A note on realizing homomorphisms of category algebras

The complete Boolean homomorphisms from the category algebra $\text{C}$(X) of a complete matrix space X to the category algebra $\text{C}$(Y) of a Baire topological space Y are characterized as those σ-homomorphisms which are induced by continuous maps from dense G₈-subsets of Y into X. This result is used to deduce a series of related results in topology and measure theory (some of which are well-known). Finally a similar result for the complete Boolean homomorphisms from the category algebra $\text{C}$(X) of a compact Hausdorff space X tothe category algebra $\text{C}$(Y) of a Baire topological space Y is proved.     

Completion of merotopic spaces and extension of uniformly continuous maps

A general Riesz merotopic space (X, ν) determines a not necessarily topological closure operator c_ν on X. The space (X, ν) is said to be complete if every cluster on (X, ν) is contained in an adherence grill on (X, c_ν). We discuss a method of obtaining a large class of completions of a given Riesz merotopic space with induced T₁ closure space. As special cases we get the simple completion, which induces a simple closure space extension, and the strict completion, which induces a strict closure space extension. We show that the category of complete separated T₁ Riesz merotopic spaces is epireflective in the category of separated T₁ Riesz merotopic spaces, the reflection of an object being the simple completion. Similarly the category of complete clan-covered quasi-regular T₁ Riesz merotopic spaces is epireflective in the category of clan-covered quasi-regular T₁ Riesz merotopic spaces, the reflection of an object being the strict completion.     

On sequentially compact T2 compactifications

It is known that a compact space can fail to be sequentially compact. In this paper we consider the following problem: when does a space admit a sequentially compact T₂ compactification? In the first section we develop a method to produce such compactifications, and we apply it in the second section to study the question using coverings.Moreover, we obtain solutions for locally compact T₂ spaces, and for metrizable spaces.     

Metrization of Fpp-spaces

A Hausdorff space each subspace of which is a paracompact p-space is an F_pp-space. A space X is a closed hereditary Baire space if each closed subspace of X is a Baire space. Using a delicate theorem of Z. Balogh it is shown that a first-countable F_pp-space that is a closed hereditary Baire space is metrizable.     

The construction of all locally compact extensions

The paper presents one of the ways to construct all the locally compact extensions of a given Tychonoff space T. First, there proved the “local” variant of the Stone-C?ech theorem on “completely regular” Riesz spaces X(T) of continuous bounded functions on T with no unit function, in general, but with a collection of local units. In Theorem 1 it is proved that all the functions from X(T) can be “completely regularly” extended on the largest locally compact extension β_xT. Theorem 3 states, that β_xT are presenting, in fact, all the locally compact extensions of T.     

Norm continuity of weakly continuous mappings into Banach spaces

Let T be the class of Banach spaces E for which every weakly continuous mapping from an α-favorable space to E is norm continuous at the points of a dense subset. We show that:

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T contains all weakly Lindelöf Banach spaces;

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l^∞∉T, which brings clarity to a concern expressed by Haydon ([R. Haydon, Baire trees, bad norms and the Namioka property, Mathematika 42 (1995) 30-42], pp. 30-31) about the need of additional set-theoretical assumptions for this conclusion. Also, (l^∞/c₀)∉T.

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T is stable under weak homeomorphisms;

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E∈T iff every quasi-continuous mapping from a complete metric space to (E,weak) is densely norm continuous;

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E∈T iff every quasi-continuous mapping from a complete metric space to (E,weak) is weakly continuous at some point.

     

Separation properties in algebraic categories of topological spaces

Full subcategories C ? Top of the category of topological spaces, which are algebraic over Set in the sense of Herrlich [2], have pleasant separation properties, mostly subject to additional closedness assumptions. For instance, every C-object is a T₁-space, if the two-element discrete space belongs to C. Moreover, if C is closed under the formation of finite powers in Top and even varietal [2], then every C-object is Hausdorff. Hence, the T₂-axiom turns out to be (nearly) superfluous in Herrlich's and Strecker's characterization of the category of compact Hausdorff spaces [1], although it is essential for the proof.If we think of C-objects X as universal algebras (with possibly infinite operations), then the subalgebras of X form the closed sets of a compact topology on X, provided that the ordinal spaces [0, β] belong to C. This generalizes a result in [3]. The subalgebra topology is used to prove criterions for the Hausdorffness of every space in C, if C is only algebraic.     

On order structure of the set of one-point Tychonoff extensions of a locally compact space

If a Tychonoff space X is dense in a Tychonoff space Y, then Y is called a Tychonoff extension of X. Two Tychonoff extensions Y₁ and Y₂ of X are said to be equivalent, if there exists a homeomorphism which keeps X pointwise fixed. This defines an equivalence relation on the class of all Tychonoff extensions of X. We identify those extensions of X which belong to the same equivalence classes. For two Tychonoff extensions Y₁ and Y₂ of X, we write Y₂?Y₁, if there exists a continuous function which keeps X pointwise fixed. This is a partial order on the set of all (equivalence classes of) Tychonoff extensions of X. If a Tychonoff extension Y of X is such that Y\X is a singleton, then Y is called a one-point extension of X. Let T(X) denote the set of all one-point extensions of X. Our purpose is to study the order structure of the partially ordered set (T(X),?). For a locally compact space X, we define an order-anti-isomorphism from T(X) onto the set of all nonempty closed subsets of βX\X. We consider various sets of one-point extensions, including the set of all one-point locally compact extensions of X, the set of all one-point Lindelöf extensions of X, the set of all one-point pseudocompact extensions of X, and the set of all one-point ?ech-complete extensions of X, among others. We study how these sets of one-point extensions are related, and investigate the relation between their order structure, and the topology of subspaces of βX\X. We find some lower bounds for cardinalities of some of these sets of one-point extensions, and in a concluding section, we show how some of our results may be applied to obtain relations between the order structure of certain subfamilies of ideals of C^∗(X), partially ordered with inclusion, and the topology of subspaces of βX\X. We leave some problems open.     

TOPOLOGY WITHOUT POINTS

Abstract

Other theories that develop topology without points are either excessively artificial or suffer from a lack of rigor. In this paper it is assumed that worlds W are composed of parts that form a complete Boolean algebra [xbar] and that the collection [Wbar] of all points of W is a certain subcollection of all filters defined over [xbar]. Two axioms are given for points which, given suitable definitions, convert [Wbar] into a compact Hausdorff space. Nearness collections of parts of W are defined which satisfy all the axioms of Herrlich for nearness except that closure is defined without mentioning points and consequently one may define closed and open parts. A category of worlds is defined in which the objects are lattices of closed parts of a world and the arrows are roughly speaking the far-preserving mps. It is shown that the category of compact T₁-spaces is a reflective subcategory of the category of worlds.     

Spaces from pieces IV

We are going to investigate simultaneous extensions of various topological structures (i.e. traces on several subsets at the same time are prescribed), also with separation axioms T₀, T₁, symmetry (in the sense of Part I, § 3), Riesz property, Lodato property. The following questions will be considered: (i) Under what conditions is there an extension? (ii) How can the finest extension be described? (iii) Is there a coarsest extension? (iv) Can we say more about extensions of two structures than in the general case? (v) Assume that certain subfamilies (e.g. the finite ones) can be extended; does the whole family have an extension, too? The general categorial results from Part I will be applied whenever possible (even they are not really needed).     

Real dicompactifications of ditopological texture spaces

Real dicompactifications and dicompactifications of a ditopological texture space are defined and studied.Section 2 considers nearly plain extensions of a ditopological texture space (S,S,τ,κ). Spaces that possess a nearly plain extension are shown to have a property, called here almost plainness, that is weaker than that of near plainness, but which shares with near plainness the existence of an associated plain space (Sp,Sp,τp,κp). Some properties of the class of almost plain ditopological texture spaces are established, a notion of canonical nearly plain extension of an almost plain ditopological texture space, projective and injective pre-orderings and the concept of isomorphism on such canonical nearly plain extensions are defined.In Section 3 the notion of nearly plain extension is specialized to that of real dicompactification and dicompactification, and the spaces that have such extensions are characterized. Working in terms of a specific representation of the canonical real dicompactifications and dicompactifications of a completely biregular bi-T₂ almost plain ditopological space, the interrelation between sub-T-lattices of the T-lattice of ω-preserving bicontinuous real mappings on the associated plain space and the real dicompactifications and dicompactifications are investigated. In particular generalizations of the Hewitt realcompactification and Stone-?ech compactification are obtained, and shown to be reflectors for the appropriate categories.     

On extensions of topological spaces in terms of ideals

In the present paper, a kind of extension, termed ideal extension of a given topological space is considered via the concept of ideals. A general method of construction of such an extension of a T₀—space is worked out and it is finally shown that under certain condition imposed on the ideals involved, the said extension space turns out to be the compactification of a given space.     

On Buzyakova's example; quotients of the Cantor trees

Let T be the Cantor tree and let A be a subset of the ωth level of T (= Cantor set C). Buzyakova considered the quotient space TAT^′ obtained from T×2 by identifying two points 〈a,0〉 and 〈a,1〉 for each a∈A to construct an example of a non-submetrizable space of countable extent with a Gδ-diagonal. We prove that the space TAT^′ is submetrizable if and only if C?A is an Fσ-set in C with the Euclidean topology. This improves Buzyakova's Lemma.     

An extension theorem for D-normal spaces

A second countable developable T₁-space $\text{D}$₁ is defined which has the following properties: (1) $\text{D}$₁ is an absolute extensor for the class of perfect spaces. (2) $\text{D}$₁^?₀ is a universal space for second countable developable T₁-spaces.     

Quotient-reflective and bireflective subcategories of the category of preordered sets

In previous papers, the notions of “closedness” and “strong closedness” in set-based topological categories were introduced. In this paper, we give the characterization of closed and strongly closed subobjects of an object in the category Prord of preordered sets and show that they form appropriate closure operators which enjoy the basic properties like idempotency (weak) hereditariness, and productivity.We investigate the relationships between these closure operators and the well-known ones, the up- and down-closures. As a consequence, we characterize each of T₀, T₁, and T₂ preordered sets and show that each of the full subcategories of each of T₀, T₁, T₂ preordered sets is quotient-reflective in Prord. Furthermore, we give the characterization of each of pre-Hausdorff preordered sets and zero-dimensional preordered sets, and show that there is an isomorphism of the full subcategory of zero-dimensional preordered sets and the full subcategory of pre-Hausdorff preordered sets. Finally, we show that both of these subcategories are bireflective in Prord.     

Group action on zero-dimensional spaces

Let X be a Tychonoff space, H(X) the group of all self-homeomorphisms of X and the evaluation function. Call an admissible group topology on H(X) any topological group topology on H(X) that makes the evaluation function a group action. Denote by LH(X) the upper-semilattice of all admissible group topologies on H(X) ordered by the usual inclusion. We show that if X is a product of zero-dimensional spaces each satisfying the property: any two non-empty clopen subspaces are homeomorphic, then LH(X) is a complete lattice. Its minimum coincides with the clopen-open topology and with the topology of uniform convergence determined by a T₂-compactification of X to which every self-homeomorphism of X continuously extends. Besides, since the left, the right and the two-sided uniformities are non-Archimedean, the minimum is also zero-dimensional. As a corollary, if X is a zero-dimensional metrizable space of diversity one, such as for instance the rationals, the irrationals, the Baire spaces, then LH(X) admits as minimum the closed-open topology induced by the Stone-?ech-compactification of X which, in the case, agrees with the Freudenthal compactification of X.     

The metacompactness of spaces with bases of subinfinite rank

Let X be a set. A collection $\text{U}$of subsets of X has subinfinite rank if whenever $\text{V}$ ? $\text{U}$, ∩$\text{V}$≠ø, and $\text{V}$ is infinite, then there are two distinct elements of $\text{V}$, one of which is a subset of the other. Theorem. AT₁space with a base of subinfinite rank is hereditarily metacompact.     

Covering by discrete and closed discrete sets

Say that a cardinal number κ is small relative to the space X if κ<Δ(X), where Δ(X) is the least cardinality of a non-empty open set in X. We prove that no Baire metric space can be covered by a small number of discrete sets, and give some generalizations. We show a ZFC example of a regular Baire σ-space and a consistent example of a normal Baire Moore space which can be covered by a small number of discrete sets. We finish with some remarks on linearly ordered spaces.     

Note on separate continuity and the Namioka property

A pair 〈B,K〉 is a Namioka pair if K is compact and for any separately continuous , there is a dense A⊆B such that f is ( jointly) continuous on A×K. We give an example of a Choquet space B and separately continuous such that the restriction fΔ_| to the diagonal does not have a dense set of continuity points. However, for K a compact fragmentable space we have: For any separately continuous and for any Baire subspace F of T×K, the set of points of continuity of is dense in F. We say that 〈B,K〉 is a weak-Namioka pair if K is compact and for any separately continuous and a closed subset F projecting irreducibly onto B, the set of points of continuity of fF_| is dense in F. We show that T is a Baire space if the pair 〈T,K〉 is a weak-Namioka pair for every compact K. Under (CH) there is an example of a space B such that 〈B,K〉 is a Namioka pair for every compact K but there is a countably compact C and a separately continuous which has no dense set of continuity points; in fact, f does not even have the Baire property.     

On linear neighborhood assignments and dually discrete spaces

In this note, the concept of a linear neighborhood assignment is introduced. By discussing properties of linear D-spaces, we show that if T is a Suslin tree with FW (or CW) topology, then T is a Lindelöf D-space. We also show that if X is a countably compact space and , where for any linear neighborhood assignment ?n for Xn, there exists a strong DC-like subspace (or a subparacompact C-scattered closed subspace) Dn of Xn, such that for each n∈N, then X is a compact space; Every generalized ordered space is dually discrete. This gives a positive answer to a question of Buzyakova, Tkachuk and Wilson.