ESR spectrometer with a wide frequency range using a gyrotron as a radiation power source

The development of a high frequency electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer with a wide frequency range using a gyrotron as the radiation power source is described.GYROTRON FU-E, optimized for use in an ESR spectrometer in the millimeter wave range, was developed in Fukui University. In order to test the normal operation of the spectrometer, the ESR of two standard samples, single crystal and polycrystalline DPPH, has been measured, in the pulsed mode over the frequency range from 65 GHz to 135 GHz.     

常压高频等离子体电子温度的光谱法诊断

常压高频等离子体由于其无电极污染、能量密度大、温度高及气氛可控的特点而得到了广泛应用,电子温度是影响其使用性能的关键参数,根据发射光谱使用玻尔兹曼图解法计算是最常用且最可行的诊断方法,但由于跃迁几率数据可靠性、环境背景、仪器误差、数据处理误差等原因,不同研究者根据不同谱线计算的结果通常不具有可比性。为了得到可靠性高的电子温度计算结果,针对存在SiO₂颗粒的常压高频空气等离子体,以光谱范围为200～1 077 nm的7通道高分辨光纤光谱仪为测量工具,该研究讨论了元素、光谱段选择对计算结果可靠性的影响。结果表明,由于N₂占电离气体的主要部分且不参与化学反应,N Ⅰ发射谱线是最佳选择,使用738～940 nm内N Ⅰ的谱线计算的拟合度为0.95,计算的电子温度最为可靠;由于Si和O极易结合成SiO₂颗粒,此二元素的能量不再满足玻尔兹曼分布,计算结果的可靠性较差,因此不能使用Si和O元素的发射谱线计算电子温度;使用掺入Ar的谱线同样不能得到可靠的电子温度计算结果。因此,为了有效诊断等离子体电子温度,在不同应用场合中,应当根据实际情况,合理选择测量光谱范围及光谱仪,选取合适的粒子及其发射谱线。     

频率注入锁定的超再生NQR谱仪

本文首先简述超再生振荡器的频率注入锁定的基本原理,然后介绍一台频率注入锁定的超再生NQR谱仪的工作原理。该谱仪的频稳度高(10^-4-10^-5),频率测量方便,检测谱线线型失真小,可用来观察样品的NQR纯色散和纯吸收谱。文中还给出用本谱仪检测的氯酸钠(NaClO₃)粉末中的³⁵Cl核的NQR纯吸收谱和纯色散谱。     

Development of the physical principles of the design and implementation of a 500–700 GHz spectrometer with a superconducting integrated receiver

A spectrometer based on the effect of freely decaying polarization in the frequency range 500–700 GHz has been designed. Radiation sources are harmonics from a quantum semiconductor superlattice frequency multiplier. The receiving system of this spectrometer is constructed using a superconducting integrated receiver based on a superconductor-insulator-superconductor mixer and a flux-flow oscillator operating as a heterodyne oscillator. The spectrometer has been used to measure absorption lines of NH₃ in a sample of expired air (572 GHz).     

带微处理器的再生式14N NQR谱仪

本文介绍一种用场效应管制成的限幅再生式¹⁴N NQR谱仪。这种谱仪的频率范围为(1-5) MHz,射频幅度(0.5-4) V_P-P,为了获得数字记录的NQR谱线,利用微处理器Z-80构成的数字相敏检波系统,把数字相敏检波系统接至信号处理通道,就构成一台带有微处理器的¹⁴N NQR谱仪。用它测定了乌洛托品(HMT)、亚硝酸钠和对位澳代苯胺等十多个含氯化合物在室温与77K时的¹⁴N NQR谱线。实验结果表明,用微处理器控制的NQR谱仪的信噪比是一般谱仪的两倍。此外,这种仪器也为进一步数据处理提供方便。     

A Low Frequency H-NMR External Unit for the Analysis of Large Foodstuff Samples

An inexpensive external unit that allows the use of a commercial high-resolution NMR spectrometer as a very low frequency instrument is described. The external unit is phase coherent, the pulse timing being given by the parent spectrometer. With the exception of the probe, the external unit does not contain any tuned elements. This permits easy change of frequency in the range 100 kHz–1 MHz. The external unit may be appropriately employed in food science where, in several cases, low frequency is desirable. An application to hen shell eggs at the frequency of 700 kHz is described.     

A low frequency 1H-NMR external unit for the analysis of large foodstuff samples.

An inexpensive external unit that allows the use of a commercial high-resolution NMR spectrometer as a very low frequency instrument is described. The external unit is phase coherent, the pulse timing being given by the parent spectrometer. With the exception of the probe, the external unit does not contain any tuned elements. This permits easy change of frequency in the range 100 kHz-1 MHz. The external unit may be appropriately employed in food science where, in several cases, low frequency is desirable. An application to hen shell eggs at the frequency of 700 kHz is described.     

Obtaining spectrally selective images of objects in attenuated total reflection regime in real time in visible and terahertz ranges

An imaging attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectrometer for the terahertz range is created for the first time. The spectrometer uses a powerful free-electron laser. Images are recorded with a microbolom-eter detector array as a source of frequency tunable monochromatic radiation. Recording spectrally selective images of dynamic objects at a rate of 20 frames per second in the visible and terahertz ranges is demonstrated. In the terahertz range, images of the interdiffusion of liquids with strongly differing optical constants are obtained. Optimal configurations for the operation of the ATR spectrometer are found. Merits and demerits of the method are considered, as well as ways of improving the quality of image.     

用1～18GHz啁啾脉冲傅里叶变换微波光谱仪检测化学反应（英文）

傅里叶变换微波光谱仪是测量分子转动跃迁的主要工具,是研究分子转动光谱学的重要仪器。以量子力学为基础的转动光谱学对物质分子的结构分析以及破解射电望远镜所捕获的深空分子信号至关重要,这使得微波光谱仪在相关领域能发挥不可或缺的作用。目前,世界各国都在致力于研制和改进微波光谱仪以提高仪器的分辨率、灵敏度、以及应用范围,我国也正在该类仪器研制上进行积极的探索,期望为该领域做出应有的贡献。介绍了一种工作频段在1~18 GHz的宽带啁啾脉冲式傅里叶变换微波光谱仪的设计和研制。该光谱仪用于线性频率扫描的宽带啁啾脉冲信号由采样速率为1.25 GS·s^-1的任意波形发生器产生。宽带啁啾脉冲信号经混频和放大后可覆盖特定的频率范围,随即通过喇叭天线传播到样品真空室与超音速膨胀的气相样品分子束相互作用。样品分子被激发后发出的分子自由感应衰减信号由接收电路导出并放大,然后直接在高速数字示波器上数字化。该微波光谱仪的诸多电子器件均由计算机控制,利用开发的LabVIEW程序可实现仪器的自动化控制。应用气体喷嘴技术能有效降低待测样品气体束在检测室的转动温度,使仪器获得更好的检测灵敏度。应用多脉冲自由感应衰减技术能大幅度提高信号采样频率从而进一步提高仪器灵敏度。利用实验室研制的啁啾脉冲式傅里叶变换微波光谱仪对盐酸和叔丁醇的化学反应进行了监测,并成功检测到了该反应的产物叔丁基氯。通过测量天然丰度下反应产物叔丁基氯及其单取代37Cl同位素异数体的分子转动光谱数据,并利用光谱分析软件拟合这些数据后得到了叔丁基氯精准的光谱参数(转动常数,离心畸变常数,核四极耦合常数等)和分子结构信息。将以上参数和结构信息与高斯计算结果对比后证实了本实验宽带光谱仪检测到的光谱数据具有高精准度。通过对比前人所测的光谱数据进一步展示了该实验宽带光谱仪在低频范围内杰出的测试性能。     

Rotational spectroscopy of iodobenzene and iodobenzene–neon with a direct digital 2–8 GHz chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer

The design of a chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer operating in the 2–8 GHz frequency range is presented. The linear frequency sweep is generated by an arbitrary waveform generator with a sampling rate of 20 GS/s. After amplification, the microwave pulse is broadcast into a vacuum chamber where it interacts with a supersonically expanded molecular sample. The resulting molecular free induction decay signal is amplified and digitized directly on a digital oscilloscope with a 20 GS/s sampling rate. No frequency mixing or multiplication is necessary in this spectrometer, which allows for very high pulse quality and phase stability. The performance of this spectrometer is demonstrated on the rotational spectrum of iodobenzene. All four distinct singly-substituted ¹³C isotopologues have been detected in natural abundance, as well as two isotopic species of a van der Waals cluster of iodobenzene with a neon atom. Spectroscopic constants and derived structural parameters for iodobenzene and for iodobenzene–Ne are reported. In addition, the use of microwave–microwave double-resonance experiments in this spectrometer to facilitate spectral assignments is presented.     

Gaussian optical design of a submillimeter-wave and far-infrared laser sideband heterodyne spectrometer

A submillimeter-wave/far-infrared (SMM/FIR) laser sideband heterodyne spectrometer has been built for molecular rotational spectroscopy application in the frequency range of 600–3000 GHz. Based on Gaussian optics, optical system of the spectrometer is designed to be quasi-achromatic and low losses. In this article the optical design and the performance of the spectrometer are presented.     

A Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Measurement System for Ultra Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

We describe a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)-based nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer operating at ultralow magnetic fields far below the Earth’s field. The spectrometer consists of a helium-cooled magnetic sensor system and two Helmholtz coils, one for pre-polarizing the sample by fields of up to 5 mT, and one for the detection in fields of the nanotesla and microtesla range. The spectrometer represents the current state of the art in ultralow-field NMR and enables the observation of phenomena that are difficult or impossible to achieve by a conventional NMR setting. In particular, one can obtain broad band spectra covering different nuclei, such as ¹H and ³¹P, with a frequency resolution in the millihertz range, observe the variation of their heteronuclear coupling with the detection field strength, and investigate relaxation processes that reflect molecular dynamics in the millisecond range.     

Submillimeter Wave ESR Measurement for Cr3+ in Ruby Crystal Using a Gyrotron as a Radiation Source

Fine structure constant of ruby has been measured using an ESR spectrometer with a pulse magnetic for high fields and a gyrotron as a radiation source in a millimeter to submillimeter wave range. The measurement was carried out at room temperature. The Zeeman energy in this frequency range is large enough compared with the fine structure constant. The higher order term in the effective spin Hamiltonian can explain the dependence of fine structure constant on the frequency. The observed fine structure constants depend on the field intensity.     

可见/近红外实时成像光谱仪控制系统设计

针对高光谱成像需求,设计了一套可见/近红外实时成像光谱仪.光谱仪基于声光可调谐滤波器(Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter,AOTF)分光器件进行设计,光谱带宽为1.3μm,其中可见光相机工作在400～1000 nm波段,近红外相机工作在1000～1700 nm波段.光谱仪控制系统以现场可编程门阵列...     

化学混合物成分的太赫兹光谱分析

利用太赫兹时域光谱装置测量各种纯化合物的吸收谱,采用线性回归技术,对测量的化学混合物太赫兹吸收谱进行分析,得到样品中化合物的成分和相对含量.通过对蒽醌、苯醌和二苯甲酮混合物太赫兹吸收谱的研究,证实了利用整个测量波段的频谱作为化合物的指纹特征来分析化学混合物的成分和相对含量的方法是可行的.     

Accuracy and precision of laser spectrometers for trace gas sensing in the presence of optical fringes and atmospheric turbulence

Spectroscopic techniques are increasingly used for field laser applications in industry and research. Under field conditions complex gas sensors cannot be considered as stable and therefore drift characterization is a key issue to distinguish between sample data and sensor drift. In this paper the history of von Neumann’s two-sample variance and Allan variance stability investigations in the field of frequency metrology and the relationship to wavelet analysis are reviewed. The concept has been used to characterize accuracy and precision of spectroscopic data in the time domain and practical guidelines for the interpretation of σ/τ plots are presented. Two topics relevant for spectroscopic measurements are discussed: First, the optical fringe effect, which is present in any spectrometer, limits the precision and accuracy of spectroscopic measurements by forming time dependent background structures superimposed to the signal under investigation. The two-sample variance is used to characterize optical etalons and long-term drift using σ/τ plots. Second, the short-term instrument stability characteristic in the presence of atmospheric turbulence is discussed. This is important for laser-based gas monitors measuring the turbulent transport of trace gases between the biosphere and the atmosphere using the eddy-covariance technique. It will be shown how the spectral characteristics of turbulence in the Kolmogorov inertial subrange can be identified in the time domain and how the effect of optical fringes can be separated from atmospheric signals.     

Enhancement of Heat-Resistance of Carbonyl Iron Particles by Coating with Silica and Consequent Changes in Electromagnetic Properties

Silica-coated carbonyl iron particles(CIPs) are fabricated with the Stober method to improve their heat-resistance and wave-absorption properties. The morphology, heat-resistance, electromagnetic properties and microwave absorption of raw-CIPs and silica-coated CIPs are investigated using a scanning electron microscope, an energy dispersive spectrometer, a thermal-gravimetric analyzer, and a network analyzer. The results show that the heat-resistance of silica-coated CIPs is better than that of raw CIPs. The reflection losses exceeding-10 dB of silica-coated CIPs are obtained in the frequency range 9.3-12.4 GHz for the absorber thickness of 2.3 mm, and the same reflection losses of uncoated CIPs reach the data in the lower frequency range for the same thickness. The enhanced microwave absorption of silica-coated CIPs can be ascribed to the combination of proper electromagnetic impedance match and the decrease of dielectric permittivity.     

Dielectric Relaxations and Structures of Nanoclay in Solution Cast Poly(Ethylene Oxide)– Montmorillonite Clay Nanocomposites

The relative complex dielectric function, electric modulus and alternating current electrical conductivity spectra and complex impedance plane plots of aqueous solution cast poly(ethylene oxide)–montmorillonite clay (PEO–MMT) nanocomposite films were investigated over the frequency range 20 Hz to 1 MHz at ambient temperature. The intercalated and exfoliated structures of nanoclay dispersed in PEO matrix were recognized by the significant change in real part of dielectric function with clay concentration in the range 0%–20 wt%. The relaxation times corresponding to PEO chain segmental motion and ionic conduction relaxation processes were used to explore the interactions compatibility between PEO molecules and the dispersed MMT clay nanoplatelets and their effect on PEO chain dynamics. Real part of conductivity spectra of these nanocomposites over five decades of frequency has nonlinear behavior, which is influenced by the MMT clay concentration. The complex impedance plane plots confirm the bulk properties of these nanocomposites over the experimental frequency range.     

Photoacoustic monitoring of trace gases by use of a diode-based difference frequency laser source

We present a compact mid-infrared laser spectrometer for trace-gas monitoring. Difference frequency generation in periodically poled LiNbO(3) is used as laser source, yielding a tuning range 3.2-3.7mum at a linewidth of 154 MHz. The relatively high average power of 3 to 5 mW favors detection with a small resonant photoacoustic gas cell. Measurements of methane yield a detection limit in the low parts in 10(6) by volume concentration range.     

一种光谱分辨率可调的新型空间调制傅里叶变换光谱仪

调整光谱仪的光谱分辨率,可使光谱仪在满足不同目标测量需求的同时,减少数据采集、处理和存储的时间,提高仪器的整体性能。为克服传统傅里叶变换光谱仪的光谱分辨率固定的缺点,提出了一种分辨率可调的空间调制傅里叶变换光谱仪。介绍了该新型光谱仪及其干涉仪的工作原理,利用光线追迹的方法推导了光程差和横向剪切量的计算公式,并分析了新型干涉仪的光程等效模型。在此基础上,分析了光谱分辨率的调节原理。结果表明,该光谱分辨率可调的新型空间调制傅里叶变换光谱仪克服了传统光谱仪分辨率固定、稳定性差等缺点,具有分辨率可调、高稳定性、结构灵活和易于装调等特点。该研究内容为分辨率可调的干涉光谱仪的设计提供了理论基础,扩展了傅里叶变换光谱仪的实用范围。