CexPr1-xO2-δ复合氧化物的XRD和Raman表征

A series of Ce_xPr_1-xO_2-δ mixed oxides were synthesized by sol-gel method and characterized by Raman and XRD techniques. When x value was changed from 1.0 to 0.5, only a cubic phase CeO₂ was observed. The samples were very well crystallized on decreasing x from 0.50 to 0.99. For Ce_xPr_1-xO_2-δ samples 465 cm^-1 and 1 150 cm^-1 Raman peaks are attributed to the Raman active F_2g mode of CeO₂. The broad peak at about 570 cm^-1 in the region of 0.3 ≤x≤ 0.99 can be linked to lattice defects resulting in oxygen vacancies. The new band at about 195 cm^-1 may be attributed to the asymmetric vibration caused by the formation of oxygen vacancies. Calcination temperatures had great effect on the peak intensity for CeO₂ but less effect on Ce_0.8Pr_0.2O_2-δ in Raman spectra. It might be due to the transformation of the colors for the mixed oxides, the insertion of Pr atom into the ceria lattice could enhance the sintering resistance and thermal stability of the mixed oxides.     

纳米钙钛矿LaxSr1-xFe1-yCoyO3复合氧化物的制备和表征

用甘氨酸-硝酸盐燃烧合成法，制备La_xSr_1-xFe_1-yCo_yO₃复合氧化物的陶瓷粉末，对该钙钛矿型氧化物进行了XRD、IR、紫外漫反射光谱及循环伏安曲线分析。结果表明：该复合氧化物粉体平均晶粒为15.3～29.8 nm,为立方和正交晶系。该氧电极具有双功能催化特性，但不完全可逆。对水溶液染料进行光解实验，利用紫外-可见、人工神经网络光度法研究La_xSr_1-xFe_1-yCo_yO₃的催化性能。结果表明：CO²⁺的加入可使La_xSr_1-xFeO₃的光催化活性有所提高，B位离子(Fe³⁺，CO²⁺)改变与加入，使La_xSr_1-xFe_1-yCo_yO₃(x=0.7，0.3；y=0.3，0.9，1)光催化活性高于La_xSr_1-xFeO₃。同时，对5种染料进行紫外光解，在0.75 h，脱色率大于91%，并为动力学一级反应。     

中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极Sr3Fe2-xNixO7-δ(x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3)的制备与性能

采用溶胶凝胶法(sol-gel)合成了Sr_3Fe_(2-x)Ni_xO_(7-δ)(x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3)系列阴极材料,通过X射线衍射、热膨胀系数测试、电导率测试、极化阻抗(R_p)测试、单电池性能测试等对材料的物相结构、热力学性能、电化学性能进行了表征。结果表明,所有样品均成功合成为具有类钙钛矿结构的单一纯相。热膨胀系数随着Ni元素掺杂含量的提高而不断下降。其高温电导率随着Ni元素掺杂含量的提高而升高,SFN30具有该系列最高的电导率101 S·cm~(-1)。该系列样品的极化阻抗随着Ni元素掺杂含量的提高呈现先下降后上升的趋势,SFN10在800℃具有小的极化阻抗(R_p=0.078 8Ω·cm~2)。电解质支撑的单电池输出功率变化趋势与极化阻抗趋势一致,SFN10在800℃获得421.6 mW·cm~(-2)的输出功率密度。     

Cu1-xAgxI(x=0.5～0.6)纳米微粒的制备与表征

In the presence of PVPK30,Cu_1-xAg_xI nanoparticles were prepared by ion exchange reaction.The product was characterized by FT-IR,XRD,TEM,EDS and SPS,respectively.It was found that the value of x is ap-proximately 0.5～0.6and the average diameter of the nanoparticles is 10～20nm.The product shows surface photovoltage property of semiconductor and the existence of Cu⁺ greatly enhances the separation efficiency of photoinduced electron-hole pairs.Meanwhile,SPS of Cu_1-xAg_xI nanoparticles with different X (Ag/I)value had been investigated. The results show that when X is 0.5～0.576, the SPS intensity of Cu_1-xAg_xI nanoparticles is highest.     

Mn1-x(Li,Ti)xCo2O4尖晶石型复合氧化物的制备、表征与催化性能

用柠檬酸配位燃烧法合成了Mn_1-x(Li,Ti)_xCo₂O₄系列尖晶石型复合氧化物催化剂，使用FTIR和XRD方法对催化剂结构进行表征，通过程序升温氧化反应(TPO)技术对这些催化剂在模拟柴油机尾气条件下进行同时消除NO_x和柴油碳黑反应的活性评价。结果表明，掺杂Li或Ti后的Mn_1-x(Li,Ti)_xCo₂O₄系列催化剂仍然保持了完整的尖晶石型复合氧化物结构，这些催化剂对同时消除柴油机尾气中的碳黑颗粒和NO_x具有良好的催化性能，其中Li或Ti的掺杂量为x=0.05较佳，结合碳黑燃烧与NO_x还原总的催化效果，Mn_0.95Li_0.05Co₂O₄具有最好的催化活性。     

BaCe0.8-xNbxGd0.2O3-δ(0≤x≤0.45)的制备及性能研究

采用高温固相反应法制备了质子导体BaCe_0.8-xNb_xGd_0.2O_3-δ(0≤x≤0.45)。结合XRD、SEM、EIS等技术对其物相、微观形貌、稳定性及电导率进行了研究。结果表明,在1 600 ℃烧结5 h制备的质子导体BaCe_0.8-xNb_xGd_0.2O_3-δ(0≤x≤0.45)均能保持主相为斜方晶的钙钛矿结构。Nb的加入可明显提高烧结样品的致密性及在CO₂和水蒸气气氛下的稳定性。在湿润H₂/Ar(0.4%,V/V)气氛中800 ℃下,x=0.1样品的电导率为5.73 mS·cm^-1,电导活化能为0.35 eV,与x=0的样品相当。     

锌镍单液流电池正极Ni1-xMnx(OH)2倍率性能分析

采用缓冲溶液法制备Mn掺杂Ni_(1-x)Mn_x(OH)_2(x=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4)。X射线衍射(XRD)测试表明x=0.1和0.2的样品主要是由β相组成;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和氮气吸附-脱附测试表明掺杂Mn样品比不掺Mn的商用β-Ni(OH)2的颗粒更细小、多孔;恒流充放电测试表明,这种电极具有优良的高倍率性能,当x=0.2,电流密度800 mA·g-1时放电比容量为288.8 mAh·g-1,同等条件测试的商用β-Ni(OH)2放电比容量为198.7 mAh·g-1,循环580圈后仍有276 mAh·g-1的放电比容量,其衰减率为4.1%,而同等测试条件下的其它4种样品衰减率分别为46.1%(商用β-Ni(OH)2)、13.0%(x=0.1)、25.6%(x=0.3)、34.1%(x=0.4),可见这种Mn掺杂电极材料适合大电流密度充放电,能够改善镍电极的循环稳定性,降低镍电极成本。     

LixNi0.8-yCo0.2ZnyOp的合成及电化学性能研究

A series of single-phase Li_xNi_0.8-yCo_0.2Zn_yO_p(0.96 ≤x≤ 1.10， 0 ≤y≤ 0.05， 2 ≤p≤ 2(1+y) ) (different in the y values) were synthesized by a two-step solid state reaction method， in which LiOH·H₂O， Zn-doped spherical Ni(OH)₂ and Co₂O₃ were used as the precursors. The ICP-AES analyses proved that the Zn-doped compounds synthesized had the nonstoichiometric form. The results of the XRD， SEM identified that the uniform particles of the as-prepared materials having a good layered structure were fine， narrowly distributed and well crystallized. The electrochemical performance test was carried out and the results showed that the as-prepared Zn-doped materials had not only a high capacity， but also a better cycling stability characterization than the un-doped one. The Li_1.06Ni_0.75Co_0.22Zn_0.03O_2.03 material has an initial reversible capacity as high as 160.5mAh·g^-1; and a first discharge efficiency 89.2%， and exhibits satisfactory cyclic stability with 90% retainable capacity after 50 cycles.     

中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料Sm2-xCexCuO4的制备与性能研究

采用甘氨酸-硝酸盐法合成了新型中温固体氧化物燃料电池(ITSOFC)阴极材料Sm_2-xCe_xCuO₄(SCC，x=0.0～0.25)。利用XRD和SEM对材料的结构、化学稳定性和微观形貌进行分析表明，该阴极材料与电解质Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O_1.9(CGO)在1 000 ℃烧结时不发生反应;且烧结2 h后，二者之间形成良好的接触界面。利     

层状O2结构锂锰氧化物Li0.60[MgxCoyMn1-x-y]O2的制备及结构表征

本文采用离子交换法分别制备了双复合锂锰氧化物Li_0.60[Mg_xMn_1-x]O₂(0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.15)和三复合锂锰氧化物Li_0.60[Mg_xCo_yMn_1-x-y]O₂(x=0.05，0.05 ≤      

尖晶石型LiMn2-xInxO4(x=0，0.01，0.02，0.05)的合成及电化学性能研究

以醋酸锰、氢氧化锂和三氧化二铟为原料,以柠檬酸为配位剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂In的尖晶石LiMn2-xInxO4(x=0,0.01,0.02,0.05),采用XRD、SEM对目标材料进行了结构和形貌表征,采用恒流充放电、循环伏安(CV)以及交流阻抗(EIS)谱测试对材料进行了电化学性能表征,考察了不同In掺杂量对材料性能的影响。结果表明,当In掺杂量为1%时,LiMn1.99In0.01O4样品具有纯的尖晶石锰酸锂结构,在0.5C和3.4～4.35 V电压范围条件下,LiMn1.99In0.01O4的初始放电容量为119.9 mAh.g-1,经过1C 30次,2C 30次,再0.5C 5次循环后,其放电容量保持率为84.9%,显示了良好的电化学性能。掺杂1%的In的样品比未掺杂的样品具有更优的高温循环稳定性能。     

MCl2-TiO2-SnO2 (M=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) 催化剂甲烷氧化偶联反应性能的研究

选用不同的碱土金属氯化物为原料,采用共研磨的方法制备出了具有不同表面碱性的MCl2-TiO2-SnO2(M=Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba)催化剂,并考察了催化剂的甲烷氧化偶联反应性能.通过N2吸脱附(BET)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)和CO2程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)等技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,随碱土金属元素的不同,催化剂呈现出了强弱不同的碱性吸附位.催化剂表面的碱性对活化甲烷具有促进作用,同时也带来乙烯深度氧化副反应的发生.碱量越大的弱碱性吸附位对甲烷的活化越有利,而强碱性吸附位则能导致催化剂活性降低,甚至是催化剂失活.乙烯的选择性与催化剂表面晶格氧的相对浓度密切相关.表面晶格氧的相对浓度较高的催化剂,其乙烯选择性也较大.     

Ti掺杂对(LaMn1-xTixO3)0.67(NiMn2O4)0.33(0≤x≤0.7)陶瓷材料微结构及电性能影响

采用氧化物固相法制备(LaMn1-xTixO3)0.67(NiMn2O4)0.33系列NTC(Negative temperature coefficient)复合热敏电阻材料。利用TG/DSC、激光粒度分析、XRD、SEM、阻-温特性和老化性能测试等手段,确定了粉体煅烧温度,表征了粉体的颗粒尺寸、陶瓷体的物相、形貌及其电学特性、稳定性等与Ti掺杂量的关系。结果表明:在1 200~1 300℃烧结温度范围内,(LaMn1-xTixO3)0.67(NiMn2O4)0.33复合体系的电阻率ρ25℃随Ti含量的增加而显著增加;电阻率ρ25℃和B值变化范围分别为4.4~53 179Ω.cm、1 357~3 998 K。125℃下老化1 000 h阻值变化率ΔR/R0均小于0.51%。该复合体系电阻率、B值调整范围较大,稳定性好,是一种具有实际应用价值的NTC热敏电阻材料。     

纳米钙钛矿型LaFe1-xNixO3(x=0~1.0)的制备及其在紫外光激发下的电化学性能

本文采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了LaFe1-xNixO3(x=0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0)纳米晶粉末,利用XRD、TEM和电化学测试方法对LaFe1-xNixO3材料的相结构、形貌、成分组成和其在碱液中的充放电性能以及电化学动力学性能等方面进行了表征和分析,同时对电极受紫外光激发前后的电化学行为进行了对比研究。XRD和TEM分析表明,用硝酸盐作为原材料和溶胶-凝胶方法可制备出单一相结构的纳米晶钙钛矿型LaFe1-xNixO3复合氧化物,随Ni替代量x的增大,LaFe1-xNixO3的相结构由正交结构向菱面体结构转变,其分子体积和晶粒尺寸呈现减小的趋势。电化学研究结果表明,紫外光激发前,LaFe1-xNixO3电极的放电容量随x的增加而逐渐增大;光激发后,电极的放电容量和交换电流Io与未激发前相比显著提高,当x=0.4时其放电容量具有最大值483.1mAh·g-1,Io值由光激发前的3.54～11.58 mA·g-1大幅增加至激发后的8.37～40.11 mA·g-1。     

Properties of the perovskites, SrMn1−xFexO3−δ (x=1/3, 1/2, 2/3)

The SrMn_1−xFe_xO_3−δ (x=1/3, 1/2, 2/3) phases have been prepared and are shown by powder X-ray and neutron (for x=1/2) diffraction to adopt an ideal cubic perovskite structure with a disordered distribution of transition-metal cations over the six-coordinate B-site. Due to synthesis in air, the phases are oxygen deficient and formally contain both Fe³⁺ and Fe⁴⁺. Magnetic susceptibility data show an antiferromagnetic transition at 180 and 140 K for x=1/3 and 1/2, respectively and a spin-glass transition at 5, 25, 45 K for x=1/3, 1/2 and 2/3, respectively. The magnetic properties are explained in terms of super-exchange interactions between Mn⁴⁺, Fe^(4+δ)+ and Fe⁽³⁺⁾⁺. The XAS results for the Mn-sites in these compounds indicate small Mn-valence changes, however, the Mn-pre-edge spectra indicate increased localization of the Mn-e_g orbitals with Fe substitution. The Mössbauer results show the distinct two-site Fe⁽³⁺⁾+/Fe^(4+δ)+ disproportionation in the Mn- substituted materials with strong covalency effects at both sites. This disproportionation is a very concrete reflection of a localization of the Fe-d states due to the Mn-substitution.     

NbS_(2-x)Se_x的制备、表征及其摩擦学性能

本文采用固相反应合成了NbS2-xSex纳米材料。并分别采用XRD、SEM、TEM、HRTEM进行了结构、形貌和成分的分析表征。系统研究了合成温度、保温时间及不同掺杂量对产物晶型和形貌演化的影响及规律性。结果表明Se的掺杂使NbS2-x Sex的形貌由纳米带(板)转变为纳米片,衍射峰明显宽化,峰强变弱,晶粒细化。且掺杂量、保温温度及时间对产物的形貌影响较大;在750℃下保温2 h得到的掺杂5at%Se的NbS1.9Se0.1形貌良好。将NbS2-xSex作为液体石蜡油的添加剂的UMT-2摩擦学实验结果表明掺杂后的NbS2-xSex具有优异的摩擦性能,其中掺杂5at%的Se在750℃下保温2 h的NbS1.9Se0.1摩擦性能最佳,同时对其摩擦机理进行了解释。     

Electronic structures of superconductors YBa2Cu3−x M x O y (M=Sn,Ni)

Based on the EHMO approach, the energy band structures for superconductors YBa₂Cu_3–x Sn _x O _y (y>7) and YBa₂Cu_3–x Ni _x O_y (y<7) were calulated in the present paper. The influence of the cation doping at the Cu site in the unit cell and the oxygen content on their electronic structures was studied. The results showed that the cation doping at the Cu site resulted in the great decreases in the bandwidths of the broad anisotropic Cu-O bands and the densities of states. In YBa₂Cu_3–x Sn _x O _y , however, these decreases are compensated by the increase in the oxygen content caused by the Sn-doping, which results in a small change in the total densities of states. For YBa₂Cu_3–x Ni _x O _y , the effect of the doping on its electronic structures in dominant. The Ni-doping, therefore, results in a great change in the electronic structures. In addition, the study on the projected densities of states of the Ni-doped system revealed that the 2D Cu-O planes in the Y-Ba-Cu-O system played a dominant role in superconductivity.     

S-M（M=Al,Co）复合掺杂LiMn2O4的结构稳定性

应用量子化学电荷自洽离散变分Xα(SCC-DV-Xα)方法,研究了S-Al、S-Co复合掺杂增强尖晶石结构锂锰氧化物稳定性的作用机制.计算结果表明, S-Al复合掺杂锂锰尖晶石和S-Co复合掺杂锂锰尖晶石中的共价键强度均比未掺杂尖晶石LiMn2O4中的强,且与MnO2中的共价键强度相近; S-Al, S-Co复合掺杂尖晶石中Mn的电荷也与MnO2模型[Mn6O26]28－中十分接近. Mn原子的电荷密度次序是MnO2≈掺硫铝后锰锂尖晶石≈掺硫钴后的锂锰尖晶石< 锰锂尖晶石.即[LixMn3Co3O20S6]n－和[LixMn3Al3O20S6]n－中Mn的状态与MnO2中的Mn相似.上述结果揭示了S和非Jahn-Teller效应阳离子（Al3＋,Co3＋）复合掺杂尖晶石结构锂锰氧化物在电化学过程中不会发生Jahn-Teller畸变的内在原因.     

LnCu2O4(Ln=Gd,Nd)电子结构的XPS研究

用XPS测定了LnCu2O4(Ln=Gd, Nd)的内层和价层电子能谱,观察到LnCu2O4中稀土金属的3d电子结合能比相应的稀土金属简单氧化物的3d结合能低0.8～0.9 eV,而Cu的2p电子结合能比CuO的高0.4～0.5 eV,因此推断在LnCu2O4的Ln－O－Cu链中存在Cu→O→Ln电荷转移.XPS分析还表明LnCu2O4的Cu原子上有较低的电荷密度,但不存在混合价态.此外,通过比较价电子能谱,发现NdCu2O4的Ln 4f Cu 3d O 2p价带中心比GdCu2O4的价带中心向Fermi能级移近了3.4 eV,而且NdCu2O4的价带谱更窄.     

Ba0.98Bi0.02(Ti0.9Zr0.1)1-xCuxO3陶瓷的介电性能、弛豫行为与结晶化学特性

采用固相合成法,Bi3+作施主掺杂A位,Cu2+作受主掺杂B位,制备了Ba0.98Bi0.02(Ti0.9Zr0.1)1-xCuxO3(x=0,0.01,0.02,0.03)陶瓷样品。借助XRD、LCR等研究了该陶瓷的结构与介电性能。结果表明:当x=0.03时,陶瓷样品出现第二相。通过GULP模拟,缺陷偶极子的稳定性从低到高依次为:[2BiBa.+VBa″]、[2BiBa.+CuTi/Zr″]、[CuTi/Zr″+VO..],结合实验可知:介电弛豫程度与晶体中缺陷偶极子的存在形式相关,其中x=0.01时,晶体中以[2BiBa.+CuTi/Zr″]为主。随Cu2+掺杂量的增加,介电常数增加,介电常数与B位键价和呈反比变化、与八面体BO6的体积呈正比变化。