聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯的结晶性能研究——Ⅱ.本体结晶形态

本文应用偏光显微镜,扫描电子显微镜和小角激光光散射(SALS)法,研究了聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯的亚宏观结构形态,结果表明其本体结晶至少存在两类不同形态。一类是当轴与球晶径向成45°角。     

聚乙烯广角激光散射研究(Ⅱ)

本文用广角激光散射仪考察了带有同心圆消光环的聚乙烯球晶的Hv光散射图形,用有效偶极矩模型解释了图形的成因,从而探讨了晶片的扭曲现象,理论分析与实验结果相一致。     

对影响光散射强度分布的几种因素的探讨——Ⅰ.截断效应及内部无序性对散射光强分布曲线线形的影响

本工作从实验上考察了球晶截断效应及内部无序性对聚乙烯光散射强度分布曲线线形的影响,并同用二维截断球模型计算出的结果进行了比较,表明截断效应及内部无序性均可使散射光强度分布曲线漫宽,其程度随这些参数的增加而增加;截断效应主要影响小角度区域的散射光强,内部无序性则对大角度区域有较大的影响,二者相比内部无序性的影响似平起主要作用。所得结果与文献报导一致。     

长链脂肪酸LB膜的X射线衍射研究

利用Langmuir-Blodgett技术制备了硬脂酸、花生酸及其混合酸的多层LB膜。用低角X射线衍射研究了它们的周期结构,硬脂酸和花生酸的LB膜在2θ=0.8°～23°的范围内分别出现13个和12个布拉格衍射峰,由此计算了它们的等同周期。用模型计算了它们衍射峰的强度,得到了与实验一致的衍射强度奇偶起伏的结果。在混合酸的LB膜中,可以观察到等同周期随混合比变化的规律。     

X-射线小角光散射(SAXS)研究全氟磺酸树脂中空纤维膜中的离子簇结构

本文用SAXS(Small Angle X-ray Scattering)方法对全氟磺酸树脂中空纤维膜中的离子簇结构进行了研究.在散射角2θ=2°左右,出现由离子簇产生的散射峰;并就离子交换容量、不同阳离子形式、含水量及不同拉伸等对离子簇散射峰位的影响进行了研究讨论.并计算了有关离子簇半径和每个离子簇中的离子数目.     

间位聚苯及其衍生物的构象与电子结构的理论研究

用分子力学方法(MM)对间位聚苯(PMP)及其衍生物的势能随扭曲角(f)变化规律进行了研究.结果表明，势能曲线上出现四个能量最小值，分别对应于扭曲角f ≈－135°,－45°,45°,135°.进一步对以上构建的全部PMP及其衍生物用分子力场Drieding 2.11进行了分子力学能量优化.最终得到主要的四种构象，其中螺旋构象的能量最低，而且以螺旋构象为优势分布构象.在真实条件下，PMP及其衍生物长链可能采取以上四种构象的混合片段组成.用量子化学方法(GGA-DFT)研究了PMP及其衍生物的电子结构能隙随相邻苯环之间的扭曲角的变化趋势.用量子化学半经验方法(AM1)对四种构象分别进行几何优化，优化结果与分子力学优化结果基本一致，并运用混合密度泛函方法(DFT/B3LYP/6-31G)进一步对AM1优化的构象结构进行更精确的电子结构能隙计算.最终得出影响间位聚苯及其衍生物电子结构能隙的主要因素为连接苯环间扭曲角的大小.     

X-射线小角光散射(SAXS)研究全氟磺酸树脂中空纤维膜中的离子簇结构

 本文用SAXS(Small Angle X-ray Scattering)方法对全氟磺酸树脂中空纤维膜中的离子簇结构进行了研究.在散射角2θ=2°左右,出现由离子簇产生的散射峰;并就离子交换容量、不同阳离子形式、含水量及不同拉伸等对离子簇散射峰位的影响进行了研究讨论.并计算了有关离子簇半径和每个离子簇中的离子数目.     

聚苯乙烯稀溶液的小角激光弹性和准弹性光散射

随着激光技术的发展,近年来出现了与散射光频加宽相应的光子相干光谱即准弹性光散射。于是,利用光散射(也称弹性光散射)法不仅能获得高聚物的各种物性参数如分子量(?),第二维利系数A_2和均方旋转半径(),而且还能得到大分子在溶液中的动态参数,即扩散系数D_0。由D_0求得流体力学半径R_H。本文只涉及小角度准弹性光散射(1°<θ<7°)对稀溶液范围的平动扩散系数的测定。与文献比较,表明方法是成功的。     

氧在铜(100)面上离解吸附的EHMO研究

用EHMO方法研究了氧在铜(100)晶面上,离解吸附初始态(2~(1/2)×2~(1/2))R45°-0时的吸附行为,根据实验数据选择出最佳K参数。计算得出四重位是氧在铜(100)面上(2~(1/2)×2~(1/2))R45°-0 LEED结构的最优吸附构型。计算的铜氧键长,功函变化与实验结果相当吻合,结合能和氧原子的净电荷与实验结果符合较好。对氧和铜原子间轨道相互作用和电子转移也进行了讨论。     

三乙基硼的氧化及其过氧化物的热分解

1.通过吸氧及过氧化物的形成,证明分子氧氧化三乙基硼在30°时(庚烷中)所得过氧化产物为二过氧化乙基硼酸二乙酯(II)及一过氧化乙基硼酸二乙酯(III)的混合物(简称为"二过氧化物");而在-70°时,首次证明,氧化停留在过氧化二乙基硼酸乙酯(I)阶段.升温时,I继续被氧化为"二过氧化物".2.30°氧化所得"二过氧化物"和-70°所得一过氧化物,在热稳定性及分解机理上有下列不同:(i)30°氧化产物的热稳定性远高于-70°氧化产物;例如,在45°及相似浓度下,前者的半衰期为三、四日以上,而后者的半衰期不到半小时.(ii)30°氧化产物的起始分解,表观上按二级反应进行,从不同温度(45°,55°,65°,82°)下的分解速度常数求得分解活化能为21千卡/克分子;-70°氧化产物则在表观上按一级反应进行分解,从不同温度(0°,22°,32°,45°)下分解速度常数的Arrhenius关系求得分解活化能为12千卡/克分子.(iii)30°氧化产物的分解不是按自由基历程进行的,表现为分解过程中不消耗碘,受酸及碱的催化,而且不引发醋酸乙烯酯的聚合.-70°氧化产物的分解则系按自由基历程进行,在45°及室温下均引发醋酸乙烯酯的聚合.3.30°及-70°氧化产物的主要分解产物分别为硼酸三乙酯及乙基硼酸二乙酯(分别作为乙醇胺络合物V及VI分离鉴定),因此支持在该不同温度下所形成的过氧化物分别为"II加III"及I.4.由于在低温下吸氧截然停止在一过氧化物阶段,以及吸氧结果的重复性,可以考虑将低温氧化作为分析烷基硼纯度的方法之一.     

THE MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE SPHERULITES

The morphology and structure of three types of normal and abnormal spherulites of polyethylene terephthalate cast from solution in dimethylphthalate were studied by polarizing microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction techniques. In the normal negative spherulites the [0]~* direction is parallel to the radius direction. In the normal positive spherulites the radius direction is parallel to the [6]~*. In the abnormal PET spherulites the Maltese cross extinction pattern in the polarizing microscope under crossed polars is oriented at 45°to the polars and there are concentric extinction rings around the center of the spherulite. Electron diffraction pattern indicates that [2]~* is parallel to the radius of the spherulite and this explains the observed extinction pattern, in the abnormal spherulite.     

Cholesteric hydroxypropylcellulose solutions: Microscopy and small-angle light scattering

Polarized optical microscopy and small-angle light scattering (SALS) are used to investigate the cholesteric phase of aqueous hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) solutions. The results suggest a polygonal focal conic rather than the recently proposed parabolic focal conic morphology. Measurements of the polygonal domain size show it to decrease with increasing HPC concentration. Depolarized SALS gives clover-leaf patterns, whose maximum of intensity at 45° is related to the domain size.     

Morphological studies on polybutylene terephthalate

The morphology of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) crystallized from the melt at various temperatures was studied by small-angle light scattering, polarizing microscopy, and wide-angle x-ray diffraction. Spherulites with a maltese cross at 45° to the polars formed at lower temperatures while spherulites having an apparently higher melting point with a maltese cross along the polars (0°–90°) formed at higher temperatures. The spherulite size and crystallinity increased with increasing crystallization temperature. The H_v scattering patterns arising from the spherulites formed at lower temperature showed intensity maxima at azimuthal angles of 0° and 90°, while those obtained at higher temperatures showed the more common 45° intensity maxima. Microtomed samples from molded PBT bars showed spherulites with a 45° maltese cross which changed to a 0°–90° maltese cross upon heating just prior to melting. The skin-core effect due to varying thermal histories in these molded bars was clearly observed. Solvent crystallized films contained positive 0°–90° spherulites. Some changes occurring upon uniaxial stretching of PBT films are also discussed.     

Spectral time moment analysis of microgel structure and dynamics

The structure and dynamics of crosslinked nanoparticles (microgels) made out of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) polymer chains were studied using dynamic light scattering spectroscopy. The microgel light scattering spectra were found to be highly nonexponential requiring a spectral time moment analysis in which the spectra were fit to a sum of stretched exponentials. Each term offers three parameters for analysis and represents a single spectral mode. At room temperature microgel spectra reveal three modes. Two faster modes are almost diffusive and correspond to apparent sizes of 25 and 450–650 nm. The slowest mode is independent of scattering angle and is reminiscent of the slow polymer mode observed in identical non‐crosslinked polymer solutions. When solution temperature is varied from 23 to 45°C and back, the microgel undergoes a reversible volume phase transition between 40 and 45°C. According to the time‐moment analysis, above the transition temperature two faster modes collapse into one with apparent hydrodynamic radius of 100–150 nm, while the slow mode remains largely unchanged. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 771–781, 2008     

Properties of sulfonated poly(butylene terephthalate)

The synthesis, morphology, and mechanical properties of sulfonated poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and its unsulfonated analogs were studied. The morphology of these copolymers crystallized from the melt were examined by a combination of wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS), polarized light microscopy, and small-angle light scattering (SALS). Stress-strain measurements are correlated with the morphological results. Spherulitic morphology, with a maltese cross at 45°C with respect to the crossed polars, is formed at low sulfonate levels (≤ 5.0 mol %). At a higher ion content, the maltese cross rotates 45° to form a cross pattern. At still higher sulfonate contents, typically 13 mol %, the light scattering pattern disappears completely. Microscopic and WAXS examination of these functionalized PBT copolymers confirms that the crystallinity level decreases with increasing ion content and is eliminated completely at the higher sulfonation level. The spherulite radius, however, remains invariant until the highest functionalization level. On the contrary, the morphology and properties of the unsulfonated isophthalate copolymer analogs remain relatively constant over the entire composition range examined. In several compositions clearly inferior properties are noted compared with the ion-containing copolymers.     

Structure and dynamics of concentration fluctuations in a polymer blend solution under shear flow

The technique of small-angle light scattering (SALS) has been employed to investigate the time-dependent behavior of a single-phase, semidilute solution of polystyrene and polybutadiene in dioctyl phthalate under shear flow. Concentration fluctuations in the polymer blend solution are found to grow with time in the direction of flow, and their orientation angles evolve from 45° from the flow direction toward 0°, with the steady-state value being dependent on shear rate. SALS patterns are simulated using a modified Cahn-Hilliard-Cook model, with an additional collective restoring force to account for polymer elasticity. Predictions from this modified model for the orientation angles of the concentration fluctuations are in excellent agreement with the experimental results. Our model also predicts that the quiescent structure factor has a Gaussian form and that the steady-state orientation of the scattering patterns is dependent on shear rate. These predictions are also in good agreement with our experimental observations. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

On the origin of high optical director tilt in a partially fluorinated orthoconic antiferroelectric liquid crystal mixture

We have investigated the orthoconic antiferroelectric liquid crystal mixture W107 by means of optical, X-ray and calorimetry measurements in order to assess the origin of the unusally high tilt angle between the optic axis and the smectic layer normal in this material. The optical birefringence increases strongly below the transition to the tilted phases, showing that the onset of tilt is coupled with a considerable increase in orientational order. The layer spacing in the smectic A* (SmA*) phase is notably smaller than the extended length of the molecules constituting the mixture, and the shrinkage in smectic C* (SmC*) and smectic C_a* (SmC_a*) is much less than the optical tilt angle would predict. These observations indicate that the tilting transition in W107 to a large extent follows the asymmetric de Vries diffuse cone model. The molecules are on average considerably tilted with respect to the layer normal already in the SmA* phase but the tilting directions are there randomly distributed, giving the phase its uniaxial characteristics. At the transition to the SmC* phase, the distribution is biased such that the molecular tilt already present in SmA* now gives a contribution to the macroscopic tilt angle. In addition, there is a certain increase of the average tilt angle, leading to a slightly smaller layer thickness in the tilted phases. Analysis of the wide angle scattering data show that the molecular tilt in SmC_a* is about 20° larger than in SmA*. The large optical tilt (45°) in the SmC_a* phase thus results from a combination of an increased average molecule tilt and a biasing of tilt direction fluctuations.     

Scattering of a potassium atom beam from potassium promoted catalyst surfaces via electronically excited clusters

Surface scattering of potassium atom beams is observed from surfaces of a potassium promoted catalyst, which is known to emit Rydberg K* species and clusters K _n ^* . The surfaces studied are cut flat from pellets of an industrial catalyst, the promoted iron oxide catalyst for styrene production. The scattering is studied in the temperature range 500–1000 K in an UHV apparatus with a K atom beam at 45° towards the normal, with surface ionization and ion detection over an angular range of ?90° to +90° with respect to the surface normal. Bilobular scattering patterns are observed, which are mainly back-scattering at low temperatures, below 750 K. A large signal due to ions emitted in the backwards direction is also found with a voltage on the sample. This back-scattering indicates that the scatterers are heavy clusters outside the surface. The ion formation in the backwards direction is proposed to be due to collisions with electronically excited clusters K _n ^* of the type recently observed by field ionization detection (Kotarba et al. 1994). The bilobular scattering transforms into asymmetric patterns with a larger forward (specular) lobe at higher temperatures, above 800 K. Only a small fraction of the beam molecules is scattered off the surface. The scattering is well described by inelastic surface scattering theory. This shows that the actual scattering surface is rather flat, which is proposed to be due to an antibonding Rydberg type interaction, of long range (hundreds of Å), between the impinging excited K atom and the surface. The temperature dependence of the neutral scattering gives a barrier of 0.96 eV, close to what is generally found for Rydberg species emission from such surfaces. At larger K surface densities, the contributions to the peaks from the beam flux is shown to agree with this picture involving collisions with excited clusters outside the surface.     

Optical properties of a shear-deformed thermotropic cellulose derivative

The band texture of a thermotropic cellulose derivative, trifluoroacetoxypropylcellulose, was studied by optical microscopy. The texture consists of parallel, long, thin, black lines when viewed between crossed polarizers with one polarizer parallel to the shear direction. These lines are perpendicular to the shear direction. Their optical properties indicate that the molecules are cooperatively oriented and this orientation director alternates from 0° to ±45° from the shear direction, with most of them at ±45°. This band phenomenon is identical to that observed with thermotropic nematic copolyesters.