Availability and state of order of hydroxyl groups on the surfaces of microstructural units of crystalline cotton cellulose

The relative accessibilities of the hydroxyl groups of the D-glucopyranosyl units of hydrocellulose have been studied by means of the reaction of N,N-diethylaziridinium chloride, which produces 2-(diethylamino)ethyl cellulose. The deviation in the distribution of substituents among the 2-O-, 3-O-, and 6-O-positions of the D-glucopyranosyl residues in a hydrocellulose from that in a disordered cellulose in which the three types of hydroxyl groups are equally accessible is the basis for estimating the selective accessibilities of the hydroxyl groups in the crystalline cellulose. A particular hydrocellulose, lying within the range of leveling-off degree of polymerization, was studied in detail; this hydrocellulose, designated EHC (“Exemplar Hydrocellulose”), was formed from fibrous cotton by hydrolysis for 0.67 hr in 2.5N hydrochloric acid at reflux. EHC exhibited higher selective accessibility (larger deviation from equal accessibility) of the hydroxyl groups at C-2, C-3, and C-6, than samples of hydrocellulose formed in shorter or longer periods of hydrolysis. This selective accessibility is discussed in terms of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding on the surfaces of crystalline microstructural units in EHC.     

Availability and disposition of hydroxyl groups on surfaces of crystalline cellulose II

The relative availabilities of hydroxyl groups at C(2), C(3), and C(6) on the D -glucopyranosyl units of a particular, highly ordered hydrocellulose II have been studied by means of the reaction of N,N-diethylaziridinium chloride, which introduces 2-(diethyl-amino)ethyl substituents. The hydrocellulose II was formed by hydrolysis of fibrous cotton cellulose II during 40 min reflux in 2.5M hydrochloric acid and is designated EHC-II (exemplar hydrocellulose II) because it represents the most highly ordered (crystalline) particles in a series of hydrocelluloses. The deviation in the distribution of substituents among the 2-O-, 3-O-, and 6-O- positions of the D -glucopyranosyl units in EHC-II from that in a disordered cellulose, in which the three types of hydroxyl groups are equally available, is the basis for estimated availabilities of the three types of hydroxyl groups on the surfaces of elementary fibrils in EHC-II. The experimental values of relative availabilities of O(2)H:O(3)H:O(6)H for EHC-II were 1.0:0.26:0.72 compared to estimated values of 1.0:0.0:.075 for surfaces of elementary fibrils of an idealized, perfectly ordered cellulose II, a model that is based on intensities of x-ray diffraction peaks.     

Infra-red study on the oxidation of cotton cellulose,viscose rayon and their hydrolysis residues

The i.r. absorption band at 5·8 μm, characteristic of the CO group resulting from the oxidation of cellulosic fibres, has been used to study the effect of acid hydrolysis on the accessible OH groups of cotton cellulose and viscose rayon. The results obtained in this investigation, and those previously found by measurement of the rate constant of oxidation, show that both the i.r. and the rate constant of oxidation may be used as quantitative measures of the accessible OH groups in the various cellulosic fibres. The effect of temperature on the rate constant of oxidation of some hydrolysis residues was studied. The activation energies of oxidation of the late cotton hydrocellulose and viscose hydrocellulose residues have been found to be 12·2 and 13·3 kcal. respectively.     

Substitution of 2-phosphaindolizines by bromine and by chlorophosphines

Bromine does not add to phosphorus in a 2-phosphaindolizine 1 but substitutes its 1-position. The 1-bromo derivatives 2 are best prepared with Br₂/NEt₃ or N-bromosuccinimide. Their hydrolysis is remarkable; it involves a debromination of C-1, an oxidation of P and a selective opening of the P/C-3 bond. PCl₃ also causes a substitution of the 1-position. The resulting 1-dichlorophosphino derivatives 5 easily undergo a substituent exchange at the exocyclic phosphorus. More 1-phosphino derivatives are formed in the reaction of 1 with phenyl and diazaphospholyl dichlorophosphine.     

An Efficient Approach to the Synthesis of Ethyl Esters of 2,6-Anhydro-3-Deoxy-D-Gluco And D-Allo-Heptanoates

ABSTRACT

An efficient synthesis of analogues of DAH (3-deoxy-D-arabino-hept-2-ulosonic acid) and DRH (3-deoxy-D-ribo-hept-2-ulosonic acid) is described. The route exploits a previously published highly double-stereoselective hetero Diels-Alder reaction catalyzed by a chiral salenCo(II) complex. Asymmetric dihydroxylation followed by selective reduction leads to stereoselective introduction of hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-5. Oxidative cleavage of the C-6 side-chain, in situ reduction of the resulting aldehyde and deprotection afford the desired targets, which may be useful precursors to the simple analogues of the anti-influenza agent GG167.     

Fluorine-Induced Pseudo-Anomeric Effects in Methoxycyclohexanes through Electrostatic 1,3-Diaxial Interactions

We report counter-intuitive axial preferences in non-stereochemically biased, selectively fluorinated methoxycyclohexanes. These pseudo-anomeric effects are apparent when electronegative CF₂ groups are placed at the C-2, C-4 and C-6 positions of the cyclohexane ring to render the C-3/5 axial hydrogen atoms electropositive. The electrostatic interaction between these axial hydrogen atoms and the -OMe oxygen is stabilising. The effect is explored using high-level ab initio and DFT calculations in the framework of NBO, QTAIM and NCI analysis across a range of derivatives, and experimentally (¹⁹F{¹H}-NMR at −80 °C) for some illustrative examples. The effect is significant in energy terms for a weak interaction, and illustrates a new stereoelectronic aspect attributed to selective fluorine substitution in organic chemistry.     

Synthesis of 2′-amino-17-cyclopropylmethyl-6,7-dehydro-3,14-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6,7:4′,5′-thiazolomorphinan from naltrexone

Fusion of an azole moiety at C-6 and C-7 of naltrexone ( 1 ) is illustrated by the synthesis of the title compound 8 . Bromination of 3-O-methylnaltrexone led to the 1,7α-dibromo derivative which reacted with thiourea to attach the 2-aminothiazole ring to C-6 and C-7 of naltrexone. After converting the amino and alcohol groups to trimethylsilyl derivatives, the aromatic bromo group was removed by halo-lithium interchange with butyllithium, followed by hydrolysis with water. In the final step of the synthesis, the methyl ether was cleaved by boron tribromide to generate 8 . An alternate synthesis of 8 commenced with 3-O-acetylnaltrexone ( 9 ). Bromination of 9 in acetic acid in the presence of hydrobromic acid produced a mixture of 3-O-acetyl-7α-bromonaltrexone ( 10 ) and 7α-bromonaltrexone ( 11 ), both, as hydrobromides. Reaction of this mixture with thiourea furnished 8 (62% from 1 ). While ¹H and ¹³C chemical shifts of all compounds are reported, those of 11 hydrobromide and 8 dihydrochloride were established unequivocally.     

13C-NMR spectral studies on the distribution of substituents in some cellulose derivatives

¹³C-NMR spectra of trityl cellulose (Tr-Cell), tosyl cellulose (Ts-Cell), cellulose S-methyl xanthate (Cell-M-Xan), and cellulose formate (CF) in dimethylsulfoxide-d₆ were analyzed at 50.4 MHz. It was found that the distribution of substituents in the anhydroglucose units of these cellulose derivatives can be estimated from their ring carbon spectra. The results showed that (i) in Tr-Cell having degree of substitution (DS) lower than 1, the hydroxyl groups at C-6 carbon position are selectively tritylated, (ii) in the case of Ts-Cell, the difference in the relative DS value among three different types of hydroxyl groups is not large, although the relative reactivities of hydroxyl groups toward tosylation decrease in the order C-6 > C-2 > C-3, (iii) in Cell-M-Xan, the hydroxyl groups at C-3 carbon position are mainly substituted, and (iv) the ease of formylation is C-6 > C-2 > C-3. The 100.8 MHz ¹³C-NMR spectra of O-methyl cellulose (MC) revealed that the reactivity order in commercial MC prepared from alkali cellulose is C-6 ? C-2 > C-3. Concerning MC, its water solubility was also discussed in terms of the distribution of substituents along the cellulose chain.     

Efficient Regioselective Synthesis of Mono-2-O-Sulfonyl-cyclodextrins by the Combination of Sulfonyl Imidazole and Molecular Sieves

Abstract

Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides consisting of six or more α-1,4-linked D-glucopyranose units, which possess primary hydroxyl groups at the C-6 positions and secondary hydroxyl groups at the C-2 and C-3 positions. Because cyclodextrins have a hydrophobic and optically active interior, they have been utilized as transporters of hydrophobic molecules and small molecular mimics of enzymes. The chemical modification of cyclodextrins has been investigated in order to improve these characteristics. Sulfonations of the primary or secondary hydroxyl groups of cyclodextrin have been applied for further functionalization of cyclodextrin, and several methods for regioselective sulfonations have been developed. Among these strategies, selective monotosylation of the C-6 hydroxyl group is done relatively easily by reaction of α or β-cyclodextrin and p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine^1,2 or in alkaline aqueous solution.^3,4 However, sulfonation of the secondary hydroxyl groups is more difficult and new sulfonation methods must be developed to provide precursors for cyclodextrin analogues such as amino and sulfide analogues. Several strategies for the sulfonation of one C-2 hydroxyl group have been reported. However, because reaction conditions can require specific sulfonation reagent,⁵ alkaline condition,^3-7 strict anhydrous conditions,^8,9 or use of protected C-6 hydroxyl groups,^10,11 the methodology is not convenient to employ.     

Synthesis of 9-azolyl-3-(4-phenyl-4h-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-4h,8h-pyrano-[2,3-<Emphasis Type="Italic">f</Emphasis>]chromene-4,8-diones

The reaction of 6-ethyl-8-formyl-7-hydroxy-3-(4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)chromone with 2-azolyl-acetonitriles gave 8-iminopyrano[2,3-f]chromen-4-ones, whose acid hydrolysis led to pyrano-[2,3-f]chromene-4,8-diones containing azaheterocyclic substituents at C-3 and C-9.     

Regio- and chemoselective manipulation under mild conditions on glucosamine derivatives for oligosaccharide synthesis and its application toward N-acetyl-d-lactosamine and Lewis X trisaccharide

Special emphasis on regio- and chemoselective manipulation on a new glucosamine scaffold was laid, toward the short-step and efficient synthetic routes for oligosaccharides. First, the blocking of two hydroxyl groups at C-1 and C-6 positions of N-protected glucosamine at once by silylation followed by an oxazolidinone formation between C-3 hydroxyl and C-2 amino groups were established, to lead an expeditious way for a glycosyl acceptor for lactosamine synthesis. Second, without any effect on acetyl protective groups in the same molecule, the ring-opening of oxazolidinone and hydrolysis of resulting carbonate under mild conditions allowed the C-3 hydroxyl group to be free, which is indispensable for further extension to oligosaccharides, such as a LeX trisaccharide.     

New phenylboronic esters derived from inositol [1]

We have prepared two new tetracyclic phenylboronic esters 4 and 5 derived from myo-inositol and from 1,2-O-isopropylidene-myo-inositol, respectively. The structures of these compounds were established from NMR and IR spectra, elemental analyses, and an X-ray diffraction study in the case of 4 . Compound 4 is a tetracyclic derivative of the less stable conformer of inositol (five axial hydroxy groups and one equatorial) with two dioxaboroline rings at opposite faces of the six-membered ring, one formed between the boron atom and the axial hydroxyl groups at C-3 and C-5 and the other between the boron atom and the hydroxyl groups at C-4 and C-6, and a dioxaborolidine ring bridging C-1 and C-2 at axial and equatorial positions. A similar structure was found for 5 with the difference that bridging C-1 and C-2 there is a dioxolane ring. The boron atoms are planar with their attached atoms, stabilized by retrocoordination between the boron and oxygen and carbon atoms, respectively. The two phenyl rings that are in the same face of the molecule are essentially parallel, with a dihedral angle between planes of 28.26 ± 0.79°.     

Viscometric determination of dialdehyde content in periodate oxycellulose. Part I. Methodology

Periodate oxycellulose was subjected to alkaline hydrolysis at room temperature in both homogeneous (cupriethylenediamine) and heterogeneous (sodium hydroxide) medium, and the degradation kinetics was followed for nearly three months. By comparing the obtained results with the degradation kinetics of both hydrocellulose and periodate oxycellulose reduced with tert-butylamine borane, it was demonstrated that the -alkoxy fragmentation of oxidised sites is a very fast reaction, which reaches completeness during the preparation of samples for viscometric analyses. The subsequent degradation is due to other mechanisms, such as autoxidation and peeling. A comparison between the degrees of polymerisation of periodate oxycellulose before and after its reduction allows the quantitative determination of dialdehyde groups, without the interference of reducing end groups. Although this technique might not be valid for other kinds of oxycellulose, it supplies a simple and fast method for the analysis of mildly oxidised cellulose.     

12H-dibenzo[d,g][1,3,2]dioxaphosphocins: Synthesis,structures and “through-space” spin-spin coupling in their NMR spectra

A series of 12H-dibenzo[d,g][1,3,2]dioxaphosphocins has been prepared by the reactions of bisphenols with either ethyl phosphorodichloridate or phosphorus pentasulfide. The structures of a pair of cis and trans isomers in this series were elucidated by X-ray crystallography. Both isomers adopt the boat-chair conformation in the solid state with the bulky group at C-12 in the pseudo-equatorial position. Some flattening of the heterocyclic ring due to the pseudo-axial ethoxy group was observed in the cis isomer. A novel transannular cyclisation reaction was observed in the mass spectra of the cis isomers and this has allowed us to assign the configurations of all the isomers in the series. The pmr spectra of the compounds have been explained in terms of the rigid boat-chair conformation; however, as bulky groups were introduced at C-12, signs of mobility were observed for the cis isomers and an equilibrium was established with mobile boat forms. A stereospecific long-range coupling between P and the proton at C-12 could be transmitted “through space” by the antiperiplanar lone-pair electrons on the ring oxygen atoms.     

Synthesis of New Regioselectively Sulfated Hyaluronans for Biomedical Application

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) display various biological effects which are strongly influenced by the degree of sulfation and the position of sulfate groups within the polymer. Hyaluronan, a non-sulfated GAG, represents a readily accessible educt to synthesize structural analogues of sulfated GAGs mimicking their biological activity. Different strategies were developed and evaluated to synthesize hyaluronan sulfates with a free primary hydroxyl group at C-6' and sulfated secondary hydroxyl groups. Applying selective desulfation methods of high-sulfated hyaluronan by means of silylating agents, products regioselectively desulfated at the primary C-6' but also partly the C-4' position were obtained. A pathway using benzoyl ester protecting groups to block the primary hydroxyl function of Hya during the sulfation resulted in a high-sulfated product, functionalized only at the secondary hydroxyl groups.     

Efficient synthesis of novel 1alpha-amino and 3beta-amino analogues of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d(3)

Convenient synthetic routes to 1alpha-amino-25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (3) and 3beta-amino-3-deoxy-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (4), novel analogues of vitamin D(3) bearing an amino group at the C-1 or C-3 position, have been developed starting from (S)-(+)-carvone. Construction of the A-ring fragments was accomplished by selective enzymatic hydrolysis of a diester intermediate and introduction of the amino group under Mitsunobu conditions.     

Chemical conversion of corticosteroids to 3 alpha,5 alpha-tetrahydro derivatives. Synthesis of allotetrahydrocortisol glucuronides and allotetrahydrocortisone glucuronides

The synthesis of the 3- and 21-glucuronides of allotetrahydrocortisol (allo-THF) and allotetrahydrocortisone (allo-THE) is described. 5 alpha-Dihydrocortisol (5) was prepared by selective hydrogenation of 21-acetoxy-3, 11 beta, 17 alpha-trihydroxy-3,5-pregnadien-20-one 3-ethyl ether (3), followed by acid hydrolysis and saponification. When 5 alpha-dihydrocortisol 21-tetrahydropyranyl ether (6) was treated with potassium tri-sec-butylborohydride in tetrahydrofuran under mild conditions, regioselective and stereoselective reduction at C-3 took place to give allo-THF 21-tetrahydropyranyl either (7). This compound was converted into the 3- and 21-monoacetates of allo-THF and allo-THE, key intermediates. Introduction of the glucuronyl residue at C-3 or C-21 was carried out by means of the Koenigs-Knorr reaction. Prior to saponification yielding the 3-glucuronides (20,23), the alkali-sensitive ketol side chain at C-17 was protected as 20-semicarbazones.     

Probing the intestinal α-glucosidase enzyme specificities of starch-digesting maltase-glucoamylase and sucrase-isomaltase: synthesis and inhibitory properties of 3'- and 5'-maltose-extended de-O-sulfonated ponkoranol

The synthesis and glucosidase inhibitory activities of two C-3'- and C-5'-β-maltose-extended analogues of the naturally occurring sulfonium-ion inhibitor, de-O-sulfonated ponkoranol, are described. The compounds are designed to test the specificity towards four intestinal glycoside hydrolase family 31 (GH31) enzyme activities, responsible for the hydrolysis of terminal starch products and sugars into glucose, in humans. The target sulfonium-ion compounds were synthesized by means of nucleophilic attack of benzyl protected 1,4-anhydro-4-thio-D-arabinitol at the C-6 position of 6-O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl trisaccharides as alkylating agents. The alkylating agents were synthesized from D-glucose by glycosylation at C-4 or C-2 with maltosyl trichloroacetimidate. Deprotection of the coupled products by using a two-step sequence, followed by reduction afforded the final compounds. Evaluation of the target compounds for inhibition of the four glucosidase activities indicated that selective inhibition of one enzyme over the others is possible.     

Herzwirksame Glykoside aus der weissen Meerzwiebel. Konstitution des Scilliphäosids und des Glucoscilliphäosids. 55. Mitteilung über Herzglykoside [1]

Scilliphaeoside (I), C₃₀H₄₂O₉, and glucoscilliphaeoside (III), C₃₆H₅₂O₁₄, represent two minor glycosides which occur in the bulbs of the white sea onion or squill [Scilla (= Urginea) maritima (Baker) L.]. Glucoscilliphaeoside is easily converted into scilliphaeoside and D-glucose by selective enzymatic cleavage with β-glucosidases (e. g. strophanthobiase). Acid hydrolysis splits glucoscilliphaeoside into anhydroscilliphaeosidin (IV) and L-scillabiose (= β-D -glucosyl-L -rhamnose), scilliphaeoside yields the same anhydro-aglycone IV and L-rhamnose. The true genin scilliphaeosidin (VI), C₂₄H₃₂O₅, has now been gained by a combined oxidative and hydrolytic cleavage of the rhamnose residue of scilliphaeoside. By chemical evidence and spectroscopical data scilliphaeosidin is characterized as a trihydroxy-Δ⁴-steroid of the bufadienolide type. The assumed locations of the three hydroxylic functions at C-3, C-12 and C-14 are established by permanganate degradation of the lactone ring of di-O-acetyl-scilliphaeosidin (VII) to the etianic acid derivatives XIII and XIV, which are also available from digoxigenin. These correlations prove the structure of scilliphaeoside (I) as 12β-hydroxy-proscillaridin A, glucoscilliphaeos de (III) representing 12β-hydroxy-scillaren A.