠性欠佳,导致其难以应用于工程实际,该文针对此问题提出一种基于拖线阵运动特性的阵形估计方法。利用稳态振荡响应公式计算拖船回转机动时拖线阵稳态阵形特性,将转向机动过程中阵上各点运动状态划分为若干阶段,进而依据偏微分方程特征线理论计算各阶段的分界时刻,探究阵上相邻两点的沿阵切线方向差变化规律,最后通过计算当前阵上各点的沿阵方向实现阵形估计。计算机仿真和海上实验数据验证表明算法可行且有效,与传统的流体力学类阵形估计方法相比具有更高的稳定性和更好的工程应用前景。     

拖线阵的阵形畸变与左右舷分辨

能否利用信号处理方法在单根普通线列阵上实现对目标的左右舷分辨是一个具有实用价值的研究点,文中利用线列阵在拖曳过程中产生的阵形畸变现象来解决单根普通线列阵的左右舷分辨问题。首先建立了拖线阵两种可能的阵形畸变模型:阵列呈圆弧状和阵列呈横向随机误差的类直线阵;然后分析了这两种畸变情况对拖线阵波束形成带来的问题;指出了畸变阵从原理上破坏了直线阵列处理中固有的对称性,按照畸变后的阵形进行波束形成,即可完成对目标的左右舷分辨。在合适的水听器位置标准偏差下,镜像源抑制比能达到10 dB以上,并且能显著改善波束形成效果。仿真实验研究充分证明了以上结论。     

线阵CCD全饱和单侧拖尾特性分析

在用532 nm连续激光辐照TCD-1200D型线阵CCD的过程中,发现了光斑的全饱和单侧拖尾现象。为了分析这种现象的特性,实验测量了拖尾长度随激光功率、CCD积分时间和CCD驱动频率的关系,发现拖尾长度随着激光功率和积分时间的增加而增加,但在一定范围内与CCD驱动频率无关。通过理论计算和实验数据分析拟合发现,拖尾长度和激光功率密度和积分时间的乘积有关,并根据激光辐照下CCD器件光生电荷量的产生过程,推导出了拖尾长度与CCD势阱光生电荷量的关系,得到了拖尾长度随光生电荷量的变化曲线,为全饱和单侧拖尾现象机理分析提供了数据支持。     

Flow induced noise calculations for non-axially distributed hydrophones in towed arrays

Two improvements are put forward on the analyses of flow induced noise in towed arrays. First, the differences between Corcos/Carpenter pressure fluctuation models have been discussed at length, as well as flow induced noise calculated with these two models. Second, flow induced noise received by the finite hydrophones distributed non-axially is discussed and the relevant power spectrum is deduced. The results show that there are some disparities between the wavenumber spectrums and the responses of flow induced noise of these two models. Flow induced noise is closely related with the tow speed, the tube radius and the off-axis distance. The numerical analyses with Carpenter model indicate that the power spectrum of flow induced noise will increase 24 dB approximately with the tow speed doubled, decrease with the radius of the tube, and increase with the off-axis distance. The tube radius and the off-axis distance have greater influence on the high-frequency components than on the low-frequency components.     

矢量拖曳线列阵声呐流噪声的空间相关性研究

根据湍流边界层脉动压力谱的Corcos模型,采用频率-波数域上的二维谱分析方法对矢量拖曳线列阵声呐拖缆护套管内的流噪声场进行了研究,得到了流噪声声压和振速的一般表达式。在此基础上,计算了管内流噪声场的空间相关性。数值计算结果表明:(1)流噪声的轴向相关性随阵元间距的增加而迅速衰减,不同矢量阵元所接收的流噪声可近似认为是彼此互不相关的;(2)在拖缆的径向上,流噪声的低频分量是高度相关的,而其高频分量的相关性则可近似忽略。     

Flow noise of an underwater vector sensor embedded in a flexible towed array

The objective of this work is to simulate the flow noise of a vector sensor embedded in a flexible towed array. The mathematical model developed, based on long-wavelength analysis of the inner space of a cylindrical multipole source, predicts the reduction of the flow noise of a vector sensor embedded in an underwater flexible towed array by means of intensimetric processing (cross-spectral density calculation of oscillatory velocity and sound-pressure-sensor responses). It is found experimentally that intensimetric processing results in flow noise reduction by 12-25 dB at mean levels and by 10-30 dB in fluctuations compared to a squared oscillatory velocity channel. The effect of flow noise suppression in the intensimetry channel relative to a squared sound pressure channel is observed, but only for frequencies above the threshold. These suppression values are 10-15 dB at mean noise levels and 3-6 dB in fluctuations. At towing velocities of 1.5-3 ms(-1) and an accumulation time of 98.3 s, the threshold frequency in fluctuations is between 30 and 45 Hz.     

The interference characteristics of platform and towed body noise in shallow water for active/passive towed array sonar

The interference characteristics of towed platform noise resulted from propeller and towed body for active/passive towed array is analyzed. It is shown that, in shallow water environment, the direct wave and bottom/sea surface reflected wave will seriously affect the performance of sonar system. The formula for calculating the direction of arrival (DOA) of interference in terms of various parameters, such as array depth, length of tow cable, is derived. The effect of interference noise for the detection performance of sonar system is described. The results of system simulation provide the method for reducing the effect of these kind of interferences.     

Millimeter wave phase-locking in distributed Josephson arrays

Voltage tunable oscillators operating at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths can be designed and fabricated using series arrays of Josephson junctions. The coherent radiation obtained from such oscillators results from the mutual phase-locking of the junction through the high-frequency Josephson current generated in the array. A 40-junction array of Josephson junctions distributed over many wavelengths has been designed, fabricated and tested for operation at 100 GHz. This paper presents the experimental results obtained for this prototype array. A review of the theory for optimizing array design is presented along the implications for power generation at submillimeter wavelengths in future arrays.     

Low-frequency wind noise correlation in microphone arrays

A three-axis orthogonal microphone array with ten sensors in each arm has been used to study wind noise in the frequency range from 0.05 to 50 Hz. Simultaneous measurements were made of the three components of the varying wind velocity. Measurements have been made for wind speeds from 4 to 7 m/s at three different sites. The frequency-dependent correlation of the wind noise over a range of wind velocities and atmospheric and environmental conditions in the downwind direction varies as exp(-3.2X)cos(27piX). For the crosswind and vertical directions, the correlation decays approximately as exp(-7Y), where X is the separation in wavelengths in the downwind direction and Y is this separation in the crosswind or vertical direction. Over a limited range of wave numbers, the power density spectra of the varying wind velocity varied as the wave number to the -(5/3) power and the pressure spectra as the -(7/3) power.     

Selection of modes from a shallow-water noise field by single bottom hydrophones for passive tomography purposes

The possibility of selecting modes that propagate between two spaced observation points without the use of vertical arrays and low-frequency emitters is considered. Modes are selected from the cross-correlation function of noise received by single hydrophones. It is shown that modes at frequencies near the minima of the dispersion dependences of their group velocities, where stationary phase regions are observed, make the main contribution to the noise cross-correlation function. This makes it possible to identify modes of different numbers and estimate their propagation times between hydrophones, which can be the basis for shallow-water passive mode tomography using data from single bottom hydrophones. The modes were selected based on data from a experiment carried out in the Barents Sea.