电弧光谱信息在焊接质量检测上的应用研究

通过采集TIG,MIG焊接过程的光谱辐射信息,基于等离子体辐射的基础理论,对其焊接电弧辐射进行了分析,TIG焊与MIG焊的光谱分布由于气氛中金属元素浓度的差别,辐射强度和分布都存在较大差别：MIG焊不仅金属线谱数量多,辐射强度比TIG焊大,且随熔滴过渡波动明显。针对其光谱分布和变化特点,选择了特征谱段,用于焊接质量的检测;对于TIG焊选取线谱聚集的紫外区辐射(230～300 nm),对于MIG焊选取以连续辐射为主的可见光区辐射(570～590 nm),建立了不同焊接方法下,焊接电弧光谱信息在焊接质量检测上的应用理论基础。还进一步通过在焊接过程中预设干扰因素,采集焊接过程在特征谱段的信号,对选择谱段的试验验证表明：基于建立的理论基础,可以有效地利用焊接电弧光谱信息,对焊接质量及焊接过程干扰因素实现判识,特征谱段的信号具有很好的信噪比。     

针一板介质阻挡放电中电子能量空间分布研究

测量了大气压环境下氩气空心针-板放电等离子体中原子与分子谱线强度的空间分布,分析了等离子体中电子能量的空间分布.实验利用空心针-板放电装置,得到了约3 cm长的放电等离子体弧.在300～800 nm范围内采集发射光谱,发现了强度较高的Ar I谱线、N2第二正带系谱线C 3Ⅱu(v=o)→B 3皿(v=0)以及强度较弱的...     

Effect of argon buffer gas and the dimer component on the optical properties of sodium vapor

We have theoretically studied the nature of strong optical losses in the red region of the spectrum that occur in sodium vapor. We take into account the effect of the Ar buffer gas and Na₂ dimers on the resulting absorption of light by the system. Based on the proposed approach, we determine the interatomic distance in the dimers and achieve good agreement with quantum calculations and direct measurements. We show that intrinsic transitions in atomic argon may be the reason for the appearance of a broad absorption peak in the range 700–1000 nm.     

Influence of high-energy X-ray irradiation on the optical properties of tetraphenylporphyrin thin films

Tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) thermally evaporated films were irradiated by different doses (0.5–2.5 kGy) of X-ray with energy 6 MeV. The optical properties for TPP were investigated using spectrophotometric measurements of the transmittance and reflectance at normal incidence of light in the wavelength range from 200 to 1100 nm. The absorption spectra recorded in the UV-VIS region of spectra showed different absorption bands, namely four Q-bands in the visible region of the spectrum and a more intense band termed as the Soret band in the near-UV region of the spectrum. Two other bands labeled N and M appear in the UV region. The Soret band showed Davydov splitting. Increasing X-ray irradiation dose influences the optical properties of TPP films. All absorption bands show a continuous blue shift in position and a decrease in intensity with increasing X-ray dose. At 2.5 kGy the B, N, and M bands disappeared. The reduction in the absorbency was calculated as a function of X-ray dose. The energy gap was determined and the type of optical transition was found to be an indirect allowed transition.     

基于标准温度法的电弧高温区自动判别研究

在电弧等离子体的光谱诊断中,标准温度法测温原理与目前先进的图像传感技术相结合,通过特征谱图像完成电弧全场温度信息采集,因其良好的时、空分辨率而被广泛应用于电弧温度测量。但是谱线的发射系数与等离子体温度不是单调变化关系,传统标准温度法选取一条ArⅠ谱线完成对电弧等离子体的测量,在电弧内部的高温电离区域产生谱线辐射强度降低的现象,需要人为判定电弧不同位置所处的温度区间才能完成温度的计算,整个过程无法通过软件自主完成。针对此问题,根据电弧等离子体的局部热力学平衡条件,探索一种基于双特征谱线的标准温度法测温原理,通过融合电弧在外层低温区域聚集的Ar原子发出的ArⅠ谱线发射系数场,和在高温区域的Ar一次电离离子所发出的ArⅡ特征谱线发射系数场,将达到ArⅠ谱线标准温度的位置处的ArⅡ谱线发射系数作为电弧不同温度区域的判定依据,完成电弧等离子体高温区域的自动判别,继而应用ArⅠ谱线发射系数与温度对应关系在电弧高、低温区域分别计算电弧温度,消除单一的ArⅠ谱线发射系数场暗区给计算带来的不利影响;设计并搭建了一种镜前分幅采集系统,其中分光镜将弧光等能量分成两束,利用两组反射镜和窄带滤光片建立起两路光学通道,使CMOS在一次曝光中完成两组电弧特征谱图像的采集,并且两幅图像的采集时刻、焦距、光圈等拍摄参数完全一致,达到良好的时间、空间一致性,从而减小谱线融合时误差的输出,满足了原位获取两组电弧特征谱图像的需求;为验证测量系统可行性以及后期的电弧图像提取,以黑白棋盘为标靶,用Harris算子对系统采集的图像进行扫描,根据角点坐标证明系统所采集的两幅图像具有良好的一致性,并且据此将两幅图像做归一化处理,以便后期的电弧特征谱图像的提取;通过假设所测电弧等离子具有轴对称属性,以CMOS所采集的特征谱图像亮度信息作为电弧发射系数场在不同角度下的投影依据,经过中值滤波降噪后,利用ML-EM迭代重建算法求解电弧的三维发射系数分布。实验中,选择受自吸收效应影响较小的ArⅠ696.5 nm谱线和ArⅡ480.6 nm谱线为测量目标,并且在696.5 nm谱线的光通路中加入OD0.4的中性减光片,使两幅特征谱图像的最高亮度值保持一致。选取150A焊接等离子弧为测量对象,经ML-EM法三维还原后,将两条谱线发射系数场等像素融合,在ArⅠ谱线发射系数达到最大值的像素点位置处,ArⅡ谱线发射系数达到ε_rp,判定ArⅡ谱线发射系数大于ε_rp的像素点位置为电弧高温区域,其余位置为低温区域,最终在不同温度区域自动完成焊接等离子弧的温度计算。实验结果表明696.5 nm谱线和480.6 nm谱线发射系数场融合后可以自动识别电弧高温区域,继而完成电弧等离子体的自动测量,为电弧温度实时监测的实现提供更多可能。     

A study of the radiation of a Nd:YAG laser-MIG hybrid plasma

To study the coupling of a Nd:YAG laser beam and a MIG arc with the spectrum of the plasma, a new hollow probe method is used to collect radiation from specific points within the arc plasma. With the probe, the spatial distributions of the MIG arc radiation with and without the Nd:YAG laser hybrid plasma are collected and analyzed by a fiber spectrometer. Through analysis of the spectrum, radiation in the ultraviolet (Fe II dominated), visible (Fe I dominated) and infra (Ar I dominated) spectral zones are acquired for comparison of the difference between the MIG and Laser-MIG hybrid welding processes. The electronic temperature is calculated using the Boltzmann plot method and the electronic density is calculated using the Stark broadening method. The results show that the Laser-MIG hybrid welding processes cause the plasma energy to focus on the center of the welding arc and approach the welding pool. An ionizing duct abundant with Fe ions will be formed near the position of the impinging laser beam, which makes the welding arc stable. The electronic temperature of the Laser-MIG hybrid welding arc is a little higher than that of the MIG. The electronic density of Laser-MIG hybrid welding is higher than that of the MIG.     

Mesoscopic effect of spectral modulation for the light transmitted by a SNOM tip

The effect of a tapered metal-coated optical fiber terminated by a sub-wavelength aperture (SWA) on the spectrum of the transmitted light is investigated experimentally. Under certain conditions a remarkable spectral modulation of the transmitted light can be observed. This effect is of a mesoscopic origin, occurring only for a certain interval of SWA diameters. One can conclude that a noticeable modulation appears when the number of the transmitted fiber modes is small but exceeds unity, thus indicating the presence of a phase shift between different modes. To discern between two possible sources of such phase shift, the fiber length dependence of the output spectrum has been studied. According to the results obtained for the used sample of 200 nm SNOM tip, the observed phase shift is mostly caused rather by the inherent modal dispersion of the multimode fiber than by the mode-dependent light slowdown in the tapered region close to SWA due to the coupling to surface plasmons of the metal coating. The SWA acts here mainly as an effective mode filter.     

基于光谱诊断的氩-氮P-TIG焊引弧的动态电弧物理特性研究

焊接电弧等离子体的物理特性直接决定了焊接接头的成形形貌,分析双组分保护气体的脉冲钨极惰性气体保护焊（P-TIG）动态电弧物理特性,为深入开展混合气体保护焊的焊缝成形物理过程研究提供理论基础。氩-氮混合气体保护焊电弧具有高热特性可以增加熔深,但在焊接前混合均匀的保护气体,引弧后气体浓度会重新分布,使电弧等离子体物理特性的实时动态变化特点变得复杂。光谱诊断是电弧等离子体物理特性测量的最重要手段,但对双组分气体保护的P-TIG焊电弧特性的研究仍需深入进行,特别是对于易引起缺陷的起弧过程,其动态物理特性亟需深入分析。针对氩-氮混合气体P-TIG焊的引弧过程,以P-TIG焊产生的氩-氮双组分电弧等离子体为研究对象,提出利用窄带滤光片与CCD相结合的高速摄影实验系统采集双组分电弧等离子的动态光谱信息,获取特征谱Ar Ⅰ 794.8 nm和N Ⅰ 904.6 nm的P-TIG焊电弧光谱强度动态分布;提出利用双元素双组分标准温度法计算P-TIG焊引弧过程中距离钨极下方1,2,3和4 mm位置处电弧等离子体的动态温度及浓度,定量分析80%Ar+20%N₂保护的P-TIG焊从引弧至电弧稳定过程的电弧等离子体物理特性实时分布。实验结果表明,80%Ar+20%N₂保护的P-TIG焊电弧强度、电弧温度及浓度的变化均与脉冲电流的变化同步,焊接电流在3 ms内达到稳定状态,而电弧等离子体的强度、温度及浓度需要更长时间达到平衡状态。从起弧到电弧等离子稳定燃烧的过程中,基值期间和峰值期间的电弧等离子体强度均呈现先升高再降低的趋势;由于阴极的热传导及电流密度的变化,使得电弧等离子体轴向位置的峰值温度及基值温度均出现迅速升高再缓慢降低的现象;由于粒子间碰撞及摩擦力的影响,使得电弧等离子体的峰值及基值期间氩的浓度均呈迅速减小再缓慢增加的趋势,且氩的浓度均低于焊前浓度。     

吸收光谱法测量大气压空气介质阻挡放电的臭氧浓度

臭氧作为一种强氧化剂和杀菌剂,在污染物降解,食品加工,杀菌消毒,医疗卫生等方面有着非常广泛的应用。大气压介质阻挡放电是一种极为高效的产生臭氧的方法,利用平行平板介质阻挡放电装置,采用交流高压激励,产生了大气压空气非平衡态等离子体。通过测量其电压和发光信号,发现在电压的正、负半周期均存在着许多随机的放电脉冲,并且其脉宽均在几十到几百纳秒之间,这表明其机制是流光放电。放电的光学发射谱包含氮分子的第二正带系(C 3Π-B 3Π)和第一正带系(B 3П-A 3П),氮分子离子的第一负带系(B 2Σ-X 2Σ),以及氧原子谱线(715.7和799.5 nm)。由于流光放电在紫外区域(200~300 nm)没有明显的发射谱线,但臭氧在此区域存在吸收峰,因此可以利用此区域的紫外吸收光谱测量放电产生的臭氧浓度。吸收光谱法可以有效的监测其臭氧浓度的变化情况,其优势在于操作简单,对实验环境要求低,可在放电条件下使用,并且可以连续监测臭氧浓度变化。基于此,通过Beer-Lambert定律计算了臭氧浓度随实验参数的变化,结果发现随外加电压幅值和驱动频率的增加,臭氧浓度升高。这些结果对于大气压介质阻挡放电的工业应用具有重要价值。     

不同水深下水下湿法焊接电弧引弧温度计算

水下湿法焊接技术近年来得到了广泛应用,但目前对水下湿法焊接引弧过程的物理本质的研究很少。首先搭建了水下湿法焊接电弧光谱诊断平台,同步采集不同水深条件下焊接过程中的电流、电压及光谱信号,对不同水深条件下水下湿法焊接引弧阶段进行界定,高速摄像机拍摄水下湿法焊接引弧过程以更直观观察引弧过程中电弧、气泡等水下动态变化。在此基础上,设置光谱仪延时,分别采集了引弧5,10,15,20及25 ms的光谱信号;改变水深条件,得到不同水深条件下引弧不同时刻的电弧光谱图。根据谱线选取原则综合分析,选取Fe元素作为计算水下湿法焊接引弧电弧温度的特征元素。引弧不同时刻均选取了五组数据,运用统计分析的方法对五组数据做平均化处理,以保证计算结果的准确性和可靠性。从Fe元素谱线中选取了五条合适的谱线作为计算水下湿法焊接引弧过程电弧温度的目标谱线,再利用玻尔兹曼图示法分别计算了不同水深条件下引弧不同时刻的水下湿法焊接电弧等离子体温度。结果表明：在相同水深条件下,引弧过程中电弧等离子体温度是随着引弧时间的不断增加而不断变化的,但其变化趋势并不是简单的线性增加,而是分别在引弧的不同时刻出现峰值;随着水深的增加,水下湿法焊接电弧等离子体的温度也随着上升,但其电弧温度的上升趋势开始变缓慢,40 m水深相对于20 m水深的电弧温度上升量要低于20 m水深条件下相对0.3 m水深条件下的电弧温度上升量。伴随着水深的增加,水下环境压力增大造成电弧进一步压缩,但压缩量有限。由于电弧被压缩,弧光的强度也增大。通过光谱分析的方法,从电弧物理的角度获悉水下湿法焊接引弧过程的物理本质,对认识电弧建立过程中微观击穿机理及实际生产中进一步提升引弧过程的稳定性提供了重要参考。     

多光谱可见光通信信道串扰分析

在可见光通信领域, 通过波分复用技术可以增加信道个数, 从而提高系统通信容量. 然而发光二极管(LED)的辐射光谱具有一定线宽, 当信道个数增加, 信道间隔将变小, 尽管有滤光片的通道选择, 但LED的辐射光谱会出现重叠从而产生信道串扰. 本文基于LED光谱重叠现象分析了多光谱波分复用可见光通信系统的信道串扰问题. 首先结合LED的物理机制和实际LED的光谱形状对其光谱进行建模; 然后根据光谱重叠现象和可见光通信信道推导出信道串扰公式; 最后利用不同中心波长的LED在两通道可见光通信系统中验证了信道串扰公式的正确性. 仿真和实验结果表明, 当两信道的信道间隔大于28 nm时, 两信道之间的信道串扰不超过-13.6 dB. 对多光谱波分复用可见光通信系统的信道串扰分析对未来可见光通信增加信道数量有一定指导作用.     

大气环境下氩气空心针-板放电中OH和O的空间分布

研究了大气环境下氩气空心针-板放电等离子体中OH和O的空间分布。利用空心针-板放电装置,得到了3cm长的等离子体炬。首先采集了300～800nm范围内的光发射谱,发现除了ArⅠ谱线、N2第二正带系谱线C3Πu(ν′=0)→B3Πg(ν″=0)外,还出现了OH自由基的谱带、OⅠ谱线和较弱的H谱线。由于含氧活性粒子在材料表面改性中具有重要作用,实验选取了OH发射的309nm附近的谱带和激发态O发射的777.4nm谱线,分析了它们的相对强度,得到了粒子的空间分布。结果表明:沿等离子体从弧根到弧梢位置,OH自由基数量迅速减少,O原子数量呈现先增多后减少的规律。     

基于标准温度法的脉冲TIG焊电弧温度场计算与分析

脉冲TIG焊由于其优越的特性而广泛应用于工业中,准确测量电弧温度对分析焊接过程有重要意义。论文基于光谱学理论计算了氩元素的粒子数密度与温度之间的关系曲线,计算了794.8 nm氩原子谱线的发射系数与温度之间的关系曲线,利用高速摄影获得了794.8 nm特征谱的电弧图像,根据Abel变换和标准温度法计算了脉冲TIG焊峰值时刻和基值时刻的电弧温度场分布。     

基于光谱诊断的多丝熔化极气体保护焊电弧干扰分析

多丝熔化极气体保护焊中,由于电弧间的相互干扰,电弧工作状态不稳定,进而影响焊接过程稳定性和焊接质量。基于Boltzmann作图法测量电子温度场和Stark展宽法研究了多丝工作条件下电弧的电子温度分布和电子密度分布,结合高速摄影获得的定量化结果,给出电弧间干扰的定量化分析。光谱诊断结果表明双丝情况下,当加入电弧工作电流大于原电弧时,原电弧电子温度中心向新加入电弧稳定偏移,而且偏向新电弧一侧电子密度明显增加,而新电弧工作电流等于原电弧时,电弧电子温度和电子密度分布都反映出原电弧工作状态不稳定。三丝情况,由于加入第三根电弧,导致中间电弧电子温度分布变得复杂,而其电子密度分布接近于单丝工作情况。     

Coaxial fiber-optic chemical-sensing excitation-emission matrix fluorometer

Great reductions in the overall size and complexity of high throughput multichannel UV-visible fluorometers were achieved by coupling a compact optical fiber array to compact dispersive transmission optics. The coaxial configuration centers on the insertion of a silica/silica optical fiber into the hollow region of a UV-fused silica capillary waveguide. The outer core delivers the maximum power of the narrow wavelength region of the excitation spectrum created by coupling a xenon arc discharge lamp to a compact spectrometer. The molecular fluorescence resulting from the interaction of light emitted at the distal end of the hollow waveguide and the sample matrix is received and transmitted to a CCD via a compact dispersive grating-prism (grism) optical assembly. A linear array of the coaxial optical fibers permits a full excitation-emission matrix spectrum of the analyte matrix to be projected onto the face of the CCD. The in situ identification and monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was carried out for the initial application testing for this prototype.     

室内高压电弧/电晕的紫外特性分析和测量研究

随着我国电力技术的迅猛发展,因电弧/电晕放电造成高压设备损坏、高压线传输损耗的问题愈加引起重视。完成了电弧/电晕目标在200～1 000 nm的光谱特性测量,发现电弧电晕光谱强度分布主要集中在200～400 nm紫外波段。提出了使用紫外面阵成像技术用于探测研究电弧/电晕的方法,通过一套自制的紫外面阵成像系统,成功实现了对高压电弧/电晕目标进行的实验室内紫外成像,以及氙灯积分球辐射定标与目标反演。实验结果表明,该套紫外面阵成像系统可用于对电弧电晕放电进行实时检测。该研究验证了电弧/电晕的紫外辐射特性,在距离2 m处得到反演后的6 kV电弧的紫外240～280 nm波段的辐照度为3.39×10-5 W·cm-2,为深入开展电弧/电晕的紫外特性研究提供强有力的依据。     

Photoinduced phase transitions in a Peierls system

A theory is constructed that explains photoinduced phase transitions in a Peierls system being irradiated by light with a finite width of the optical spectrum and a central frequency close to the upper van Hove singularity of the first kind in the combined density of electron states. The electron spectrum and the matrix elements of the dipole-moment operator are calculated by Bogolyubov’s method of canonical transformations. The interaction with the light is described by the Liouville equation for the density matrix of the electron subsystem in the dipole approximation. The light field is considered a quasimonochromatic time-independent random process with a Lorentzian spectrum. The derived equations are analyzed for two limits: (1) when the width of the optical spectrum tends to zero (a monochromatic light field), and (2) when the width of the optical spectrum is close to the upper limit (a bifurcation point) at which a photoinduced phase transition can still be observed. An existence criterion for such a transition is obtained, and the main parameters of the transition (the critical points and the size of the hysteresis loop) are calculated. The broadening of the optical spectrum of the incident light is shown to narrow the range of values of the central frequency of the light field and to reduce the size of the hysteresis loop. Finally, near the phase transition point, cavityless optical bistability sets in in the system, with light absorption increasing in the process. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 114, 1407–1420 (October 1998)     

1410 nm波段分布式光纤拉曼增益放大器的研究

讨论了分布式光纤拉曼增益放大器的工作原理,采用1320nm固体激光器作为抽运源,获得了1410nm波段附近的光放大,在单模GI光纤长度为23km时,初步研究了拉曼放大器增益与光纤作用长度的关系,抽运脉冲峰值功率分别为50W、30W时,光纤的有效作用长度分别为15．5km和10.5km;研究了在不同的光纤有效作用长度时,拉曼放大器增益与抽运功率的关系;从光纤拉曼光谱图估算了光纤拉曼放大器的光谱宽度为50nm或250cm^-1。     

Cross-point analysis for a multimode fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance

A novel analysis based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with a side-polished multimode fiber and a white-light (halogen light) source is presented. The sensing system is a multimode optical fiber in which half of the core has been polished away and a 40 nm gold layer is deposited on to the polished surface by dc sputter. The SPR dip in the optical spectrum is investigated with an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). In our SPR fiber sensor, the use of liquids with different refractive indices leads to a shift in the spectral dip in the SPR curve. The cross point (CP) of the two SPR spectra obtained from the refractive-index liquid and the deionized water measurements was observed with the OSA. The CP is shifted sensitively in wavelength from 630 to 1300 nm relative to a change in the refractive index of the liquid from 1.34 to 1.46. High sensitivities of 1.9 x 10(-6) refractive-index units (RIUs) in the range of the refractive index of the liquid from 1.40 to 1.44 of 5.7 x 10(-7) RIUs above the value of 1.44 are proposed and demonstrated in our novel SPR analysis.     

新型智能球罐焊接机器人视觉传感器的研究

为实现智能球罐焊接机器人的自主运动与焊缝自动跟踪 ,研制了一种新型视觉传感器。该传感器以高分辨率线阵 CCD芯片为核心 ,由光源、滤光片、透镜等光学系统及 CCD驱动电路、光电信号处理电路等组成 ,其中光电处理电路全部由硬件实现。整个视觉传感系统可以避免焊接时弧光的干扰 ,实时、准确地检测出焊缝轨迹线偏差信号 ,具有实时性强、鲁棒性好、成本低、重量轻等优点。借助所研制的视觉传感器 ,球罐焊接机器人能够实现沿焊缝的自主运动和焊炬与焊缝的自动对中 ,满足球罐多层多道焊接工艺要求 ,实现球罐焊接作业的智能化、自动化