压缩感知同步扫描重建及其采样方案的研究

压缩感知(compressed sensing,CS)-磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术使用随机欠采样的k空间数据来重建图像,大大提高了成像速度.但典型的CS重建很费时,这也是CS-MRI临床应用的主要障碍之一.针对这一问题,该文提出了在扫描时同步进行CS图像重建的方案.在同步重建的过程中,可以实时显示重建图像的结果,用户可以根据图像质量来决定何时终止扫描,这样可以在节约扫描和重建时间的同时,更好地控制图像质量.由于预先无法确定最终的采样率,因此传统的变密度随机采样方法并不完全适用.该文设计了适用于同步重建过程的采样模式生成方案,同时提出了分段采样方法,把采样过程分为两个阶段,不同阶段使用不同的概率密度函数(probability density function,PDF)确定待采样的相位编码行.模拟实验的结果表明,与使用单一密度函数的采样方案相比,分段采样方案能够在整个同步扫描重建过程中始终获得更好的图像.     

Light attenuation in a semitransparent foam sheet-Thickness measurement for industrial use

An optical method for measuring the thickness of heterogeneous materials has been studied. The method is based on the light attenuation theory. A complete system has been constructed in order to demonstrate the applicability of the present method for industrial use. The experimental set-up consists of semiconductor lasers, focusing lenses, photo-diodes serving as a power meter and a personal computer with an A/D converter for data acquisition. Averaging of numerous measurements is required in the present method because the heterogeneous cell structure of the foam material yields large fluctuations in transmitted light levels. The fluctuations can be reduced to below 1% of the transmitted light power by 80 times averaging. The error of the measurement is considered to be a few tens of micrometers in thickness. The present system is capable of sampling data at a rate of 400 Hz and has been successfully applied to a manufacturing process.     

ICP光源的激光烧蚀固体样品引入方法进展

根据近几年来国内外的有关文献,叙述了ICP光源的激光烧蚀固体进样方法的研究进展及其在物质成分分析中的应用。着重阐述了激光输出特性(输出波长、脉冲宽度、重复频率、能量密度)和环境气氛(氦气、氩气)对样品烧蚀过程的影响,讨论了激光烧蚀室、气溶胶传输管道及样品引入改进装置在蒸发物质被传输到ICP光源过程中的作用。获得较小而均匀的气溶胶颗粒和稳定高效地将烧蚀物质输送到ICP是完善激光烧蚀固体进样技术的关键环节,元素分馏效应及蒸发物沉积是影响分析性能的重要因素。作为实际例子,也讨论了激光烧蚀固体进样电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法/质谱法在金属、玻璃、有机物及其他样品分析方面的应用,对分析方法的准确度、精密度、检出限和灵敏度进行了简要论述。     

Beamforming with a reduced sampling rate

The beamforming process requires a high delay resolution to avoid the deteriorating effects of the delay quantization lobes on the image dynamic range and signal to noise ratio. Wideband transducers require delay resolutions in the order of 1/16 the signal period. If oversampling is used to achieve this timing resolution, a huge data volume has to be acquired and processed in real time. This is usually avoided by sampling just above the Nyquist rate and interpolating to achieve the required delay resolution. However this increases the hardware complexity. Baseband sampling has been alternatively proposed with sampling rates as low as the transducer frequency or even lower. This approach uses two A/D converters and processing chains for every channel, thus doubling the hardware requirements. Quadrature sampling can be used instead with a single A/D converter, but the sampling rate must be a multiple of four times the transducer frequency, decreasing the application flexibility. Furthermore, it produces relatively high errors in the detected envelope if wideband transducers are used. This work presents a new approach, the selective sampling technique (SST), which keeps the lowest sampling rate required by the imaging process or the signal bandwidth (whatever is larger) and, at the same time, provides a high delay resolution to keep the highest image dynamic range. The SST is based on a second order sampling process which, differently from the mentioned approaches, does not pose any constraints in the time interval between samples and produce lower errors in the detected envelope. The hardware requirements are low (a single A/D converter and processing chain for every transducer element), working at the lowest data rate compatible with the Nyquist criterion, thus reducing the data bandwidth. Furthermore, the sampling points can be also freely chosen, so that the SST simplify the usually required scan conversion process to a simple linear interpolation easily carried out by software in real-time.     

Characterization of aerosol plumes in nanosecond laser ablation of molecular solids at atmospheric pressure

Ablation of molecular solids with pulsed ultraviolet lasers at atmospheric pressure is an important process in (bio-)organic mass spectrometry. Of practical importance for analytical sampling and analysis are the plume formation and expansion. Plumes formed by atmospheric-pressure laser ablation of anthracene and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB) were studied by light scattering imaging, which showed significant material release in the form of aerosols. The monitored plume expansion dynamics could be fitted to the drag-force model, yielding initial plume velocities of 150 m/s for anthracene and 43 m/s for DHB. While the angle of incidence does not affect the plume direction and propagation, a large dependence of the plume-expansion velocity on the laser pulse energy could be found, which is limited at atmospheric pressure by the onset of plasma shielding. With respect to analytical applications, the efficiency of sampling of the laser ablation products by a capillary could be experimentally visualized.     

Hiding a checkered-pattern carrier-screen image in a camouflaged halftone image

As carrier-screen images, we have developed checkered-pattern carrier-screen images, which can be physically decoded by superimposing a checkered pattern. We also proposed a decoding method by image sampling with an ordinary compact digital camera. To obtain a better decoding result, each carrier-screen image should be output at a low resolution. However, secret information can be detected when you observe the image carefully. Thus, a hiding process is an important technique. In this paper, we propose an advanced hiding method by embedding the carrier-screen image into another significant image to generate a camouflaged halftone image. The proposed embedding method can be performed through a simple sequential process of blending and halftoning.     

Effect of off-frequency sampling in magnetic resonance elastography

In magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), shear waves at a certain frequency are encoded through bipolar gradients that switch polarity at a controlled encoding frequency and are offset in time to capture wave propagation using a controlled sampling frequency. In brain MRE, there is a possibility that the mechanical actuation frequency is different from the vibration frequency, leading to a mismatch with encoding and sampling frequencies. This mismatch can occur in brain MRE from causes both extrinsic and intrinsic to the brain, such as scanner bed vibrations or active damping in the head. The purpose of this work was to investigate how frequency mismatch can affect MRE shear stiffness measurements. Experiments were performed on a dual-medium agarose gel phantom, and the results were compared with numerical simulations to quantify these effects. It is known that off-frequency encoding alone results in a scaling of wave amplitude, and it is shown here that off-frequency sampling can result in two main effects: (1) errors in the overall shear stiffness estimate of the material on the global scale and (2) local variations appearing as stiffer and softer structures in the material. For small differences in frequency, it was found that measured global stiffness of the brain could theoretically vary by up to 12.5% relative to actual stiffness with local variations of up to 3.7% of the mean stiffness. It was demonstrated that performing MRE experiments at a frequency other than that of tissue vibration can lead to artifacts in the MRE stiffness images, and this mismatch could explain some of the large-scale scatter of stiffness data or lack of repeatability reported in the brain MRE literature.     

Ultrasonic dispersion of inorganic nanoparticles in epoxy resin

The incorporation of nanoscale fillers into a polymer can lead to a considerable improvement of mechanical properties, i.e. stiffness and toughness of a material can be enhanced simultaneously by the insertion of nanofillers. Thereby, the crucial difference between conventional microscale fillers and nanofillers is the high specific surface of the latter. In order that this surface can interact with the matrix material a good dispersion, i.e. a good separation and a homogeneous distribution of the nanoparticles into the polymer, is required. In the present study ultrasonic waves generated by an ultrasonic horn were used to disperse titanium dioxide nanoparticles into epoxy resin. The process parameters, e.g. the ultrasonic amplitude, the dispersion time and the material’s volume, were varied systematically with the aim of achieving an optimum dispersion process. A dispersion model for bead mills was adapted to the ultrasonic process and compared to a second dispersion model in order to find an adequate mathematical expression to correlate the ultrasonic process parameters to the particle sizes in the material and to allow predictions for further experiments.     

太赫兹吸收光谱的频率误差修正研究

在用太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)系统测量样品THz吸收光谱的过程中,电光采样系统的采样误差往往导致测得的THz吸收频率与真实值间存在偏差。针对此问题,利用一氧化碳(CO)分子THz吸收峰的分布特性研究了对THz-TDS系统测量数据进行修正、从而提高THz吸收频率测量精度的方法。首先通过实验测得了2.0×105 Pa 压强下CO气体的一系列等间隔分布的THz吸收峰,然后把测得的吸收峰峰位与JPL标准数据库中CO分子的吸收频率进行对比,得到了实验数据的误差值。通过分析误差值随吸收频率的分布规律,发现二者间呈正线性相关,在此基础上拟合得到了实验数据的误差修正模型。用所建立的模型对实验数据进行修正后,最大误差值为3.36 GHz,较修正前降低了两个数量级,表明根据CO分子的THz吸收峰可有效修正THz-TDS系统的测量误差,从而提高THz吸收光谱的精度。本研究对材料分析识别以及分子光谱标准数据库的建立具有重要意义。     

基于能量密度分布的辐射源粒子空间抽样方法研究

利用隐式蒙特卡罗方法模拟热辐射光子在物质中的输运过程时,物质辐射源粒子是需要细致处理的物理量.传统的物质辐射源粒子抽样方法是体平均抽样方法,对于大多数问题,这样处理不会带来大的偏差.但是对于一些辐射吸收截面大、单一网格内温差显著的问题,体平均抽样方法的计算结果偏差较大.分析了产生偏差原因,提出一种基于辐射能量密度分布的辐射源粒子空间位置抽样方法,并推导了相应的抽样公式以解决此类问题.数值实验表明,新方法计算结果明显优于原方法且与解析结果基本一致.     

Improvements to laser forming through process control refinements

Laser forming is a process that uses the energy of relatively high powered lasers to cause permanent deformation to components by inducing localised thermal stresses. It is envisaged that this material processing technique will find a number of commercial applications. This paper briefly discusses laser forming and the development of a basic process monitoring and control system used to overcome variability problems due to the complex nature of the lasers themselves and the manner in which they interact with material. It then goes on to show how the basic control system was modified, using increased feedback data sampling, time delays and a modified control algorithm which takes account of the forming rate in addition to the error. The effect of these developments is then illustrated by a series of tests which show the modifications significantly improve process tolerances.     

M?ssbauer characterization of joints of steel pieces in transient liquid phase bonding experiences

Joining of seamless, low carbon, steel tubes were performed by means of Transient Liquid Phase Bonding process employing a foil of Fe-Si-B metallic glass as filler material. The influence of the main parameters of the process was evaluated: temperature, holding time, pressure and post weld heat treatment. Powder samples were obtained from the joint of tubes and characterized employing M?ssbauer Spectroscopy in transmission geometry. The sampling was performed both in tubes successfully welded and in those which show joint defects. The results obtained are correlated with the obtained microstructure and the diffusion of Si and B during the process.     

单级电磁感应线圈发射器温升研究

同步感应式线圈型电磁发射器主要采用脉冲电流对线圈直接供电,其实际工作过程中电枢和线圈会产生温升,这是当前制约线圈发射器向小型化、高速发展的一个主要因素。本文通过建立电磁线圈的温升模型,对于单次触发的情况,分别利用Comsol和自编程序Coilgun进行计算,并搭建相应的试验平台进行验证。采用直接耦合方式的Comsol计算结果最为准确,也能考虑材料参数随温度的变化。仿真得到电枢的温升大约为4.2℃,线圈最大温升为7.7℃。由于热电偶温度传感器的测量延迟性与采样频率的限制,电枢温度试验曲线未能测量到仿真曲线中出现的温度最大值点,可记录到整个试验过程中温度变化曲线,其变化形势以及最终稳定的温度与仿真的基本一致,误差最大为6.1%,说明了仿真的准确性。为后续进行多级线圈连续发射奠定基础。     

基于SLM的计算全息三维显示视角扩展编码

提出一种利用高分辨液晶空间光调制器的高衍射级来增大再现视角的计算全息编码方法.该方法首先对被记录物波的视角超出所用高分辨液晶空间光调制器允许范围的物波信息进行预处理,使预处理后的物波视角满足抽样定理;然后再进行计算全息编码.这种计算全息图可利用高分辨液晶空间光调制器的特定高衍射级恢复再现被记录物波.文中给出了该方法的编码原理及物波函数的预处理公式,并通过设计实例和实验结果证明了该方法的可行性.     

Full-field measurement of the phase retardation for birefringent elements by using common path heterodyne interferometry

A collimated heterodyne light passes through the tested material and an analyzer, full-field interference signals are taken by a fast CMOS camera. The series of interference intensities recorded at any pixel are the sampling points of a sinusoidal signal. From those points, the associated argument of that pixel can be derived by a least-square sine fitting algorithm on IEEE 1241 Standards. Subtracting the average argument of the reference signal, the phase retardation of that pixel can be obtained. The phase retardations of other pixels can be obtained similarly. Its validity is demonstrated.     

宽带成像雷达间歇采样转发干扰应用策略

间歇采样转发干扰是针对宽带成像雷达的一种新型干扰方式。根据间歇采样转发干扰的基本原理,对宽带成像雷达,按照常规应用策略,能够在高分辨距离像结果中叠加一串虚假散射点。结合成像处理过程可知,这一串虚假散射点在事实上提升了成像处理中包络对齐效果。针对间歇采样转发干扰常规应用策略导致的问题,以破坏包络对齐为目的,设计了一种新的间歇采样转发干扰应用策略:按照预设随机序列改变间歇采样周期,来实现转发干扰方式。通过仿真实验,验证了所提出的应用策略能够显著降低成像质量。     

基于周期极化铌酸锂波导的软件同步光采样

随着大于40 Gb/s高速光通信系统的出现, 为了保证光信号传输质量, 需要对光信号进行监测。对于带宽超过传统光电探测器和示波器可测量带宽的高比特率数据光信号, 光采样技术是进行时域测量的重要手段。采用固定频差的方法可以用百兆速率的采样脉冲对高速光信号进行采样, 降低了对采样后电数据处理系统带宽的要求。在对基于周期极化铌酸锂(PPLN)波导中和频效应的采样过程进行建模仿真的基础上, 实现了对Optsim获得的光传输线内10 Gb/s的非归零码(NRZ)和归零码(RZ)信号的采样。采用软件同步算法对采样数据进行处理, 获得信号的眼图, 这一方法可使采样系统对硬件的要求降到最低。与理想与门获得的采样结果进行比较, 对PPLN波导的光采样特性和采样质量进行了分析。     

The thermodynamic parameters of phonon-soliton equilibrium in one-dimensional Frenkel-Kontorova systems

The temperature dependences of the internal energy of a canonical ensemble of Frenkel-Kontorova systems, which are one-dimensional chains of material points linked by elastic bonds in a periodic potential, were studied by the Monte Carlo method with importance sampling. Such a model is an example of a system in which local contraction-extension states that can move as sole waves, solitons, are possible. The calculation results are analyzed on the basis of the model of an equilibrium reaction between a chain phonon and soliton that occurs at the given temperature. The model was used to estimate the thermodynamic parameters of phonon-soliton equilibrium and obtain the dependences of the enthalpy of equilibrium “reaction” on the incommensurability parameter of the chain γ. The enthalpy of this process was found to be described by a linear dependence on γ^−1/2 with a high correlation degree (r ² = 0.994).     

水下回波处理中分数阶傅里叶变换的带通采样实现方法

利用球形压电陶瓷自身所具有的耐压能力,采用径向极化空气背衬压电球壳换能器作为声学接收敏感元件,设计并制作了一种球形耐压水听器。首先对其低频开路接收灵敏度和谐振频率等声学特性进行了分析和有限元仿真,然后对其强度和稳定性等耐压性能进行了分析和有限元仿真,最后对其声学性能和耐压能力进行了测试。测试表明,该球形耐压水听器的直径为36 mm,工作频段为50 Hz10 kHz,低频接收灵敏度为􀀀198:4 dB(0 dB=1 V/Pa),等效自噪声谱级为46.5 dB@1 kHz,其耐压深度可达3000 m。该耐压水听器为大深度水听器设计提供了参考,在深水声学领域具有重要的应用价值。     

压缩感知在宽带声学多普勒测速技术中的应用

为降低宽带声学多普勒测速技术中宽带回波信号处理系统的采样和数据存储压力,研究了压缩感知的回波信号重构算法,并将其应用于宽带声学多普勒测速的回波信号分析中.在点回波模型下进行宽带回波信号的仿真实验,利用复协方差法计算频移.仿真实验结果表明,在无噪声的理想条件下,利用压缩感知理论处理宽带多普勒测速的回波信号,能够达到理想的...