Synthesis of novel alpha-substituted and alpha,alpha-disubstituted amino acids by rearrangement of ammonium ylides generated from metal carbenoids

[reaction: see text] A new and general four-step synthesis of protected alpha-substituted and alpha,alpha-disubstituted amino acids has been developed. The key step involves intramolecular ammonium ylide generation from a copper carbenoid with concomitant [2,3] rearrangement. The aromatic template serves as a tether, protecting group, and activating group for peptide coupling. The ylide rearrangement products can be converted into protected cyclic amino acids by ring-closing metathesis.     

Direct Trapping of Ketene Intermediate by Internal Nucleophile:A New Approach for the Synthesis of γ-Lactams

The application of Wolff rearrangement of the diazoketones derived from α-amino acids has been well documented.¹ It has been generally observed that if the rearrangement is performed in aqueous solution, homologated acid is the expected products, while if the reaction is run in methanol or ammonia, the corresponding homologated ester or amide will be obtained. In connection with other synthetic work, we unexpectedly observed that the Wolff rearrangement of diazoketone 1 in anhydrous methanol gave exclusively γ-lactam 3 in excellent yield.(Scheme 1) The formation of this intramolecular cyclization product was apparently due to the nucleophilic attack of the intermediate ketene 2 by the tosyl protected amino group. Although the solvent methanol can serve as nucleophile, the exclusive formation of γ-lactam indicates the intermolecular nucleophilic attack of the ketene intermediate 2 by methanol is not effective enough to compete with intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the tosyl protected amino group. This observation aroused our interest in the generality of this reaction and its potential as a novel method for the direct synthesis of γ-lactams. We report here the results of the investigation of Wolff rearrangement of several diazoketones derived from N-tosyl protected α-amino acids and β-amino acids.     

First asymmetric total synthesis of tetrodotoxin

Tetrodotoxin, a toxic principle of puffer fish poisoning, is one of the most famous marine natural products because of the complex structure having many functional groups and its potent biological activity leading to death. Since the structure elucidation in 1964, this toxin has been recognized as a formidable target molecule for total synthesis. We have recently achieved the first asymmetric total synthesis from 2-acetoxy-tri-O-acetyl-d-glucal as a chiral starting material. The highly hydroxylated cyclohexane ring was constructed by Claisen rearrangement and regioselective hydroxylations of an acetone moiety and an intramolecular directed aldol condensation of the precursor having methyl ketone with dihydroxyacetone, which was synthesized through Sonogashira coupling. Installation of nitrogen functionality was unsuccessful through an attempted Overman rearrangement. We, therefore, employed a new intramolecular conjugate addition strategy between the carbamate and unsaturated ester groups. The alpha-hydroxyl lactone moiety was synthesized through an intramolecular epoxide opening by the Z-enolate of aldehyde, which was followed by oxidation-reduction of the resulting cyclic vinyl ether. The lactone was then converted to a protected ortho ester, and then gunanidinylation was followed by cleavage of the 1,2-glycol to give the fully protected tetrodotoxin. Selection of the protective groups has finally led us to accomplish the total synthesis of tetrodotoxin in an enantiomerically pure form. All the stereogenic centers were controlled with high selectivity, and the hydroxyl groups were differently protected to discriminate for the future analogue synthesis of a bioorganic program. The synthetic tetrodotoxin was purified by ion exchange chromatography and characterized to be identical with the natural compound.     

Asymmetric synthesis of cis-2-aminocyclopropanols by intramolecular Mannich addition of silyloxy benzyl carbanions

An efficient, highly diastereoselective method for the preparation of protected cis-2-aminocyclopropanols from N-tert-butanesulfinyl ketimines and various aryl acylsilanes is described. A tandem process for carbon-carbon bond formation via nucleophilic addition to acylsilanes, Brook rearrangement, and intramolecular Mannich reaction has been developed.     

Prearranged Glycosides. Part 8. Intramolecular α-Galactosylation Via Succinoyl Tethered Glycosides

ABSTRACT

Benzyl protected phenyl 1-thio-galactopyranoside donors which were tethered by a succinoyl linker at their positions 2 and 6, respectively, to position 3 of a blocked benzyl glucopyranoside acceptor with a 4-OH group solely afforded the corresponding α-(1→4)-linked disaccharides upon intramolecular glycosylation. 4,6-Siloxane protected mannosides react with rearrangement of the siloxane group under similar conditions.     

Base‐Promoted C→N Acyl Rearrangement: An Unconventional Approach to α‐Amino Acid Derivatives

We have discovered that N‐alkyl aminomalonates undergo a fast and selective intramolecular C→N acyl rearrangement reaction in the presence of a strong base, leading to N‐protected glycinates in excellent yield. Moreover, the fact that the reaction proceeds through a nucleophilic enolate intermediate has been used for implementing a tandem rearrangement/alkylation sequence that has been applied to the preparation of synthetically relevant nonproteinogenic tertiary and quaternary N‐alkyl α‐amino acids in a very simple and reliable way.     

Synthesis of polyhydroxylated 7-aminopyrrolizidines and 8-aminoindolizidines

The ammonolysis of a lactone moiety in tricyclic cycloadducts derived from non-racemic five-membered cyclic nitrone and 2(5H)-furanones furnishes an amido function, which after subsequent Hofmann rearrangement, leads to a protected amino group attached to the bicyclic isoxazolidine skeleton. A successive simple transformation, involving cleavage of N-O bond followed by intramolecular N-alkylation, provides an access to the polyhydroxylated 7-aminopyrrolizidines and 8-aminoindolizidines, potential glycosidases inhibitors.     

Intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N-alkenyl nitrones en route to glycosyl piperidines

Stereoselective intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of homochiral N-(alkenylglycosyl)nitrones, prepared by allylation of C-(glycosyl)nitrones and subsequent oxidation, is described. The previously described 2-aza-Cope rearrangement was not observed for these substrates, but evidences of E/Z isomerism during the cycloaddition were obtained. The obtained cycloadducts can serve as key precursors of imino disaccharide analogues. This is exemplified by a short route to a protected 2-furanosyl-4-hydroxy-6-phenyl piperidine.     

Iridium-catalyzed intermolecular hydroamination of unactivated aliphatic alkenes with amides and sulfonamides

The intermolecular addition of N-H bonds to unactivated alkenes remains a challenging, but desirable, strategy for the synthesis of N-alkylamines. We report the intermolecular amination of unactivated α-olefins and bicycloalkenes with arylamides and sulfonamides to generate synthetically useful protected amine products in high yield. Mechanistic studies on this rare catalytic reaction revealed a resting state that is the product of N-H bond oxidative addition and coordination of the amide. Rapid, reversible dissociation of the amide precedes reaction with the alkene, but an intramolecular, kinetically significant rearrangement of the species occurs before this reaction with alkene.     

Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction of Furans with Allenyl Ethers Followed by Phenylthio and Trialkylsilyl Groups Rearrangement

A new reaction involving an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of a furan diene with an allenyl ether dienophile followed by phenylthio group rearrangement was discovered. Treatment of the propargyl ethers 2a-c with t-BuOK in t-BuOH at 85 ° C gave the phenylthio group rearrangement products 5a-c and 6a-c . A reaction involving an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of a furan diene with an allenyl ether dienophile followed by trialkylsilyl group rearrangement is also demonstrated.     

Total Synthesis of Lucidumone through Convenient One-pot Preparation of the Tetracyclic Skeleton by Claisen Rearrangement and Subsequent Intramolecular Aldol Reaction

The total synthesis of lucidumone ( 1 ), a Ganoderma meroterpenoid, was accomplished in racemic form from easily prepared 6 and 7 in 10 steps as the longest linear sequence. The synthesis was completed through one-pot preparation of the tetracyclic core skeleton by Claisen rearrangement followed by an intramolecular aldol reaction. The intramolecular aldol reaction allowed for the stereocontrolled construction of the bicyclo [2.2.2] octane skeleton fused to an indanone structure. The enantioselective total synthesis of 1 was also described via a chiral transfer strategy in the Claisen rearrangement.     

Total Synthesis of (±)‐Corymine

The first total synthesis of the hexacyclic indole alkaloid (±)‐corymine is described. Starting from the readily available N‐protected tryptamine, the title compound was achieved in 21 steps in 3.4 % overall yield. Key steps of the synthesis include: a) the addition of a malonate to a 3‐bromooxindole to afford 3,3‐disubstituted oxindole, b) the formation of a 12‐membered cyclic enol ether by intramolecular O‐propargylation, immediately followed by propargyl Claisen rearrangement to provide the α‐allenyl ketone stereospecifically, c) DMDO oxidation to install a hydroxy group in a highly stereoselective manner, and d) the SmI₂‐mediated reductive C−O bond cleavage to remove the α‐keto carboxyl group.     

烧氧基重排反应

本文综述了烷氧基重排反应。根据不同的反应机制,可将烷氧基重排反应分为三类;通过碳正离子重排的烷氧基重排反应,分子内烷氧基亲核取代反应和烷氧基α-迁移反应。     

Studies of rearrangement reactions of protonated and lithium cationized 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzylamine derivatives by MALDI-FT-ICR mass spectrometry

The rearrangement reactions of protonated and lithium-cationized 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzylamine derivatives were studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and infrared multiphoton dissociation mass spectrometry (IRMPD). Our results show that three kinds of rearrangement reactions occur in IRMPD processes. First, nearly all protonated 2-pyrimidinyloxy-N-arylbenzylamine derivatives undergo Pathway A to form the K ion series. It is proposed that this rearrangement (migration of a substituted benzyl group) proceeds by way of a gas-phase intramolecular S(N)2 reaction. Second, a gas phase intramolecular S(N)Ar type rearrangement mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of the F ion series from protonated and lithium-cationized 5 (or 6). This skeletal rearrangement reaction competes with the S(N)2 reaction of the Pathway A, which produces the K ion series, in IRMPD of protonated 5 and 6. Third, the formation pathway of the W ion series is explained by a gas phase Cope type rearrangement mechanism.     

Complexity-enhancing acid-promoted rearrangement of tricyclic products of tandem Ugi 4CC/intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction

The unexpected rearrangement of 2,3,7,7a-tetrahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1-one products of the tandem Ugi 4CC/intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction in 85% H3PO4 was discovered to provide diastereomerically pure tricyclic bislactam lactone-containing natural product-like products in high yield. Mechanistic rationale for the observed rearrangement was proposed and has been tentatively confirmed by additional experiments.     

A new approach for the construction of a highly congested bicyclic system in polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs)

A highly congested bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanone core of polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols was constructed using a stereoselective Claisen rearrangement and an intramolecular aldol reaction as the key steps. The stereochemistry of C-4 appeared to control the ground state conformation of the cyclohexenone core, which determined the diastereoselectivity in the Claisen rearrangement.     

Synthesis of Phenanthrene Derivatives by Intramolecular Cyclization Utilizing the [1,2]‐Phospha‐Brook Rearrangement Catalyzed by a Brønsted Base

The synthesis of functionalized phenanthrene derivatives was achieved by intramolecular cyclization utilizing the [1,2]‐phospha‐Brook rearrangement under Brønsted base catalysis. Treatment of biaryl compounds having an α‐ketoester moiety and an alkyne moiety at the 2 and 2′ positions, respectively, with diisopropyl phosphite in the presence of a catalytic amount of phosphazene base P2‐tBu provides 9,10‐disubstituted phenanthrene derivatives in high yields. This reaction involves the generation of an ester enolate through an umpolung process, that is, addition of diisopropyl phosphite to a keto moiety followed by the [1,2]‐phospha‐Brook rearrangement, the intramolecular addition to an alkyne, and the [3,3] rearrangement of the allylic phosphate moiety in a consecutive fashion.     

Energetics of xylose decomposition as determined using quantum mechanics modeling

The decomposition of xylose has been studied using quantum mechanical calculations supported by NMR data. Proposed mechanisms for the decomposition of xylose have been investigated by obtaining the structures and energies of transition states and products. The intent of this study was to understand the experimentally observed formation of furfural and formic acid that occurs during the decomposition of xylose in mildly hot acidic solutions. A mechanism of furfural formation involving the opening of the pyranose ring and subsequent dehydration of the aldose was compared to a direct intramolecular rearrangement of the protonated pyranose. Energies were determined using CBS-QB3, and it was shown that the barriers for dehydration of the aldose were high compared to intramolecular rearrangement. This result suggests that the latter mechanism is a more likely mechanism for furfural formation. The intramolecular rearrangement step results from protonation of xylose at the O2 hydroxyl group. In addition, it has been shown that formic acid formation is a likely result of the protonation of xylose at the O3 hydroxyl group. Finally, solvation of xylose decomposition was studied by calculating energy barriers for xylose in selected water clusters. The mechanisms proposed here were supported in part by 13C-labeling studies using NMR.     

Polycyclic aromatic compounds via radical cyclizations of benzannulated enyne-allenes derived from Ireland-Claisen rearrangement

A new synthetic sequence involving the use of Ireland-Claisen rearrangement of propargylic acetates to form the corresponding benzannulated enyne-allenes followed by Schmittel cyclization to generate benzofulvene biradicals for radical cyclizations leading to polycyclic aromatic compounds was established. Treatment of 9-fluorenone (8) with the lithium acetylide 9 followed by acetic anhydride produced the propargylic acetate 10. A sequence of reactions occurred after 10 was converted to the corresponding silyl ketene acetal 11. An initial Ireland-Claisen rearrangement produced the benzannulated enyne-allene 12, which then underwent a Schmittel cyclization reaction to generate the benzofulvene biradical 13. A subsequent intramolecular radical-radical coupling then produced the formal Diels-Alder adduct 14, which in turn underwent a prototropic rearrangement to give the silyl ester 15 and, after hydrolysis, the carboxylic acid 16 in 57% overall yield from 10 in a single operation. An intramolecular acylation reaction of 16 produced the ketone 17. The carboxylic acids 24-26 were likewise prepared from the diaryl ketones 18-20, respectively. However, the intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of the benzannulated enyne-allene 33 having a tert-butyl group at the allenic terminus occurred preferentially, producing the 1H-cyclobut[a]indenyl acetic acid 35 as the predominant product.     

Collision-induced dissociation of valdecoxib metabolites: a novel rearrangement involving an isoxazole ring

Valdecoxib is a potent COX-2 inhibitor. During metabolism studies of valdecoxib by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, we observed a novel mass spectral rearrangement involving an isoxazole ring for some of the metabolites in the negative ion mode. Accurate mass measurements were performed with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to determine the elemental compositions of the fragments. Additionally, two types of stable-isotope labeled analogues were prepared to assist with the assignments of these fragments and possible mechanistic rearrangements resulting from collision-induced dissociation (CID). Detailed analyses of the CID mass spectra suggest that the fragmentation process involves a novel two-step rearrangement. The first step consists of an intramolecular SN2 reaction with a five-membered ring rearrangement to form an intermediate. The second step involves a four-membered ring intramolecular rearrangement followed by a cleavage of the N-O bond on the isoxazole ring to form a unique fragment ion at m/z 196. The same phenomenon was observed for a group of structurally related metabolites that also contain a 5-hydroxymethyl or 5-carboxylic acid moieties. A mechanism for the novel rearrangement involving an isoxazole ring is proposed.