斜入射时光栅衍射特性的理论分析及实验研究

在研究倾斜入射衍射光栅时如何测量光谱波长的基础上,给出了衍射光相对于零级衍射光夹角与倾斜入射光入射角的关系,利用最小衍射角法和等效光栅法测量高压汞灯绿光谱波长,定量分析了在常规衍射光栅实验中斜入射对波长测量结果的影响。     

光栅衍射和布拉格公式

在斜入射光栅衍射中,第k级明纹的衍射角θk随入射角α变化,衍射光偏离入射光的角度φ=f（α）,此函数有极小直点,并且此时以和光栅常数的关系与布拉格公式形式相同．     

对正负一级能量之比测量光栅参量方法的改进

提出利用同一波长的入射光在双面入射时两个能量之比的比值对光栅的参量进行测量,进一步提高准确度。首先从理论上比较正弦面形光栅在单一面入射及双面入射时各种衍射效率对光栅表面粗糙度的敏感程度;然后模拟测量出该正弦面型光栅在双面入射情况下的光栅参量;最后成功反演出体积相位全息光栅的三个参量,其测量结果为0.080μm,1.452μm,20.5μm准确度比单一入射面情况(0.080μm,1.451μm,20.1μm)时要高。同时该法继承了原来方法的无损伤、操作简便、可重复、易推广、成本低等优点。     

布儒斯特角附近的透射光栅传输特性

 减小光栅表面的反射率以得到更高的衍射效率是目前光栅设计与制造中需要解决的重要问题之一。提出利用偏振光沿布儒斯特角入射时具有的特性来实现降低光栅表面反射率的方案,介绍了这种方案的物理模型,并利用严格耦合波分析法进行了模拟计算。计算结果显示,对入射光为TM偏振,波长0.35 μm,当光栅周期较长为2.80 μm时,以布儒斯特角入射的光波,它的表面反射被大大抑制;当光栅周期较短为0.21 μm时也有类似的结论,并且透射光的一级衍射效率极大值出现在刻槽深度为3.50 μm处附近,衍射效率大于95%。     

对衍射光栅测波长的分析

一、问题的提出目前,各大专院校多开设了光栅衍射的实验。而且,一般都在分光计上进行。此实验既可对光栅常数进行测量,也可测量光源的波长。就测量光源的波长而言,有多种方法.常用的方法是令入射角ψ=O,此时光栅方程变为dsinθ=mλ的简单形式,只需测量一个角度——衍射角θ即可求出波长λ。所以此方法具有原理、调节和测量都简单的     

一种用光栅测定光波波长的方法——最小偏向角法

本文介绍了一种用光栅测定光波波长的方法——最小偏向角法。此法可以作为光栅实验教学的选作内容。一、前言在教学实验中,用光栅测光波波长,一般都从下式出发:dsinφ=mλm=0,±1,±2……式中d为光栅常数,φ为第m级谱线的衍射角λ为入射光波长。条件是平行光垂直入射到光栅上。实验是在分光计上进行的。要使实验满足垂直入射的条件,可以利用光栅平面(刻痕所在的平面)作为反射面来进行调整。     

浅析应用光栅方程满足的实验误差条件

应用光栅方程测量光栅常数或光波波长,若入射光偏离垂直光栅平面方向将导致测量结果出现误差,本文分析了在入射平面内倾斜入射的角度与实验误差的关系。     

波长尺寸表面浮雕光栅的严格理论计算和分析

本文采用麦克斯韦(Maxwell)方程微分积分方程对波长尺寸的梯形反射光栅在TE模式(横向电场)偏振状态入射下,进行严格理论的计算和分析.表面电场计算表明,光栅刻槽斜边边界对于金属材料金和铝光栅表面电场分布具有明显效应,对于入射波长为λ=1.0μm附近的红外区域,金材料具有强烈的金属特性,此时表面电场的斜边边界效应更加明显.表面电场及其远场衍射效率伴随刻槽深度变化,而振荡特性进一步阐明了此效应对近,远场的作用.该方程适用于任意形状光栅或单一散射体对任意入射方向,任意偏振态的衍射和散射问题.     

金属光栅的非对称透射现象研究

提出一种利用表面等离子体耦合的金属光栅结构,该光栅结构因入射光的方向和耦合表面等离子体的条件不同,从不同方向入射时会有不同的透射率。周期为500 nm、填充因子为0.7的Au-SiO₂光栅结构在565~589 nm波段具有单向透射性。当填充因子为0.662时,最大透射对比率达3×10⁴。当光栅厚度为60 nm时,入射波长在570~630 nm之间的透射对比率均可达到5以上,最高透射率为43%。当光栅周期为1 100 nm时,1 530~1 590 nm波段的透射对比率均大于5,可以满足中红外波段的应用。     

TM模场入射到金属光栅的表面增强喇曼散射计算分析

以纳米量级金属履带矩形光栅为模型,研究了表面增强喇曼散射的特性.针对TM模的入射光,采用严格的耦合波原理对金属表面的衍射场进行了分析,并用数值计算方法讨论了光栅深度、光栅占空比等参量对金属表面增强的影响以及增强因子随光栅深度的变化关系.结果显示：当入射光波长为700 nm、入射角度为10°、光栅周期p=600 nm、 光栅深度d=37.5 nm、占空比为1/3时,获得最大增强,增强因子G达104倍.     

Quantization as mapping and as deformation

Quantizations are considered as mappings from the algebra of classical polynomial observables into the algebra of quantum polynomial observables satisfying a minimal set of natural requirements. Physically important subclasses of quantizations are specified by further symmetry assumptions.In the second part quantizations are defined as deformations of the classical algebra of polynomial observables. The relation of these deformations to the quantization mappings is clarified.Dedicated to Academician Václav Votruba on the occasion of his seventieth birthday.     

Weak cosmic censorship: as strong as ever

Spacetime singularities that arise in gravitational collapse are always hidden inside of black holes. This is the essence of the weak cosmic censorship conjecture. The hypothesis, put forward by Penrose 40 years ago, is still one of the most important open questions in general relativity. In this Letter, we reanalyze extreme situations which have been considered as counterexamples to the weak cosmic censorship conjecture. In particular, we consider the absorption of scalar particles with large angular momentum by a black hole. Ignoring back reaction effects may lead one to conclude that the incident wave may overspin the black hole, thereby exposing its inner singularity to distant observers. However, we show that when back reaction effects are properly taken into account, the stability of the black-hole event horizon is irrefutable. We therefore conclude that cosmic censorship is actually respected in this type of gedanken experiments.     

Strings as solitons & black holes as strings

Supersymmetric closed string theories contain an infinite tower of BPS-saturated, oscillating, macroscopic strings in the perturbative spectrum. When these theories have dual formulations, this tower of states must exist nonperturbatively as solitons in the dual theories. We present a general class of exact solutions of low-energy supergravity that corresponds to all these states. After dimensional reduction they can be interpreted as supersymmetric black holes with a degeneracy related to the degeneracy of the string states. For example, in four dimensions we obtain a point-like solution which is asymptotic to a stationary, rotating, electrically-charged black hole with Regge-bounded angular momentum and with the usual ring-singularity replaced by a string source. This further supports the idea that the entropy of supersymmetric black holes can be understood in terms of counting of string states. We also discuss some applications of these solutions to string duality.     

Long distance atomic teleportation with as good success as desired

Long distance atomic teleportation (LDAT) is of prime importance in long distance quantum communication. Scheme proposed by Bose et al. (1999) in principle enables us to have LDAT using cavity decay. However it gives message state dependent fidelity and success rate. Here, using interaction of entangled coherent states with atom–cavity systems and a two-step measurement, we show how, LDAT can be achieved with unit fidelity and as good success as desired under ideal conditions. The scheme is unique in that, the first measurement predicts success or failure. If success is predicted then second measurement gives perfect teleportation. If failure is predicted the message-qubit remains conserved therefore a second attempt may be started. We found that even in presence of decoherence due to dissipation of energy our scheme gives message state independent success rate and almost perfect teleportation in single attempt with mean fidelity of teleportation equal to 0.9 at long distances. However if first attempt fails, unlike ideal case where message-qubit remains conserved with unit fidelity, in presence of decoherence the message-qubit remains conserved to some degree, therefore mean fidelity of teleportation can be increased beyond 0.9 by repeating the process.     

States as Morphisms

Using elementary categorical methods, we survey recent results concerning D-posets (equivalently effect algebras) of fuzzy sets and the corresponding category ID in which states are morphisms. First, we analyze the canonical structures carried by the unit interval I = [0,1] as the range of states and the impact of “states as morphisms” on the probability domains. Second, we analyze categories of various quantum and fuzzy structures and their relationships. Third, we describe some basic properties of ID and show that traditional probability domains such as fields of sets and bold algebras can be viewed as full subcategories of ID and probability measures on fields of sets and states on bold algebras become morphisms. Fourth, we discuss the categorical aspects of the transition from classical to fuzzy probability theory. We conclude with some remarks about generalized probability theory based on ID.     

Fullerenes as polyradicals

We present the investigation of the electronic structure of X₆₀ molecules (X=C, Si), containing 60 odd electrons with spin-dependent interaction between them. Conditions for the electrons to be excluded from the covalent pairing are discussed. A computational spin-polarized quantum-chemical scheme is suggested to evaluate four parameters—energy of radicalization, exchange integral, atom spin density, and squared spin— to characterize the effect quantitatively. A polyradical character of the species, weak for C₆₀ and strong for Si₆₀, is established.     

Quarks as quasiparticles

We attempt to jusify the quark model of hadrons, assuming that quarks are weakly interacting quasiparticles with no physical existence outside of hadrons.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 94–99, August, 1988.     

Gravitation as Anholonomy

A gravitational field can be seen as the anholonomy of the tetrad fields. This is more explicit in the teleparallel approach, in which the gravitational field-strength is the torsion of the ensuing Weitzenböck connection. In a tetrad frame, that torsion is just the anholonomy of that frame. The infinitely many tetrad fields taking the Lorentz metric into a given Riemannian metric differ by point-dependent Lorentz transformations. Inertial frames constitute a smaller infinity of them, differing by fixed-point Lorentz transformations. Holonomic tetrads take the Lorentz metric into itself, and correspond to Minkowski flat spacetime. An accelerated frame is necessarily anholonomic and sees the electromagnetic field strength with an additional term.