炸药Pop关系和反应Hugoniot曲线的确定、对单一曲线增长讨论

本文利用锰铜压力计和楔形炸药样品,同时测定了不同初始冲击波幅值下。冲击波在炸药内的发展过程及炸药内的压力场。得到炸药内延迟引爆距离(或延迟引爆时间)的对数与初始冲击波压力的对数成线性关系(即称为炸药的Pop图),利用初始冲击波幅值确定的炸药冲击波数据可求得未反应炸药的Hugoniot关系,而利用冲击波在炸药内增长过程中测得的参数所确定的是反应炸药的Hugoniot关系。本文用楔形炸药样品测得冲击波在炸药内的x-t关系以及不同Lagrangian压力剖面说明:冲击波在炸药内的增长并不完全满足单一曲线增长的假设。     

TATB基非均质炸药预冲击减敏的数值模拟

为了对一种TATB基非均质炸药的预冲击起爆现象展开数值模拟研究,将基于冲击温度及压力的AWSD反应率模型耦合进二维结构网格拉氏弹塑性流体力学程序。利用炸药及其产物的冲击雨贡纽实验数据校验了未反应炸药及产物的状态方程参数,通过一维冲击起爆的模拟,标定了反应速率模型参数。模拟了炸药在弱冲击0.45 μs后跟随的强冲击波的二次冲击实验,结果表明,受预压缩区域的炸药反应变慢,到爆轰距离增长了约1 mm,与该炸药二次冲击实验减敏现象相符。模拟拐角效应时,爆轰波经过拐角后,在拐角附近形成稳定的不起爆区域,与主要成分相同的LX-17炸药的拐角效应实验的死区特征相符。数值模拟结果表明,基于冲击温度及压力的AWSD反应率模型可以较好地模拟非均质炸药预冲击减敏问题。     

有氧化剂(AP)含铝炸药的爆轰性能

对有氧化剂含铝炸药(RDX/AP/Al/粘合剂=20/43/25/12,下称含铝炸药)爆轰反应的点火增长模型进行研究。用VLW状态方程方法计算了含铝炸药爆轰产物JWL状态方程;用激光速度干涉仪（VISAR）测量炸药/窗口界面粒子速度和炸药驱动金属平板自由表面速度,对试验进行了数值模拟计算,拟合了含铝炸药的反应速率方程。研究结果表明,用VLW状态方程方法和炸药/窗口界面粒子速度确定JWL状态方程和反应速率方程可行,金属平板驱动试验的计算结果与试验结果吻合。     

准一维拉氏分析方法及其在凝聚炸药冲击波起爆研究中的应用

本文提出了一种准一维拉氏分析方法,用二维拉氏实验方法测得的不同拉氏位置上的压力和径向位移的变化曲线作为输入量,就能求解二维冲击波起爆过程中对称轴附近的流场。作为初步应用,文中列出了在两种加载条件下,压装TNT的二维冲击波起爆过程的分析结果。     

一种与爆轰参数封闭的JWL方程参数确定方法

利用数值模拟和理论计算分析了炸药JWL状态方程参数与爆轰参数封闭的重要性;获得了利用圆筒实验测试结果计算炸药爆轰产物绝热等熵指数和爆压的方法;建立了与爆轰参数封闭的JWL状态方程参数的确定方法,并依据公布的圆筒实验数据,应用于两种典型炸药JWL状态方程参数的确定,获得的参数与炸药爆轰参数严格封闭,数值模拟结果与实验结果一致性好,表明炸药JWL参数确定方法合理可靠。     

PBX-01炸药水中爆轰产物状态方程研究

提出通过水中实验确定炸药的水中爆轰产物JWL状态方程参数的方法;选择PBX-01高能炸药进行水中实验,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA程序建立炸药的水中实验模型,将实验结果与数值计算结果进行对比,确定PBX-01炸药水中爆轰产物的JWL状态方程参数。研究结果显示,圆筒实验确定的JWL参数在反映炸药水中爆轰产物的膨胀状态时有所不足,水中实验确定的JWL状态方程参数能够更准确地描述PBX-01炸药水中爆轰产物的膨胀过程,因此对水中爆炸的研究需要通过水中爆炸实验建一套状态方程参数。

     

HNS-Ⅳ炸药的点火增长模型

进行直径?10mm 的圆筒实验,根据冲击Hugoniot关系,拟合了HNS-Ⅳ炸药的未反应时的JWL状态方程,并通过数值模拟确定了HNS-Ⅳ炸药爆轰产物JWL状态方程参数;测量炸药/窗口界面粒子速度历程,结合数值模拟获得HNS-Ⅳ炸药的点火增长模型反应速率方程参数。研究表明,HNS-Ⅳ炸药点火增长模型能够描述反应过程并与实验结果吻合较好。     

高能炸药爆轰波反应区流场的拉格朗日分析方法

给出了一种简单的、对高能炸药爆轰反应区流场进行拉格朗日分析的方法。若已知未反应炸药和反应产物的状态方程，采用适当假设，我们可以在不知道反应速率函数的情况下得到爆轰反应区中的关系ｐ（）和ｕ（）等。根据这些关系及爆轰反应区中拉氏量计的实验结果ｐ（ｔ）［或ｕ（ｔ）］，通过插值或数据拟合可以得到爆轰反应区中的反应流场。我们将此方法应用于ＰＢＸ－９４０４炸药，并得到其爆轰反应区中的反应流场。     

金属约束下定常非理想爆轰的理论研究

为了对金属约束条件下的定常非理想爆轰进行理论研究,对未反应炸药和爆轰产物采用JWL形式状态方程,对金属采用p(,T)形式状态方程。采用过爆轰前导冲击波的流线偏转角在影响域内沿高度线性变化的假设,并且由未反应炸药和金属的冲击波极曲线的交点确定爆轰冲击边缘角,则可从未反应炸药斜冲击波极曲线关系式求出爆轰前导冲击波阵面的形状。采用爆轰前导冲击波阵面之后的流线是直线的假设,则爆轰流动控制方程由偏微分方程变为沿流线的常微分方程,沿着所有流线求解便给出爆轰化学反应区内声速线与化学反应结束线的位置。理论分析同时给出约束金属折射冲击波后面的流体的流动状态。理论结果给出的爆轰化学反应区结构特征和约束金属内的流动状态特征与高精度数值模拟的结果符合良好,说明本文中给出的理论方法具有良好的合理性和适用性。     

惰性介质对钝感炸药爆轰的约束效应

首先用改进冲击波极曲线理论分析惰性介质对钝感炸药爆轰的约束作用类型。改进冲击波极曲线基于爆轰ZND模型建立在前导冲击波上,并且未反应炸药采用JWL状态方程,惰性介质采用p（ρ,T）形式状态方程。理论考察声速小于炸药CJ爆速且压缩性不同的6种典型惰性介质约束情况。然后用带三项式Lee-Tarver化学反应率的二维Lagrange流体力学方法数值模拟考察约束相互作用。数值考察约束介质的影响因素有:压缩性、厚度、典型双层介质组合约束。从数值结果看出,由介质压缩性的不同给出的约束作用方式共7种:其中6种出现在介质声速小于炸药CJ爆速条件下,可运用冲击波极曲线理论;另外一种出现在介质声速大于炸药CJ爆速条件下,不能使用冲击波极曲线理论。同时,介质厚度、双层介质组合方式也能够影响爆轰前导冲击波阵面形状以及爆轰化学反应流动状态。     

Symplectic multi-level method for solving nonlinear optimal control problem

By converting an optimal control problem for nonlinear systems to a Hamiltonian system,a symplecitc-preserving method is proposed.The state and costate variables are approximated by the Lagrange polynomial.The state variables at two ends of the time interval are taken as independent variables.Based on the dual variable principle,nonlinear optimal control problems are replaced with nonlinear equations.Furthermore,in the implementation of the symplectic algorithm,based on the 2N algorithm,a multilevel method is proposed.When the time grid is refined from low level to high level,the initial state and costate variables of the nonlinear equations can be obtained from the Lagrange interpolation at the low level grid to improve efficiency.Numerical simulations show the precision and the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in this paper.     

Equations of state of condensed media

We discuss a method for constructing the complete equation of state of a condensed medium thermodynamically, this method being based on the utilization of experimental data on shock compression and on the second law of thermodynamics. Determination of the accuracy of the solution so obtained, so far as its dependence on experimental error connected with the dynamical experiments and initial conditions was concerned, was carried out by means of statistical tests (Monte Carlo). The method is free from restricting assumptions as to the properties and nature of the medium under investigation. In the present paper, equations of state for W, Cu, and LiF are constructed. The results obtained are compared with experimental results and with equations of state based on models.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 6, pp. 156–166, November–December, 1972.The author thanks L. V. Al'tshuler and V. M. Ievlev for many discussions     

Method of high-order lagrange multiplier and generalized variational principles of elasticity with more general forms of functionals

It is known[1]that the minimum principles of potential energy andcomplementary energy are the conditional variation principles underrespective conditions of constraints.By means of the method of La-grange multipliers,we are able to reduce the functionals of condi-tional variation principles to new functionals of non-conditionalvariation principles.This method can be described as follows:Mul-tiply undetermined Lagrange multipliers by various constraints,andadd these products to the original functionals.Considering these un-determined Lagrange multipliers and the original variables in thesenew functionals as independent variables of variation,we can see thatthe stationary conditions of these functionals give these undeter-mined Lagrange multipliers in terms of original variables.The sub-stitutions of these results for Lagrange multipliers into the abovefunctionals lead to the functionals of these non-conditional varia-tion principles.However,in certain cases,some of the undetermined Lagrangemultipliers ma     

LCP method for a planar passive dynamic walker based on an event-driven scheme

The main purpose of this paper is to present a linear complementarity problem (LCP) method for a planar passive dynamic walker with round feet based on an event-driven scheme. The passive dynamic walker is treated as a planar multi-rigid-body system. The dynamic equations of the passive dynamic walker are obtained by using Lagrange’s equations of the second kind. The normal forces and frictional forces acting on the feet of the passive walker are described based on a modified Hertz contact model and Coulomb’s law of dry friction. The state transition problem of stick-slip between feet and floor is formulated as an LCP, which is solved with an event-driven scheme. Finally, to validate the methodology, four gaits of the walker are simulated: the stance leg neither slips nor bounces; the stance leg slips without bouncing; the stance leg bounces without slipping; the walker stands after walking several steps.     

Dynamics of spatial structure-varying rigid multibody systems

Summary Couplings in machines and mechanisms exhibiting backlash and friction phenomena can be modeled as multibody systems with unilateral constraints and Coulomb friction. The structure of the differential-algebraic equations describing the system depends on the state of the constraints. The contact forces occurring at active constraints are taken into account in the equations of motion as Lagrange multipliers. Additionally, the kinematic conditions of all active constraints are formulated on the acceleration level. Contact and friction laws are sufficient conditions for state transitions of active constraints, and are represented by nonsmooth characteristics. Several formulations, like the linear complementarity problem, and two different nonlinear systems of equations are presented together with their solution method. The theory is applied to a mechanical system containing three-dimensional and coupled unilateral constraints with friction. Received 14 May 1998; accepted for publication 5 January 1999     

Chemical relaxation in a viscous shock

We consider the flow of a nonequilibrium dissociating diatomic gas in a normal compression shock with account for viscosity and heat conductivity. The distribution of gas parameters in the flow is found by numerically solving the Navier-Stokes and chemical kinetics equations. The greatest difficulty in numerical integration comes from the singular points of this system at which the initial conditions are given. These points lead to instability of the numerical results when the problem is solved by standard numerical methods. An integration method is proposed that yields stable numerical results-continuous profiles of the distribution of the basic gas parameters in the shock are obtained.We consider steady one-dimensional flow in which the gas passes from equilibrium state 1 to another equilibrium state 2, which has higher values for temperature, density, and pressure. Such a flow is termed a normal compression shock.The parameter distribution in normal shock for nonequilibrium chemical processes has usually been calculated [1–3] without account for the transport phenomena (viscosity, heat conduction, and diffusion). The presence of an infinitely thin shock front perpendicular to the flow velocity direction was postulated. It was assumed that the flow is undisturbed ahead of the shock front. The gas parameters (velocity, density, and temperature) change discontinuously across the shock front, but the gas composition does not change. The composition change due to reactions takes place behind the shock front. The gas parameter distribution behind the front was calculated by solving the system of gasdynamic and chemical kinetics equations using the initial values determined from the Hugoniot conditions at the front to state 2 far downstream.Several studies (for example, [4, 5]) do account for transport phenomena in calculating parameter distribution in a compression shock, but not for nonequilibrium chemical reactions. These problems are solved by integrating the Navier-Stokes equations continuously from state 1 in the oncoming flow to state 2 downstream.We present a solution to the problem of normal compression shock in nonequilibrium dissociating oxygen with account for viscosity and heat conduction using the Navier-Stokes equations.     

Shock Compression of a Plate on a Wedged–Shaped Target

Problems of compression of a plate on a wedge–shaped target by a strong shock wave and plate acceleration are studied using the equations of dissipationless hydrodynamics of compressible media. The state of an aluminum plate accelerated or compressed by an aluminum impactor with a velocity of 5—15 km/sec is studied numerically. For a compression regime in which a shaped–charge jet forms, critical values of the wedge angle are obtained beginning with which the shaped–charge jet is in the liquid or solid state and does not contain the boiling liquid. For the jetless regime of shock–wave compression, an approximate solution with an attached shock wave is constructed that takes into account the phase composition of the plate material in the rarefaction wave. The constructed solution is compared with the solution of the original problem. The temperature behind the front of the attached shock wave was found to be considerably (severalfold) higher than the temperature behind the front of the compression wave. The fundamental possibility of initiating a thermonuclear reaction is shown for jetless compression of a plate of deuterium ice by a strong shock wave.     

Measurements of non-equilibrium and equilibrium temperature behind a strong shock wave in simulated martian atmosphere

Non-equilibrium radiation measurements behind strong shock wave for simulated Martian atmosphere are presented in this paper. The shock wave is established in a hydrogen oxygen combustion driven shock tube. Timeresolved spectra of the Δv = 0 sequence of the B ²Σ⁺ → X ²Σ⁺ electronic transition of CN have been observed through optical emission spectroscopy (OES). A new method, which is based on fitting high resolution spectrum for rotational and vibrational temperatures measurement, is proposed to diagnose temperature distribution behind the shock wave. It is estimated that the current scheme has the maximum deviation less than 8% (1σ) for vibrational temperature measurement through detailed analysis of the influence of the uncertainties of spectroscopic constants and spectral resolution. Radiation structure of the shock layer, including induction, relaxation and equilibrium process, and corresponding rotational and vibrational temperatures are obtained through time gating OES diagnostics with sub-microsecond temporal resolution. The present extensive results will strongly benefit the reaction rate estimation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code validation in high enthalpy Mars reentry chemistry.     

甲烷气体的冲击化学反应流研究

用二级轻气炮加载技术将W89Mo9Ni1Fe1飞片加速到约5.0km/s,撞击封装有接近常态的甲烷气体的LY12铝靶。利用六通道高温计和示波器记录到冲击压缩的甲烷气体的光辐射历史曲线,并获得甲烷气体的冲击波速度与温度。利用一维Euler方程与化学反应方程的全流场耦合,采用甲烷体系的13组元40反应步的化学反应模型,并用3阶WENO数值格式对空间进行离散。为避免刚性过强,化学反应源项用点隐方法处理。由此得到了甲烷的冲击反应流场和波后热力学参数。通过比较,数值结果与实验结果符合较好。最后,解释了甲烷用作电探针保护气体的物理机制。