碳化MoS2/掺硫g-C3N4异质结的合成及其在可见光下催化降解罗丹明B机理

为了进一步提高聚合物半导体类石墨相氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）降解有机物的活性,通过简单的水热法复合得到碳化MoS₂/掺硫g-C₃N₄异质结（MoSC/S-CN）,并在可见光下研究其罗丹明B （RhB）的降解性能。结果表明,相较于纯g-C₃N₄,最优化的MoSC/S-CN样品对可见光的吸收范围得到明显拓宽,并且在100 min内对RhB的降解效率为92.5%,比纯g-C₃N₄性能提高68.83%。一系列的结构和光学性质表明,掺硫后再进一步与碳化MoS₂耦合可以协同作用于g-C₃N₄,改善g-C₃N₄的能带结构,加速光生电子空穴对的分离,有效提高光催化活性。     

Z-scheme TiO2/g-C3N4 composites prepared by hydrothermal assisted thermal polymerization with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity

Melamine was added to the precursor of TiO₂, then TiO₂ prepared by hydrothermal, while melamine was modified. Subsequently, a series of Z-scheme TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction composites were successfully synthesized by simple calcination. The morphology and structure of samples were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, UV–vis DRS, SEM, TEM, PL and BET. The photocatalytic activity of these samples has been investigated by degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB), and results indicated that photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared samples was greatly influenced by the content of titanium tetrabutoxide in precursors and the hydrothermal time. The degradation rate of TiO₂/g-C₃N₄-1 to RhB was the best, which was 5.05-fold of pure TiO₂ (19.61%) and 2.25-fold of bulk g-C₃N₄ (44.06%), respectively. The trapping experiment results showed that ^·O₂^? and h⁺ were main active species during degradation of RhB. The photocatalytic activity of the sample did not decrease significantly after 4 cycles. The unique Z-scheme heterojunction between TiO₂ and g-C₃N₄ improved photocatalytic activity of the samples under visible light.

     

Enhancement in the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanofibers hybridized with g-C3N4 via electrospinning

TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ nanofibers with diameter of 100–200 nm were prepared by electrospinning method after calcination at high temperature, using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Melamine (C₃H₆N₆), Ti(OC₄H₉)₄ as raw materials. The composite nanofibers were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, UV–vis and PL respectively. The effects of different g-C₃N₄ contents on structure and photocatalytic degradation of the composite nanofibers were investigated. The results indicated that with increasing g-C₃N₄ content, the diameter of the composite fibers increased and the morphology changed from uniform structure to a nonuniform one, containing beads. The composite nanofibers displayed the best photocatalytic degradation on RhB, when the g-C₃N₄ content was 0.8 wt%. The degree of degradation was up to 99% at the optimal conditions of 40 min. The degradation activity of the composite nanofibers on RhB, MB and MO was found to be higher than that of the TiO₂ nanofibers.     

Photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination of organic dyes over g-C3N4/MgAl2O4 nanocomposite

Using a grinding method, nanocomposites of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and magnesium aluminate (MgAl₂O₄) spinel were successfully synthesized for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO). Variously formulated g-C₃N₄/MgAl₂O₄ nanocomposites were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and surface area and micropore analysis (BET surface area). The g-C₃N₄ powder exhibited a nanosheet structure whereas the MgAl₂O₄ spinel comprised agglomerated nanoparticles. The optical properties of the g-C₃N₄/MgAl₂O₄ nanocomposites were investigated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). As the g-C₃N₄ loading content increased from 0 to 30%, the optical band gap energy of the nanocomposite decreased from 3.84 to 2.86 eV, the specific surface area decreased from 153.78 to 114.45 m²/g, and the porosity decreased from 0.447 to 0.347 cm³/g. A 20%g-C₃N₄/MgAl₂O₄ nanocomposite proved to be the most effective photocatalyst and degraded MB faster and more completely than MO. The degradation rates of both MO (0.0107 min^?1) and MB (0.0386 min^?1) in a mixed MO-MB system were greater than the degradation rates in their single systems. The key factor that improved the photocatalytic degradation of MO was the synergistic effect whereas the synergistic effect and photosensitization were the key factors that enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of MB. The g-C₃N₄/MgAl₂O₄ nanocomposite is suitable for the photocatalytic degradation of mixed dyes because its point of zero charge is neutral and it is stable and recyclable.     

One-step fabrication and high photocatalytic activity of porous graphitic carbon nitride/graphene oxide hybrid by direct polymerization of cyanamide without templates

Graphene oxide modified porous g-C₃N₄ (porous g-C₃N₄/GO) had been synthesized by means of one-step calcination of cyanamide for efficient photocatalysis under visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm). We expect that the photocatalytic activity of this hybrid photocatalyst could be enhanced by the efficient visible light absorption due to the porous structure and efficient photo generated charge separation at the heterojunction formed between porous g-C₃N₄ and GO. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images demonstrated that the as prepared photocatalyst is composed of GO and porous g-C₃N₄. The UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrum shows that optical absorption of porous g-C₃N₄/GO is more intensive than for pristine g-C₃N₄. The enhanced generation of photocurrent under visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm) is observed for the porous g-C₃N₄/GO. The results of photocatalytic experiments reveal that the pseudofirst-order kinetic constant of photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) using the porous g-C₃N₄/GO is 6 times higher than that of pristine g-C₃N₄.     

BiOBr/g-C3N4 S型异质结无H2O2光-自芬顿高效催化降解RhB

通过焙烧-超声混合法成功地制备了BiOBr/g-C₃N₄S型异质结复合光催化剂。采用多种表征手段对样品物理属性进行了表征,包括X射线多晶粉末衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)。研究了所制备样品有/无Fe³⁺的光-自芬顿催化/光催化降解罗丹明B(RhB)性能。通过捕获实验确定了光催化反应中的主要活性物种,提出了光-自芬顿反应的降解机理。研究结果表明,BiOBr/g-C₃N₄S型异质结能原位生成H₂O₂,添加Fe³⁺后,H₂O₂被原位活化成活性物种且光生电流和载流子分离效率获得显著提高。该光-自芬顿过程能高效降解RhB,其反应速率常数为0.208 min^-1,约为无Fe³⁺光催化反应速率常数的5.3倍,在光-自芬顿循环使用过程中表现出良好的稳定性。Fe...     

BiOBr/g-C3N4 S型异质结无H2O2光-自芬顿高效催化降解RhB

通过焙烧-超声混合法成功地制备了BiOBr/g-C₃N₄ S型异质结复合光催化剂。采用多种表征手段对样品物理属性进行了表征,包括X射线多晶粉末衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-VisDRS)。研究了所制备样品有/无Fe³⁺的光-自芬顿催化/光催化降解罗丹明B (RhB)性能。通过捕获实验确定了光催化反应中的主要活性物种,提出了光-自芬顿反应的降解机理。研究结果表明,BiOBr/g-C₃N₄ S型异质结能原位生成H₂O₂,添加Fe³⁺后,H₂O₂被原位活化成活性物种且光生电流和载流子分离效率获得显著提高。该光-自芬顿过程能高效降解RhB,其反应速率常数为0.208 min^-1,约为无Fe³⁺光催化反应速率常数的5.3倍,在光-自芬顿循环使用过程中表现出良好的稳定性。Fe³⁺的加入促进了光生电荷的分离和H₂O₂的活化,超氧阴离子自由基(·O₂^-)、空穴和羟基是光-自芬顿催化过程中的主要活性物种,且·O₂^-作用更大。     

Heterojunction architecture of Nb2O5/g-C3N4 for enhancing photocatalytic activity to degrade organic pollutants and deactivate bacteria in water

Water pollution has become a serious problem owing to the development of society. Photocatalysis is a promising approach to remove various pollutants in water, such as organic pollutants and antibiotic resistance bacteria. Meanwhile, the design of heterojunction between two semiconductors is an effective path to improve photocatalytic properties due to its potential in improving separation and transfer of photoinduced carriers. In this study, Nb₂O₅/g-C₃N₄ (NO/CN) composite materials were prepared through a one-step heating method. Characterizations confirmed successful preparation of NO/CN heterojunction structure and better optical properties than pure g-C₃N₄ and Nb₂O₅. NO/CN composite materials showed excellent photocatalytic efficiency for Escherichia coli (E. coli) inactivation (95%) compared with the pure Nb₂O₅ (10%) and g-C₃N₄ (77%). Meanwhile, NO/CN exhibited better organic pollutants removal (RhB for 94%, methyl orange (MO) for 15% and methylene blue (MB) for 87%) under visible light, which is likely owing to the heterojunction structure between g-C₃N₄ and Nb₂O₅ that leads to the good separation of photogenerated electron-hole pair. Free radical scavenging and electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments demonstrated that superoxide radicals (^?O₂^?) and holes (h⁺) were the dominant radicals. Therefore, the NO/CN was proposed to be a promising material for effective disinfection and removal of organic contaminants in water treatment.     

石墨相氮化碳/二氧化锡复合材料的制备及光催化性能

采用热聚合法和水热法相结合的方法制备了g-C_3N_4/SnO_2复合光催化剂。利用XRD、SEM、TEM、FT-IR和UV-Vis DRS等多种测试手段对所得样品的物相结构、微观形貌和吸光特性等进行了表征。结果表明,异质结构复合光催化剂的最大光吸收边位置相对纯相SnO_2发生了明显的红移,并且SnO_2颗粒均匀分布于g-C_3N_4表面,其中最优组分(50%-g-C_3N_4/SnO_2)光催化降解染料罗丹明B(RhB)的效率达到了纯相g-C_3N_4的3.78倍。     

g-C3N4-BiOBr复合材料制备及可见光催化性能

利用原位沉积法将BiOBr纳米片生长到g-C₃N₄表面,制得g-C₃N₄-BiOBr p-n型异质结复合光催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外可见漫反射(UV-Vis-DRS)和荧光光谱(PL)等测试对光催化剂结构和性能进行表征。通过可见光辐照降解甲基橙水溶液检测评估复合光催化剂光催化活性。研究结果表明:复合光催化剂由BiOBr和g-C₃N₄两相组成,BiOBr纳米片在片状g-C₃N₄表面快速形核生长形成面-面复合结构。相比于纯相g-C₃N₄和BiOBr,g-C₃N₄-BiOBr复合材料具有更强可见光吸收能力,吸收带边红移。在可见光辐照100 min后,性能最佳的2:8 g-C₃N₄-BiOBr复合光催化剂光催化活性分别是纯相g-C₃N₄和BiOBr的1.8和1.2倍,经过4次循环实验后,其降解率仍达84%,说明复合结构光催化剂催化性能和稳定性增强。复合光催化剂的荧光强度显著降低,说明光生载流子复合得到了有效抑制。复合光催化剂催化性能的提高归因于p-n型异质结促进电荷有效分离、抑制电子-空穴复合和吸收光波长范围的扩展,相比单一成分材料具有更好的催化活性和稳定性。自由基捕获实验证明,可见光降解甲基橙光催化过程中的主要活性成分为空穴,并据此提出了可能的光催化机理。     

Synergistic improvement of Cr(VI) reduction and RhB degradation using RP/g-C3N4 photocatalyst under visible light irradiation

The RP/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction photocatalyst was fabricated by a facile heat treatment strategy. The obtained composite has excellent light harvesting ability and charge separation performance. Compared to single RP and g-C₃N₄, the 50%-RP/g-C₃N₄ exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity for simultaneously removing Cr(VI) and RhB, and the removal rates can reach 92% and 99% in 25 min, respectively. The enhanced mechanism was revealed by active species capturing experiments, showing that electrons can reduce Cr(VI) and produce O₂^– in air and that holes can directly oxidize the dyes. The coexistence of Cr(VI) and RhB will lead to a synergistic improvement of Cr(VI) reduction and RhB degradation due to rapid surface reactions. This further improves the charge separation except for the heterojunction effect. In addition, the COD analysis demonstrates that organic dyes are mainly degraded into CO₂, H₂O and some intermediates.     

氮缺陷石墨相氮化碳的制备及其光催化降解环境有机污染物性能

通过在三聚氰胺热分解过程中加入NaHCO₃制备出具有氮缺陷的石墨相氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）,利用X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、N₂吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、紫外-可见漫反射光谱（UV-vis DRS）和固体荧光光谱（PL）等方法对其进行表征,并在可见光（λ> 420nm）照射下,以水相中罗丹明B（RhB）的降解为模型反应,研究了该氮缺陷g-C₃N₄对有机污染物降解的光催化活性。结果表明,引入氮缺陷可以提高g-C₃N₄对可见光的吸收以及电子-空穴对的分离效率,进而提高g-C₃N₄的可见光催化活性。催化剂CNK0.005、CNK0.01和CNK0.05在30min内对RhB的降解率分别为79.8%、100.0%和87.6%;而在相同条件下,没有氮缺陷的g-C₃N₄对RhB的降解率仅为59.8%。     

中空管状g-C3N4/Ag3PO4复合催化剂的制备及其可见光催化性能

用化学沉淀法制备中空管状g-C₃N₄/Ag₃PO₄复合催化剂。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和荧光光谱对其结构、形貌和光学性能进行了表征。结果表明：Ag₃PO₄纳米颗粒均匀地分散在中空管状g-C₃N₄表面,两者紧密结合形成异质结。研究复合催化剂在可见光照射下降解盐酸四环素(TC)的光催化活性。结果显示：复合催化剂在80 min内对TC的降解率为98%,其降解反应速率常数是纯相Ag₃PO₄的3倍。经过5次循环实验后复合催化剂对于TC的降解率仍保持87%,具有优良的循环稳定性。捕获实验表明空穴(h⁺)和超氧负离子(·O^-₂)是光催化反应过程中的主要活性物种。根据能带理论,提出了复合催化剂异质结的Z型光催化机理。     

凹凸棒土/g-C3N4-Pt/聚苯胺复合材料的制备及其可见光催化性能

石墨氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)是一种窄带隙的n型半导体材料,具有可见光降解有机污染物能力;凹凸棒土(ATP)具有很强的表面活性和吸附能力,可作为催化剂的载体。我们以g-C₃N₄和ATP杂化材料(ATP/g-C₃N₄)为基础,通过简单的化学还原法将纳米Pt颗粒沉积到ATP/g-C₃N₄表面,随后利用纳米金属Pt颗粒催化苯胺无电聚合,促使聚苯胺(PANI)在ATP/g-C₃N₄表面或孔道中原位生成,获得ATP/g-C₃N₄-Pt/PANI复合材料。以阴离子染料甲基橙(MO)为模型体系,考察了复合材料的可见光催化性能。研究表明,共轭结构的PANI和g-C₃N₄在复合材料中保持完好,说明其具有良好的兼容性。由于多组分材料之间的协同效应,使得ATP/g-C₃N₄     

Synthesis and characterization of g-C3N4/BiVO4 composite photocatalysts with improved visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance

Novel visible-light-driven g-C₃N₄/BiVO₄ composite photocatalysts were fabricated via sol–gel and simple mixing and heating methods. The photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric, Fourier transform infrared, transmission electron microscope, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectra. The results indicated that BiVO₄ was well dispersed on g-C₃N₄ sheet and an interaction between g-C₃N₄ and BiVO₄ was confirmed, which were facile to the electron transfer from g-C₃N₄ to BiVO₄ species. The mechanism was further induced to the heterojunction effect to improve the photocatalytic efficiency. The g-C₃N₄/BiVO₄ heterojunction at a weight ratio of 80 % calcined at 500 °C exhibited the most excellent photocatalytic ability for RhB decolorization under visible-light irradiation (λ > 420 nm) which was extraordinary more active than that of pure components.     

g-C3N4-BiOBr复合材料制备及可见光催化性能

利用原位沉积法将Bi OBr纳米片生长到g-C_3N_4表面,制得g-C_3N_4-Bi OBr p-n型异质结复合光催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外可见漫反射(UV-Vis-DRS)和荧光光谱(PL)等测试对光催化剂结构和性能进行表征。通过可见光辐照降解甲基橙水溶液检测评估复合光催化剂光催化活性。研究结果表明:复合光催化剂由Bi OBr和g-C_3N_4两相组成,Bi OBr纳米片在片状g-C_3N_4表面快速形核生长形成面-面复合结构。相比于纯相g-C_3N_4和Bi OBr,g-C_3N_4-Bi OBr复合材料具有更强可见光吸收能力,吸收带边红移。在可见光辐照100 min后,性能最佳的2:8 gC_3N_4-Bi OBr复合光催化剂光催化活性分别是纯相g-C_3N_4和Bi OBr的1.8和1.2倍,经过4次循环实验后,其降解率仍达84%,说明复合结构光催化剂催化性能和稳定性增强。复合光催化剂的荧光强度显著降低,说明光生载流子复合得到了有效抑制。复合光催化剂催化性能的提高归因于p-n型异质结促进电荷有效分离、抑制电子-空穴复合和吸收光波长范围的扩展,相比单一成分材料具有更好的催化活性和稳定性。自由基捕获实验证明,可见光降解甲基橙光催化过程中的主要活性成分为空穴,并据此提出了可能的光催化机理。     

Precise regulation of Ultra-thin platinum decorated Gold/Graphite carbon nitride photocatalysts by atomic layer deposition for efficient degradation of Rhodamine B under simulated sunlight

Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) precise controlling ultra-thin platinum (Pt) modified Graphite carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) photocatalysts, which had been doped with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) by photodeposition, were successfully synthesized. The experimental results showed that precise regulation of platinum decorated C₃N₄-Au(C₃N₄-Au/nPt (n is the number of Pt ALD cycles, 1 Å per cycle)) exhibited excellent photocatalytic degradation ability for Rhodamine B (RhB). Under simulated sunlight irradiation, the degradation rate of 10 mg/L RhB(100 mL) by 1.5 mg C₃N₄-Au/10Pt catalysts was 95.8% within 60 min that is much better than other photocatalysts for the degradation of RhB. The efficient degradation mechanism of RhB by C₃N₄-Au/10Pt photocatalysts was studied and the experiments demonstrated the ·O₂^– as main active species played an important role in the photocatalytic process. Local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Au NPs and Schottky barrier between Pt clusters and g-C₃N₄ may be the reasons for enhanced C₃N₄-Au/10Pt photocatalytic performances. Furthermore, the successive catalytic cycles revealed the excellent stability of C₃N₄-Au/10Pt photocatalyst.     

RGO/g-C3N4/MoS2复合材料的制备及其光催化性能

通过热解-水热两步法制备了石墨烯/石墨相氮化碳/二硫化钼(RGO/g-C_3N_4/MoS_2)复合材料并使用多种分析表征手段对RGO/g-C_3N_4/MoS_2的结构、形貌及光催化性能进行分析。结果表明,具有异质结构的g-C_3N_4/MoS_2与RGO复合后,通过良好的界面接触和电荷的快速转移,增强了其光生电子-空穴的分离。经可见光照射120 min后,RGO/g-C_3N_4/MoS_2复合材料可降解97%亚甲基蓝。此外,循环实验表明RGO/g-C_3N_4/MoS_2复合材料具有良好的稳定性,经5次循环仍能保持93.2%的光催化活性。     

g-C3N4/Ag/TiO2复合材料的构筑及其光催化性能（英文）

以合成的g-C3N4纳米片和Ag/TiO2空心微球为原料,采用机械搅拌的方法构筑了g-C3N4/Ag/TiO2三元复合光催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见光漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)和光致发光光谱(PL)对g-C3N4/Ag/TiO2进行了表征。研究表明,g-C3N4/Ag/TiO2是由Ag/TiO2微球和g-C3N4纳米片复合而成的。与TiO2相比,其可见光响应范围延长,光生载流子的分离速率加快。在室温下,用降解罗丹明B的反应考察了g-C3N4/Ag/TiO2的可见光催化活性。研究表明,光照180 min时,g-C3N4(0.5%)/Ag/TiO2显示了最高的光催化活性(91.9%),分别是TiO2和Ag/TiO2的7.5和1.8倍。光催化活性的提高与合理的异质结构建和Ag的导电性能有关。     

凹凸棒石/g-C3N4-AgFeO2复合材料制备及其光催化性能

以凹凸棒石(简称凹土,ATP)为基体,通过原位化学法一步直接合成g-C_3N_4薄层材料,并将其有效固载于凹土表面(ATP/gC_3N_4),再通过原位沉淀法引入不同比例AgFeO_2纳米颗粒,构筑系列兼具磁分离特性和高效光催化活性的ATP/g-C_3N_4-AgFeO_2-Y复合光催化剂(Y=wATP/g-C_3N_4/(wATP/g-C_3N_4+wAg FeO_2)×100%,表示ATP/g-C_3N_4在ATP/g-C_3N_4-AgFeO_2复合材料中所占的质量百分数)。采用XRD、SEM、BET、UV-Vis、PL和ICP表征其结构和物化性能,以酸性红G(ARG)为目标降解物,研究其光催化性能。研究发现:通过形成Si-O-C键,g-C_3N_4薄层被均匀固定在凹土表面;AgFeO_2纳米颗粒均匀沉积于ATP/g-C_3N_4表面并形成Z型异质结,ATP/gC_3N_4-AgFeO_2-Y具有比ATP/g-C_3N_4和AgFeO_2更优异的可见光光催化性能,且随着ATP/g-C_3N_4含量的增大呈先升高而后下降的趋势;当Y=57%时复合材料的性能最佳,ATP/g-C_3N_4-AgFeO_2-57%对20 mg·L-1酸性红G的降解率可达97.4%,循环4次使用后,降解率仍保持94.2%。通过自由基捕获实验研究了光催化反应机理,发现·O2-是光催化过程的主要活性物种。