铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷纵振换能器*

高性能环境友好型无铅压电陶瓷及其应用是当前压电材料研究的热点之一,为了探究其在水声换能器领域的应用潜力,该文对铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷和锆钛酸铅压电陶瓷纵振式换能器进行了对比研究。依据仿真结果优化结构尺寸,制作了两种换能器样机并测试了其在空气中和水中的电声性能。测试结果表明,铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷换能器的谐振频率为35kHz,最大发送电压响应为 151dB,声源级可达 190dB,在 26kHz~67kHz 的频率范围内发送电压响应的起伏不超过±4.5dB,谐振频率处-3dB 的指向性开角约为 76°。该无铅压电陶瓷换能器具有和锆钛酸铅压电陶瓷换能器相当的发射性能,有望推动无铅压电材料在水声换能器领域的应用进程。     

铌酸钾钠基无铅透明陶瓷制备及性能

采用传统固相烧结工艺, 结合特殊的气氛控制技术,制备了铌酸钾钠(KNN)基无铅透明陶瓷 xBa(Sc_0.5Nb_0.5)O₃-(1-x) (K_0.5N_0.5)NbO₃ (简写xBSN-(1-x)KNN). 并对其微观结构、介电、铁电性能和光学透光率进行了研究. 结果表明该体系陶瓷具有准立方钙钛矿结构, 没有其他杂相, 晶粒大小与可见光波长相当, 高度致密, 无明显的晶界存在. 在 x=0.05时, d₃₃最高可达到110 pC/N, 2P_r达到25.4 μC/cm². 同时该材料具有良好的透明性, 在可见光范围内,透过率达到54%左右, 近红外2500 nm处,透过率接近83%, 是一种有望取代铅基透明陶瓷的环境友好型无铅透明陶瓷.     

高性能铌酸钾钠基无铅陶瓷的压电和电卡性能

压电陶瓷作为一种能够实现机械能和电能相互转换的功能材料,在民用和军事方面都有着广泛应用.随着人们环保及健康意识的提高,高性能兼具环境协调性的无铅压电陶瓷的研究成为了一项紧迫任务.在众多无铅材料中,(K, Na)NbO₃(KNN)基陶瓷因其优异的综合性能而受到关注,但是利用相界同时调控高压电和电卡性能的研究偏少.本文采用传统固相方法制备了0.944K_0.48Na_0.52Nb_0.95Sb_0.05O₃-0.04Bi_0.5(Na_0.82K_0.18)_0.5ZrO₃-1.6%(Ag_xNa_1–x)SbO₃-0.4%Fe₂O₃(x=0—1.0)无铅压电陶瓷,重点研究了AgSbO3_/NaSbO₃对陶瓷相结构、压电和...     

多效应铌酸钾钠基透明铁电陶瓷的制备及性能

透明铁电陶瓷是一类具有电光效应的功能陶瓷,由于其兼具传统陶瓷耐高温、抗腐蚀、高硬度以及优异的机械性能等特性,从而成为光电领域中的关键材料.而当前应用较多的是对环境危害较大的铅基透明铁电陶瓷,因此开发兼具光效应和电效应的无铅透明铁电陶瓷成为研究热点之一.本文在铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷掺杂改性研究的基础上,采用传统的固相合成法,制备了铌酸钾钠基无铅透明铁电陶瓷(K0.5Na0.5)0.94–3x Li0.06Lax Nb0.95Ta0.05O3 (KNLTN-Lax; x=0, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02),并对其晶体结构、微观形貌、透过率和电学性能进行了研究分析.研究结果表明, La3+掺杂提高了铌酸钾钠基陶瓷的透过率,掺杂量x=0.02的陶瓷样品在可见光范围透过率达到50%,在红外光附近的透过率则接近60%. La3+掺杂量x=0.01时压电常数(d33)达到110 pC/N,机电耦合系数(kp)达到0.267.此外陶瓷样品具有明显的铁电体特征,居里温度高于400℃,呈现出理想的驰豫铁电体特征,是一种有望取代铅基透明铁电陶瓷的环境友好型无铅透明铁电陶瓷.     

掺杂钾钠铌酸锶钡光折变晶体的各向异性衍射

本文给出了关于光折变晶体各向异性衍射的二波耦合方程,还给出了三种分别掺Cu,Ce,Co的钨青铜结构系列单晶(厚度为0.6—0.8cm)钾钠铌酸锶钡(KNSBN)在He-Ne激光(λ=6328?)照射下产生的光致光栅衍射实验结果。根据二波耦合理论,解释了这三种光析变晶体的衍射图样分布。根据波矢图的分析得出结论:对于不同性(正或负)单轴晶体,只能存在一种各向异性衍射的圆环图样(e→o衍射或o→e衍射)。理论分析与实验基本符合。 关键词：     

镁离子内扩散铌酸锂研究(Ⅱ)—— X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜表征

对不同扩散条件的铌酸锂单晶基片进行了X射线衍射分析(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜观察(SEM)。结果表明,在扩散表面富镁层出现一新相结构,可能是由Li-Mg-Nb-O组成的三元系相结构,这一新相被认为是镁离子内扩散的真正扩散源。并对晶格发生畸变、镁离子内扩散机理以及镁的扩散层折射率变化机理进行了分析和讨论。 关键词：     

(K,Na)NbO_3基无铅压电薄膜的制备与表征（英文）

我们采用脉冲激光沉积法,在SrTiO3(001)衬底上以La0.7Sr0.3MnO3作为底电极,制备得单相的0.95(Na0.49K0.49Li0.02)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)-0.05CaZrO3外延薄膜.采用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱,电滞回线和介电常数测试分别表征了LKNNT-CZ薄膜的微观结构、表面元素价态和铁电/介电性能.结果表明:(1)制备得到的LKNNT-CZ薄膜的元素组成与靶材相同;(2)在4伏到10伏内均可以获得线型良好且饱和的电滞回线,当驱动电压为10V时,薄膜的剩余极化达到12.4μC/cm2,矫顽电场为102.3kV/cm;(3)薄膜在1kHz频率下的介电常数高达1185.     

(Pb0.85Sm0.10)(Ti0.98Mn0.02)O3压电陶瓷超高各向异性机电耦合性能的X射线衍射研究

本文用X射线衍射技术研究了具有典型超高各向异性机电耦合性能的Sm改性PbTiO₃压电陶瓷。通过引入面网取向密度指数ρ_(hkl)和建立90°电畴转向畴壁平移模型,就改性PbTiO₃陶瓷圆片经不同电压极化后材料内部电畴结构变化作了定量的分析与讨论。结果表明,在改性PbTiO₃陶瓷结构中,90°畴壁空间取向分布具有高度的择优性;极化处理使材料中90°电畴壁显著平移,但其取向分布变化甚少;材料的纵向机电耦合系数K_t与(002)面网取向密度指数增量△ρ₍₀₀₂₎具有基本平行的电场依赖关系。 关键词：     

X射线衍射进展简介

100年前,劳厄等证明X射线对硫酸铜晶体具有衍射能力,揭开了X射线衍射分析晶体结构的序幕.100年的发展,X射线衍射已经成为自然科学乃至医学、考古、历史学等众多学科发展的必备技术.文章介绍了X射线衍射现象的发现历史,X射线运动学和动力学理论的发展概况,并举例说明了X射线衍射在粉末多晶体、单晶体和人工功能晶体以及人工薄膜材料中的具体应用情况,最后简要展望了X射线衍射技术的发展前景.     

X射线衍射的教学

本文提出了一种从平面透射光栅过渡到晶体的Ｘ射线衍射的教学方法．     

Synthesis and physical properties of Ca- and Ta-modified (K,Na)NbO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

Polycrystalline samples of lead-free Ca and Ta co-substituted potassium sodium niobate (K_0.5Na_0.5NbO_3, KNN) ceramics have been prepared by solid state reaction technique. X-ray diffraction showed formation of a single-phase perovskite structure with orthorhombic symmetry. Substitution inhibits the grain growth, improves densification and decreases the ferro-paraelectric phase transition temperature. Temperature dependent dielectric permittivity studies demonstrate significant decrease in peak-permittivity values in the substituted samples. Bulk longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient is significantly enhanced, up to ～155 pC/N for (K_0.48Na_0.48Ca_0.02)(Nb_0.85Ta_0.15O₃) as compared to 95 pC/N for pristine KNN ceramic. Local piezoelectric properties have been observed by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) technique. Distinct piezocontrast was studied in both vertical and in-plane modes of PFM for all samples. The samples exhibit self-polarization effect in the unpoled state and effective local vertical piezoelectric coefficient was the largest in Ca and Ta co-substituted sample whereas the in-plane piezoelectric coefficient was maximum for Ca-substituted KNN sample. These studies are important for using substituted lead free KNN materials in various piezoelectric applications.     

Structure and electrical properties of Bi0.5(Na, K)0.5TiO3−BiGaO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics (1 − x − y)Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃−xBi_0.5K_0.5TiO₃− yBiGaO₃ have been fabricated by an ordinary sintering technique, and their structure and electrical properties and depolarization temperature have been studied. The results of X-ray diffraction reveal that Bi_0.5K_0.5TiO₃ and BiGaO₃ diffuse into the Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ lattices to form a new solid solution with a pure perovskite structure. An obvious change in microstructure with increasing concentration of Bi_0.5K_0.5TiO₃ and BiGaO₃ was observed. The piezoelectric constant d₃₃ and the electromechanical coupling factor k_p of the ceramics attain maximum values of 165 pC/N and 0.346 at y = 0.01(x = 0.18) and x = 0.21(y = 0.01), respectively. The temperature dependence of dielectric constant indicates an obvious relaxor characteristic with strong frequency dependence of dielectric constant. The depolarization temperature decreased with increasing content of BiGaO₃ and first decreases and then increases with increasing amount of Bi_0.5K_0.5TiO₃.     

(Ba, Ca)(Ti, Zr)O3-BiFeO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

Effects of BiFeO₃ (BFO) content on the microstructure and electrical properties of Ba_0.85Ca_0.15Ti_0.90Zr_0.10O₃ (BCTZ) ceramics prepared by normal sintering in air were investigated. A stable solid solution is formed between BCTZ and BFO. The grain size gradually becomes smaller, and the ceramics become denser with increasing the BFO content. The Curie temperature, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss of BCTZ ceramics decrease simultaneously with the introduction of BFO. Moreover, the remanent polarization reaches a maximum at x = 0.2 mol%, and the coercive field continuously increases with increasing the BFO content due to the introduction of BFO with a higher coercive field. Improved piezoelectric properties (d₃₃ ∼ 405 pC/N and k_p ∼ 0.44) are demonstrated for the BCTZ ceramic with x = 0.2 mol%.     

X-ray diffraction,differential scanning calorimetric and spectroscopic studies of phase transitions in the bidimensional compound (C12H25NH3)2CdCl4

The existence of three main crystalline phases (called III, II and I) in (C₁₂H₂₅NH₃)₂CdCl₄ has been revealed by differential scanning calorimetry. X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic studies. The crystal- lographic evolution with increasing temperature appears to be monoclinic (III) → orthorhombic (II) → tetragonal (I). The low temperature phase III is the only ordered structure. The phase transition (III-II), which is of first order type, corresponds to an order-disorder mechanism involving the organic part of the structure (alkylammonium chains) whereas the phase transition (II-I), which is of second-order type, is related to the arrangement of the mineral matrix (octahedra of perovskite layers). An intermediate disordered form II', stable in a very narrow temperature range and structurally similar to the form II, has also been observed, so that the transformation (III-II) proceeds, in fact, in two steps (III-II'-II). The variation enthalpies observed at the transitions (III-II'-II) and analyzed through an order-disorder mechanism demonstrate the high disorder of the alkylammonium chains in form II, in agreement with spectroscopic results. No thermal anomaly or spectroscopic modification is observed for the high temperature transition (II-I).     

(K0.45Na0.55)NbO3无铅压电晶体的生长形态与介电性能研究

采用高温熔融法制备出了尺寸达5 mm×3 mm×1 mm的(K_0.45Na_0.55)NbO₃(KNN)无铅铁电晶体. XRD测试结果表明KNN晶体结构为纯的钙钛矿正交相结构,晶体的显露面为〈001〉结晶面. SEM显微结构分析表明晶体沿[001]方向呈现层状生长台阶,采用负离子配位多面体生长基元模型解释了晶体层状台阶的生长机理. 研究了晶体样品在室温至500 ℃温度范围内的介电性能,两个介电异常峰出现在240和405 ℃,分别对应正交铁电-四方铁电以及四方铁电-立方顺电相相变温度. 采用修正后的居里外斯定律研究了KNN晶体的介电弛豫特性,结果表明KNN晶体的介电弛豫特性接近于普通铁电体特征. 关键词： 0.45Na_0.55)NbO₃晶体')" href="#">(K_0.45Na_0.55)NbO₃晶体 无铅 晶体结构 介电性能     

Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of lead-free (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-SrTiO3 ceramics

In this article, we report successful preparation of dense [(Na_0.5K_0.5)_1−xSr_x](Nb_1−xTi_x)O₃ (x=0.005-0.100) ceramics by ordinary sintering in air. The dependence of phase structure on doping content of SrO and TiO₂ has been determined by the X-ray diffraction technique. It was found that the crystal structure changed from orthorhombic to tetragonal at x≈0.040. Dielectric study revealed that the dielectric relaxor behavior was induced by doping of SrO and TiO₂ into (Na_0.5K_0.5)NbO₃. The samples in the composition range from x=0.005 to 0.020 exhibited excellent electrical properties, piezoelectric constant of electromechanical planar and thickness coupling coefficients of k_p=26.6-32.5% and k_t=39.8-43.8%. The results show that the [(Na_0.5K_0.5)_1−xSr_x](Nb_1−xTi_x)O₃ ceramics are one of the promising lead-free materials for electromechanical transducer applications.     

Structural phase transition in ferroelectric fluorine polymers: X-ray diffraction and infrared/Raman spectroscopic study

The structural phase transition has been investigated by X-ray diffraction and infrared and Raman spectroscopic measurements for ferroelectric fluorine polymers, including poly(vinylidene fluoride) and its copolymers with trifluoroethylene or tetrafluoroethylene. One of the most characteristic features of this ferroelectric transition is the large conformational change of the molecular chains between the trans and gauche rotational isomers, quite different from the structural change observed generally in the usual ionic ferroelectric materials. The crystallization and transition behaviors depend sensitively on the monomer composition in the copolymers as well as on the sample preparation conditions. The roles of the optic and acoustic phonons in the ferroelectric phase transition have been discussed based on the temperature dependences of the far-infrared spectra and the ultrasonic velocity.     

Effect of deposition temperature on orientation and electrical properties of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 thin films by pulsed laser deposition

Lead-free ferroelectric K_0.5Na_0.5NbO₃ (KNN) thin films have been prepared on Pt/TiO₂/SiO₂/Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition process. The structures, crystal orientations and electrical properties of thin films have been investigated as a function of deposition temperature from 680 °C to 760 °C. It is found that the deposition temperature plays an important role in the structures, crystal orientations and electrical properties of thin films. The crystallization of thin films improves with increasing deposition temperature. The thin film deposited at 760 °C exhibits strong (0 0 1) preferential orientation, large dielectric constant of 930 and the remnant polarization of 8.54 μC/cm².     

Ferroelectric-relaxor behavior of (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-based ceramics

We report that ferroelectric-relaxor behavior is induced by doping of SrO and TiO₂, or BaO and TiO₂ into classic ferroelectric (Na_0.5K_0.5)NbO₃. It is found that [(Na_0.5K_0.5)_0.9Sr_0.1](Nb_0.9Ti_0.1)O₃ ceramics exhibit a pronounced ferroelectric-relaxor behavior, comparable to that of [(Na_0.5K_0.5)_0.9Ba_0.1](Nb_0.9Ti_0.1)O₃ ceramics. Our results indicate that the relaxor behavior is closely related to the appearance of micropolar regions in these systems. The relaxor behavior should arise from the dynamic response of micropolar clusters. Raman spectra of [(Na_0.5K_0.5)_1−xSr_x](Nb_1−xTi_x)O₃ ceramics measured in the wavenumber range from 100 to 1200 cm⁻¹ confirm that the first order scattering is dominant in phonon bands should result from both short-range ordered region (micropolar regions) and disordered matrix. The frequency dependence of dielectric permittivity measurements show that the relaxor behavior of SrO and TiO₂, or BaO and TiO₂ doped (Na_0.5K_0.5)NbO₃ ceramics is not a Debye type in the radio frequency range.     

Thermal expansion and spontaneous strain of KMnF3 near the 186 K-structural phase transition

Abstract

By means of high-angle double-crystal X-ray diffractometry (HADOX), the thermal expansivity of KMnF₃ has been determined. The linear thermal expansion coefficient along each crystallographic axis exhibits a divergent anomaly at the structural phase transition at 186 K. The critical exponents of these coefficients are determined: in the cubic phase α = 0.21 ± 3, and in the tetragonal phase α′ = 0.19 ± 3 for the a axis and α″ = 0.35 ± 3 for the c axis.

In addition, the critical exponent of the spontaneous strain, c/a ? 1, is determined to be 0.4248 ± 8, which is smaller than that of the order parameter 2β = 0.5714 ± 12. These values are reasonable if the transition occurs in the vicinity of a tricritical point.