Chiral N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed, enantioselective oxodiene Diels-Alder reactions with low catalyst loadings

Chiral N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyzed redox reactions of racemic alpha-chloroaldehydes lead to the generation of chiral enolates suitable for highly enantioselective inverse-electron-demand 1-oxodiene Diels-Alder reactions. Significantly, these reactions proceed under mild, operationally friendly reaction conditions (EtOAc, room temperature, 2-8 h) using less than 1 mol % of a chiral N-mesityl triazolium salt as the precatalyst. A broad array of densely functionalized dihydropyran-2-ones bearing either aliphatic or aromatic substiutents are formed in excellent yields and exceptional enantioselectivities from readily available reactants. Stereochemical mismatching between the racemic starting materials and the chiral catalyst is avoided by rapid epimerization of the chloroaldehydes under the reaction conditions.     

Highly enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions of Danishefsky type dienes with electron-deficient alkenes catalyzed by Yb(III)-BINAMIDE complexes

1-Methoxy-3-trimethylsiloxy-1,3-butadiene (Danishefsky's diene) is recognized as a synthetically useful diene due to its high reactivity in the Diels-Alder reaction with electron-deficient alkenes to give oxygen-functionalyzed cyclohexenes and substituted cyclohexenones, which are important building blocks for the total synthesis of natural products. However, the development of catalytic enantioselective versions of Diels-Alder reactions using Danishefsky type dienes with electron-deficient alkenes has been difficult because of the instability of the dienes under Lewis acidic conditions. Only highly reactive CO and CN double bonds are employed in a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction which proceeds under catalysis of chiral Lewis acids. We have developed a new chiral ligand, BINAMIDE, which is easily prepared from 1,1'-binaphtyl-2,2'-diamine by acylation. The highly diastereo- and enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction of Danishefsky type dienes with electron-deficient alkenes in the presence of an Yb(III)-BINAMIDE complex has been developed. The reaction proceeded in an exoselective mode and gave chiral highly functionalized cyclohexene derivatives in good yields.     

Highly diastereoselective and asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions of masked o-benzoquinones with chiral racemic and homochiral furans. Synthesis of optically active tricyclic gamma-lactones

[reaction: see text] The first examples of highly diastereoselective and asymmetric Diels-Alder cycloadditions of in situ generated masked o-benzoquinones (MOBs) with chiral racemic and homochiral furans bearing a chiral center in the alpha-position leading to highly functionalized diastereomeric/enantioselective tricyclic heterocycles and chiral tricyclic gamma-lactones are described.     

Enantioselective Syntheses of (-)- and (+)-Homocitric Acid Lactones

Highly enantioselective syntheses of enantiomers of homocitric acid lactones (R)-5a and (S)-5b are described. Thermal Diels-Alder cycloadditions of 2a and 2b to 1,3-butadiene produced adducts 3a and 3b, respectively. Oxidative ozonolysis of latter adducts gave products 4a and 4b which after acid treatment afforded a mixture with 5a and 5b as major component. Acid lactones 5a and 5b were converted into their dimethyl esters 6a and 6b which were purified by chromatography. After saponification, the products obtained were crystallized to yield (-)- and (+)-homocitric acid lactones ((R)-5a and (S)-5b). Diastereomeric excess (de) of Diels-Alder adducts 3a and 3b was determined by means of Mosher esters of glycols 8a, 8b, and racemic 8. Diels-Alder cycloaddition products of lactones 2a and 2b to 1,3-butadiene showed a diastereoselectivity of 96%.     

Enantioselective Synthesis of Biarylphenylglycines and Their Use as Chiral Ligands in the Lewis Acid Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reaction

The enantioselective syntheses of naphthyl-substituted-N-tosylphenylglycines are described. These unnatural amino acids were tested as ligands for the chiral oxazaborolidine catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and 2-bromoacrolein.     

Recent developments on chiral ionic liquids: design, synthesis, and applications

The recent progress in chiral ionic liquids with respect to their syntheses and applications in enantioselective reactions and chiral recognition is described. In addition to the conventional chiral ionic liquids derived from chiral natural products, a library of novel chiral spiro compounds, including spiro bis(pyridinium) and spiro bis(imidazolium) salt, is also described.     

C2-symmetric bissulfoximines as ligands in copper-catalyzed enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions

[reaction: see text] Bissulfoximines have been used as chiral ligands in copper-catalyzed enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions between acryloyl-2-oxazolidinones and cyclopentadiene. After optimizing the ligand structure, the metal source, the counterions, and the solvent, products with up to 93% ee have been obtained.     

Efficient Enantioselective Syntheses of Chiral Natural Products Facilitated by Ligand Design

The employment of enantioselective transition‐metal‐catalyzed transformations as key steps in asymmetric natural product syntheses have attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to their versatile synthetic utilities, mild conditions and high efficiency in chirality generation. The chiral catalysts or supporting ligands are believed to be crucial for the requisite reactivity and enantioselectivity. Therefore, the rational design of chiral ligands is at the heart of developing new asymmetric transition‐metal catalyzed reactions and provides an avenue to the asymmetric synthesis of natural products. Our group has been engaged in the development of transition‐metal‐catalyzed enantioselective cross‐coupling, cyclization and other related reactions and the application of these methodologies to natural product syntheses. In this account, we summarized our recent synthetic efforts towards the efficient total syntheses of several different types of natural products including terpenes, alkaloids and polyketides facilitated by the design of a series of versatile P‐chiral phosphorous ligands.     

Enantioselective and structure-selective Diels-Alder reactions of unsymmetrical quinones catalyzed by a chiral oxazaborolidinium cation. Predictive selection rules

The chiral oxazaborolidinium cation 1 promotes Diels-Alder reactions between 2-triisopropylsilyloxy-1,3-butadiene and a number of unsymmetrical 1,4-benzoquinones in a highly enantioselective and structurally selective manner. The basis for the enantioselectivity is explained rationally in terms of a preferred type of transition-state assembly. Selection rules have been developed that allow the prediction of the principal reaction product of Diels-Alder reaction between unsymmetrical diene and quinone components.     

Triflimide activation of a chiral oxazaborolidine leads to a more general catalytic system for enantioselective Diels-Alder addition

The strong acid triflimide ((CF3SO2)2NH) protonates chiral oxazaborolidines to form superactive, stable, chiral Lewis acids which are highly effective catalysts for a wide variety of enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions, documented herein by more than 20 examples.     

Brønsted-acid and Brønsted-base catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions

The enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction is one of the most important reactions for the synthesis of complex molecules. It provides access to chiral six-membered carbocyclic compounds containing up to four stereogenic centers in a single step. Asymmetric catalysis in the Diels-Alder reaction has mainly been realized using chiral Lewis acids. In this perspective, we describe several cases of chiral Br?nsted-acid and Br?nsted-base catalyzed Diels-Alder reactions, providing an overview of this rapidly growing field.     

The highly enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction of 1,2-dihydropyridine using chiral cationic palladium-phosphinooxazolidine catalyst for the synthesis of chiral isoquinuclidines

The enantioselective Diels-Alder reactions of 1-phenoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydropyridine with 1-alkylated acryloyl-pyrazolidin-3-ones using chiral cationic palladium-phosphinooxazolidine (Pd-POZ) catalyst afforded chiral isoquinuclidines with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee).     

Highly enantioselective Michael reactions catalyzed by a chiral quaternary ammonium salt. Illustration by asymmetric syntheses of (S)-ornithine and chiral 2-cyclohexenones

[formula: see text] The use of the chiral quaternary ammonium salts 1a and 1b makes possible enantioselective Michael reactions which have been applied to the asymmetric syntheses of (S)-ornithine (2) and the chiral 2-cyclohexenone 6.     

推-拉电子体系环丙烷的不对称合成及其对映选择性开环/环化反应研究进展

含有推-拉电子(DA)体系的张力环化合物,例如DA环丙烷,是非常有用的合成砌块,被应用于天然产物全合成以及合成具有生物活性的分子的研究中。 近年来,本课题组利用手性铜、镍等配合物为催化剂,一方面发展了一系列高效合成手性DA环丙烷的新方法;另一方面陆续实现了仲胺、醇、硝酮、氮杂亚胺叶立德、烯醇硅醚、吲哚等多种亲核试剂与DA环丙烷的高对映选择性开环/环化反应。 本文结合我们课题组工作综述了DA环丙烷化合物的不对称合成、开环/环化反应以及动力学拆分方面的主要研究进展并进行了展望。     

The first general enantioselective catalytic Diels-Alder reaction with simple alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones

The first general approach to enantioselective catalysis of the Diels-Alder reaction with simple ketone dienophiles has been accomplished. The use of iminium catalysis has enabled enantioselective access to a fundamental Diels-Alder reaction variant that has previously been unavailable using chiral Lewis acid catalysis. A new chiral amine catalyst has been developed that allows a variety of monodentate cyclic and acyclic ketones to successfully participate in enantioselective [4 + 2] cycloadditions. A wide spectrum of cyclic and acyclic diene substrates can also be accommodated in this new organocatalytic transformation. A computational model is provided that is in accord with the sense of enantioinduction observed for all reactions conducted during the course of this study.     

对映选择催化 Diels-Alder 反应

本文综述了对映选择催化 Diels-Alder 反应的进展。     

Novel and Efficient Resolution of 1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol and Synthesis of Optically Pure Unsymmetrically Substituted Binaphthyls

Both enantiomers of 1, 1'-Bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) 1 are important chiral ligands and auxiliaries for a number of asymmetric transformations such as aldol condensations, alkylations, Diels-Alder reactions, Michael additions, epoxidations, etc. Optically pure 1 and their derivatives have also been used extensively in chiral recognition, chiral separation and construction of functionalised materials^[1]. As a result the development of efficient and economic methods for the preparation of optically pure 1 has attracted much attention in recent years^[2] and novel methods for the resolution of racemic 1 (Rac-1) continue to be developed.     

Asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions catalyzed by a triflic acid activated chiral oxazaborolidine

This paper reports a new method for the generation of chiral Lewis superacids by protonation of a non-Lewis acidic oxazaborolidine (1) with triflic acid. The resulting cationic species (3) are powerful and highly enantioselective catalysts for the Diels-Alder reaction of various 1,3-dienes with alpha,beta-enals. An optimization study (see Table 1) led to the selection of reaction conditions and catalysts (6A and 6B) which are very effective. The reactions are simple to conduct, reproducible, and economical, since only ca. 6 mol % of catalyst is required. In addition, the chiral catalyst precursor is readily recovered for reuse (>95% efficiency) and is commercially available. The broad scope of the process is documented by the 14 examples listed in Table 2. The absolute stereochemical course of the Diels-Alder reactions catalyzed by 6A and 6B was successfully predicted on the basis of the mechanistic principles which have recently been formulated for this type of catalytic enantioselective reaction involving re-face attack by the diene on complex 7. The mode of generation of Lewis superacids 6A and 6B allows an approximate comparison (or scale) connecting the catalytic power Lewis and protic acids.     

Highly enantioselective azadiene Diels-Alder reactions catalyzed by chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes

Highly enantioselective, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed aza-Diels-Alder reactions are described. A novel chiral triazolium salt based on the cis-1,2-aminoindanol platform serves as an efficient precatalyst for the NHC-catalyzed redox generation of enolate dienophiles that undergo LUMOdiene-controlled Diels-Alder reactions with N-sulfonyl-alpha,beta-unsaturated imines in good yields and with exceptional diastereo- and enantioselectivities (>99% ee). In contrast to uncatalyzed variants, this organocatalytic process proceeds at room temperature without stoichiometric reagents, producing synthetically valuable, enantiomerically pure cis-3,4-disubstituted dihydropyridinone products.     

Asymmetric cascade reaction sequences via chiral lithiated intermediates

The (-)-sparteine-mediated enantioselective intermolecular carbolithiation of (E)-2-propenylarylamines allows for the generation of chiral lithiated intermediates which have broad synthetic potential. These intermediates have been exploited in a series of further in situ reactions with electrophiles to generate a collection of products each containing a common stereogenic center. The stereogenic center, formed in high enantiomeric ratio in the first carbolithiation step, is carried through the cascade reaction sequence to the final products and is independent of electrophile used. The methodology is demonstrated by the synthesis of structurally diverse chiral anilines, indoles, and indolones all with an er of 92:8 (+/-1). The heterocyclic syntheses involve an enantioselective alkene carbolithiation and subsequent trapping of the intermediate organolithium with a suitable electrophile, followed by an in situ ring closure and dehydration to generate the indole or indolone rings.