兰姆波在搭接焊缝上的反射和透射

采用数值模拟方法和实验研究了兰姆波在搭接焊缝上的反射和透射。数值模拟了频率500 kHz的兰姆波S0与.A0模态,分别在2 mm厚不锈钢板上的不同宽度搭接焊缝模型上的反射和透射,并计算了相应的反射系数和透射系数。发现:当搭接焊缝宽度小于4 mm时,S0模态的反射系数和焊缝宽度具有近似的线性关系,而焊缝余高和两板之间的间隙对S0模态反射系数的影响很小。基于兰姆波S0模态反射系数与焊缝宽度的线性关系。提出了通过测量S0模态反射系数快速测量搭接焊缝宽度的方法。实验测得的2 mm厚不锈钢板上不同宽度搭接焊缝对500 kHz的入射兰姆波S0模态的反射系数,验证了上述线性关系,说明了可用兰姆波反射回波测量搭接焊缝宽度。     

Detection of kissing bonds by Lamb waves

Closed cracks under compressive normal stresses are difficult to detect by the conventional ultrasonic techniques. When the crack surfaces stay in very close contact with each other then the bond between the two surfaces of the crack is called a ‘kissing bond’. This is a very dangerous bond. Catastrophic failures can result if the system is subjected to crack opening normal stresses or shear stresses. When the crack surfaces are smooth then kissing bonds cannot transmit shear stress very well but can carry compressive normal stress, these bonds are called ‘slip bonds’. Conventional P-wave scans (C-scan or A-scan) are based on the assumptions that P-waves are reflected by the defective interface. However, an interface subjected to a large compressive stress cannot reflect P-waves effectively, hence these bonds remain invisible to the conventional P-wave based C-scan or A-scan techniques. In this paper it is shown that the kissing bonds can be effectively detected by some leaky Lamb mode. Theoretical and experimental results are presented to show that using the Lamb waves is an effective way of detecting kissing bonds.     

板状材料上加强筋的几何形状对兰姆波透射特性的影响

为研究板状材料上加强筋结构对兰姆波透射特性的影响,通过有限元仿真和实验的方法,结合兰姆波频散曲线和二维傅里叶变换分析方法,研究了不同几何形状的加强筋结构对兰姆波垂直入射时的透射特性。仿真与实验的结果表明:加强筋结构会对兰姆波产生梳状滤波器效应,即同一几何形状的加强筋对不同频率的兰姆波透射程度不同;梳状滤波器的通带带宽和通带个数受到加强筋几何形状的影响;随着加强筋高度的增加,梳状滤波器的通带带宽变小且通带个数增加;随着加强筋厚度的增加,梳状滤波器的通带带宽和个数并不呈现单调变化;对于同一高厚比的加强筋,随着加强筋体积的变大,梳状滤波器的通带宽变小且通带个数增加。该研究结果可用于指导利用兰姆波对具有加强筋结构的板状材料进行结构健康监测和无损检测时兰姆波有效频率的选择,从而提高兰姆波能量的利用率和信号的信噪比。     

Scattering matrices of Lamb waves at irregular surface and void defects

Time-harmonic solution of Lamb wave scattering in a plane-strain waveguide with irregular thickness is investigated based on stair-step discretization and stepwise mode matching. The transfer relations of the transmission matrices and reflection matrices are derived in both directions of the waveguide. With these, an explicit expression of the scattering matrix is derived. When the scattering region of an inner irregular defect is geometrically divided into several parts composed of sub-waveguides with variable thicknesses and void regions with vertical free edges corresponding to the plate surfaces, the scattering matrix of the whole region could then be derived by modal matching along the artificial boundaries, as explicit functions of all the scattering matrices of the sub-waveguides and reflection matrices of the free edges. The effectiveness of the formulation is examined by numerical examples; the calculated scattering coefficients are in good accordance with those obtained from numerical simulation models.     

铝板中Lamb波检测的实验研究

Lamb波在传播过程中具有频散及多模态特性,若相关参数选择不当,会导致在实际应用中信号相互叠加而无法识别。本文基于Lamb波的频散曲线是其频散方程实数解分布的特点,采用二分法绘制了铝板中Lamb波的频散曲线、波结构曲线和入射角曲线。根据曲线选择S0模态的Lamb波对1mm厚铝板中不同类型的缺陷进行检测。实验结果表明,S0模态的Lamb波对裂纹型缺陷和贯穿型缺陷十分敏感,但对于裂纹型缺陷,其幅值变化并不与缺陷大小成线性关系,并且S0模态Lamb波的声场指向性十分集中,在偏离声束轴线时无法检测到缺陷。     

两侧有固体层负载时板中Lamb波的传播

本文研究了薄板二面有固体导负载时板中Ｌａｍｂ波的传播，从弹性波理论出发并结合应的边界条件，导出板中Ｌａｍｂ波的色散方程，数值计算表示，不管作为自由状态时板中Ｌａｍｂ波相速（板厚取定时）是大于或小于外层固体的声表面波波速，板中对称及反对称模式的Ｌａｍｂ波相速都随着外层固体层厚度增加而变化并且渐近于外层固体的声表面波波速，数值计算又表明，对很薄的板，板中对称及反对称模式的相速均随负载板的厚度呈线性变化     

The effect of surface stress on the propagation of Lamb waves

This work investigates the possibility of the propagation of Lamb waves in thin solid layers with external traction free surfaces, in the presence of surface elasticity, inertia and residual stress. It is demonstrated that such waves do exist and that their characteristics can be quite different from their classical counterparts. The governing equations with non-classical boundary conditions involving the bulk and surface stress are solved exactly in the frequency-wavenumber domain. This solution is utilized to compute the Lamb wave modes for different layer thicknesses. An efficient strategy to capture all the modes of Lamb waves within a given frequency window is outlined. It is shown that the effect of surface elasticity and inertia becomes significant with increasing frequency and decreasing layer thickness, where the number of modes participating within a given frequency window is more than that permitted by the classical theory. Further, it is observed that the nature of the Lamb wave modes (in terms of negative dispersion) in the presence of surface stress is similar to what predicted by the nonlocal theory and microstructure based continuum theory.     

The reflection and transmission of Lamb waves at overlap joints

The reflection and transmission of Lamb waves at overlap joints are researched by the numerical method and the experiments. The numerical method is used to simulate the reflection and transmission of Lamb waves at welds with different widths on 2 mm-thick stainless steel plates. The reflection and transmission coefficients are calculated as well. When the welds width is less than 4 mm, a quasi-linear correlation is observed between the reflection coefficient of SO mode and the weld width. In contrast to the weld width, both the gap between two plates and the reinforcement height of weld do not have obvious effect on the reflection coefficient. Based on the results, we propose that the weld width could be rapidly measured through examining the echo amplitude of SO mode. Experiments further confirm the quasilinear correlation and the feasibility of our proposed method.     

Laser-ultrasonic generation of Lamb waves in the reaction force range

The Laser-ultrasonic generation of Lamb waves in an elastic plate is investigated theoretically and experimentally for a laser source whose intensity is high enough to create reaction forces (normal tractions) on the illuminated surface of the specimen. The analytical solutions for transient waves are derived using the integral transform method first by considering an arbitrary source shape and time excitation function, and then specifically for circular and line source shapes. The simulation study allows us not only to predict the behavior of individual wave modes but also to construct the overall responses; thus it helps us better understand the wave excitation mechanisms. The dispersive and multi-modal nature of laser-generated Lamb waves is presented by showing the spatiotemporal Fourier transform of displacements obtained by the simulation study. The transform, displayed in the frequency-wave number domain, enunciates the characteristics of the propagating individual Lamb wave modes. The simulation results are then compared with the 2-D Fourier transform of a set of experimental data obtained by scanning an aluminum plate specimen.     

Electromagnetic wave transmission and reflection by a quasi-periodic layered semiconductor structure

The specific features of electromagnetic wave reflection and transmission through the periodic and quasi-periodic layered semiconductor structures placed into a parallel plate waveguide are studied. The effect of the structure parameters and dissipation in semiconductor layers on the reflectance (transmittance) of electromagnetic wave is examined. The comparative analysis of the electromagnetic wave reflectance characteristics in the structures with different types of symmetry is carried out.     

广义反透射系数的物理意义

一种体系化的高效率的算法被广泛应用于分层均匀介质中有源波动方程的数值计算,它能够计算出所考察时间窗内的全波震相;该算法的关键之处,便是应用了广义反透射系数方法,广义反透射系数包含所有层间分界面反透射波及转换波的影响.本文利用图示及级数展开方法,对其物理含义进行了较为深入的分析,这对于更好地理解理论波场的合成,有较好的参考意义.     

Focusing and waveguiding of Lamb waves in micro-fabricated piezoelectric phononic plates

This paper presents results on the numerical and experimental studies of focusing and waveguiding of the lowest anti-symmetric Lamb wave in micro-fabricated piezoelectric phononic plates. The phononic structure was based on an AT-cut quartz plate and consisted of a gradient-index phononic crystal (GRIN PC) lens and a linear phononic plate waveguide. The band structures of the square-latticed AT-cut quartz phononic crystal plates with different filling ratios were analyzed using the finite element method. The design of a GRIN PC plate lens which is attached with a linear phononic plate waveguide is proposed. In designing the waveguide, propagation modes in square-latticed PC plates with different waveguide widths were studied and the results were served for the experimental design. In the micro-fabrication, deep reactive ion etching (Deep-RIE) process with a laboratory-made etcher was utilized to fabricate both the GRIN PC plate lens and the linear phononic waveguide on an 80 μm thick AT-cut quartz plate. Interdigital transducers were fabricated directly on the quartz plate to generate the lowest anti-symmetric Lamb waves. A vibro-meter was used to detect the wave fields and the measured results on the focusing and waveguiding of the piezoelectric GRIN PC lens and waveguide are in good accordance with the numerical predictions. The results of this study may serve as a basis for developing an active micro plate lens and related devices.     

Wideband low frequency generation and detection of Lamb and Rayleigh waves using electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs)

This paper describes a new type of non-contact electromagnetic transducer (EMAT) that can be used to generate both Lamb and Rayleigh waves on metal samples. The generated waves are wideband and low frequency with a dominant frequency content centred at approximately 200 kHz extending to around 500 kHz. The transducers have been used on both aluminium and steel, but operate more efficiently on aluminium due to its lower electrical resistance and density when compared to steel.     

The attenuation of Lamb waves in the presence of a fluid

When a plate bearing a Lamb wave is in contact with a fluid the wave is attenuated. This report presents a relatively simple model for calculating attention. The validity of the approach is established by comparison of calculated results and measurements.     

Tomographic reconstruction of damage images in hollow cylinders using Lamb waves

Lamb wave tomography (LWT) is a potential and efficient technique for non-destructive tomographic reconstruction of damage images in structural components or materials. A two-stage inverse algorithm proposed by the authors for quickly reconstructing the damage images was applied to hollow cylinders. An aluminum hollow cylinder with an internal surface pit and a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) laminated hollow cylinder with an artificial internal surface damage were used to validate the proposed method. The results show that the present method is capable of successfully reconstructing the images of the above damages in a larger inspection area with much less experimental data compared to some conventional ultrasonic tomography techniques.     

钢-铅粘接结构的粘接强度对超声体波反射与 透射特性的影响*

针对多层异种金属粘接结构中粘接强度的超声检测与表征困难的问题,采用线性弹簧模型和等效弹性模量模型来分别表征界面粘附强度和内聚强度,推导了超声体波斜入射N层粘接结构的反射与透射系数表达式。通过在不同入射面和入射声波模式等条件下,同时连续改变两种参数来系统研究粘接层界面粘附强度与内聚强度变化对超声波反射与透射特性的影响关系,确定了能够敏感表征粘接强度的超声参量,为粘接强度的无损检测与评价提供理论依据。     

基于频散补偿和分数阶微分的多模式兰姆波分离

由于兰姆波的多模和频散特性,实际检测时在同一激发频率下存在多种模式的混合信号,而各模式信号有不同的频散特性,使得在时频混叠的情况下兰姆波的检测变得十分复杂.本文在频散补偿的基础上,通过时延函数建模,依靠不同模式频散趋势的差异性,将时频混叠信号的分离问题转化为部分模式混叠信号的分离问题.基于分数阶微分的理论,用信号幅值谱分数阶微分极大值和对应频率分别与微分阶次拟合多项式实现特征参数的提取并依靠特征参数重建幅值谱.结合相位谱重构时域信号以实现部分混叠信号中频散补偿后的模式的分离.最后恢复频散获得分离后的兰姆波信号.仿真和实验结果表明,本文方法不仅可以实现时频混叠多模式兰姆波信号的分离,更能保证分离精度,有助于复杂多模式频散信号的分离与处理的进一步研究.     

Piezoelectric transducer parameter selection for exciting a single mode from multiple modes of Lamb waves

Excitation and propagation of Lamb waves by using rectangular and circular piezoelectric transducers surface-bonded to an isotropic plate are investigated in this work. Analytical stain wave solutions are derived for the two transducer shapes, giving the responses of these transducers in Lamb wave fields. The analytical study is supported by a numerical simulation using the finite element method. Symmetric and antisymmetric components in the wave propagation responses are inspected in detail with respect to test parameters such as the transducer geometry, the length and the excitation frequency. By placing only one piezoelectric transducer on the top or the bottom surface of the plate and weakening the strength of one mode while enhancing the strength of the other modes to find the centre frequency, with which the peak wave amplitude ratio between the S0 and A0 modes is maximum, a single mode excitation from the multiple modes of the Lamb waves can be achieved approximately. Experimental data are presented to show the validity of the analyses. The results are used to optimize the Lamb wave detection system.