Advanced pneumatic method for gradient flow analysis

Pneumatic 5-hole probes are widely known reliable sensors for the analysis of three-dimensional flow fields. Since the accuracy of such measurements depends strongly on the volume of the probe and the gradients in the flow, a miniature spherical five-hole-probe with an improved analysis method was developed. With the new method, the complete physically reasonable angle measurement range can be used now by introducing modified calibration functions. A dimensionless examination of the flow around spheres shows the independence of the calibration functions within a wide range of flow velocities. Misrepresentations in flows with high gradients caused by the volume of the probe are estimated by a geometry based correction method. The quality of the method is analysed by an extensive error calculation. Results of measurements in a three-dimensional model combustor are discussed.     

Improved Calibration Coefficients for the Hole-Drilling Method Considering the Influence of the Poisson Ratio

For residual stress analyses with the incremental hole-drilling method adequate evaluation formalisms in order to transform the measured strains into stresses are required. The Integral Method is the most important theory used for analyses of nonlinear residual stress depth distributions. It is based on a calibration, which is carried out by Finite-Element-Analyses. For the sake of simplicity the used numerical models often represent an ideally cylindrical hole and ideal elastic material behavior with fixed elastic constants. The adaption of the calibration coefficients from the numerical simulations to the real experimental state is often performed by simple correction factors or is ignored completely. The following investigation highlights the influence of the Poisson ratio on the calibration coefficients for the most commonly used strain gage rosettes geometries, which are standardized by ASTME837-08. It comes out that the application of existing simple correction factors is only valid within a small range and better approximations can be obtained by alternative strategies.     

七孔探针可压缩流场测量研究

介绍了七孔探针用于亚音速可压缩流的标定方法。作为一种可以同时获得流动速度大小、流动偏角、总压和静压的气动测量装置,七孔探针被广泛应用于各种流动测量,包括可压缩流动。但是它的校准过程周期很长,代价昂贵,影响了探针的推广。本文以数值计算为手段,对七孔探针进行亚音速可压缩流校准与测量的研究。结果表明,其校准拟合精度流动角为2%,内外区的总静压相对标准偏差都没有超过3%,高于相同状态下的实验校准精度。在实际应用中,本方法用于指导传统实验标定方法,可以节约大量的标定时间和成本,使七孔探针在亚音速可压缩流的测量变得简单可行。     

New criteria for the validity of steady-state upscaling

We present new dimensionless criteria to determine the validity of steady-state upscaling techniques in the limit that capillary (capillary limit, CL) or viscous (viscous limit, VL) forces dominate flow in a simple, layered geological system. We begin by identifying a suit of dimensionless groups which characterize the balance of capillary and viscous forces, then use numerical experiments to determine empirically the threshold values of these dimensionless groups for which each upscaling method is valid. Our criteria capture the effects of capillary trapping and are valid regardless of fluid mobility, wettability, or end-point saturation. They can be used to determine the reservoir conditions for which each upscaling method is valid. Previous studies have used a single dimensionless number to characterize the balance of forces, so have failed to properly identify the range of validity. We apply our new criteria to explain cases when the upscaling methods have been observed to do unexpectedly well or poorly. We also demonstrate that the CL method can be valid for a wider range of reservoir conditions than previously thought, particularly in mixed- and oil-wet systems where capillary trapping is minimal.     

Rarefied gas flow in a triangular duct based on a boundary fitted lattice

The rarefied fully developed flow of a gas through a duct of a triangular cross section is solved in the whole range of the Knudsen number. The flow is modelled by the BGK kinetic equation, subject to Maxwell diffuse boundary conditions. The numerical solution is based on the discrete velocity method, which is applied for first time on a triangular lattice in the physical space. The boundaries of the flow and computational domains are identical deducing accurate results with modest computational effort. Results on the velocity profiles and on the flow rates for ducts of various triangular cross sections are reported and they are valid in the whole range of gas rarefaction. Their accuracy is validated in several ways, including the recovery of the analytical solutions at the free molecular and hydrodynamic limits. The successful implementation of the triangular grid elements is promising for generalizing kinetic type solutions to rarefied flows in domains with complex boundaries using adaptive and unstructured grids.     

Computer-aided calibration and measurements with a quadruple hotwire probe

A method for calibration and measurement with a four-wire probe is described. For each of the wires a three dimensional calibration field is determined, thus no assumption like King's law or the cosine law need to be made. The velocity vector can then be detected in a fairly large angular range (± 40°) with a numerical search algorithm. First measurements in a free jet and a confined, strongly swirling flow are presented.A version of this paper was presented at the 11th Symposium on Turbulence, University of Missouri-Rolla, Oct. 17–19, 1988     

High speed rotor wake total temperature measurements using a hot-film anemometer

 To develop a quantitative understanding of unsteady and interacting turbomachine flow fields, it is necessary to quantify the instantaneous efficiency of high speed turbomachines. This requires the measurement of both the unsteady velocity and total temperature variation in the exit flow of a high speed rotor. In this paper, techniques to utilize a single slant-film anemometer to measure unsteady total temperature are developed and evaluated. Then a series of preliminary experiments are performed in a high speed axial fan facility to quantify the instantaneous rotor efficiency. This is accomplished by utilizing these single slant-film methods to measure the total temperature in the rotor wakes. Results show that measurements at multiple overheats and several probe orientations are required. The simplest method proves to be useful for determining parameters used in other methods. An analysis based on King’s law gives good results even when measurements are outside the calibration range. Within the calibration range, a polynomial representation of the wire response to mass flux and total temperature yields good total temperature fluctuation results. A model analysis technique is also assessed. Received: 13 November 1997/Accepted: 16 February 1998     

Numerical simulation of steady-state and transient natural convection in an isothermal open cubic cavity

In this work the numeric results, of the steady-state and transient heat transfer by natural convection in a horizontal isothermal open cubic cavity are presented. The most important assumptions in the mathematical formulation are two, the flow is laminar and the Boussinesq approximation is valid. The conservation equations in primitive variables are solved using the finite volume method and the SIMPLEC algorithm. The advective terms are approximated by the SMART scheme and the diffusive terms are approximated using the central differencing scheme. The results are obtained for a Rayleigh number range from 10⁴ to 10⁷.The numerical model predicted flow instabilities and Nusselt number oscillations for high Rayleigh numbers.     

A plasticity theory without drucker's postulate,suitable for granular materials

A plasticity theory is introduced which starts with a dilatancy rule and a function of plastic strain rates which represents the energy dissipated during plastic deformation. Yield surfaces and flow rules are then derived using energy conservation and the theory of envelopes. This method allows valid plasticity theories to be derived for frictional materials, but gives results for non-frictional materials which are identical to those of the classical theories.A dissipation function which includes deformation by granule rearrangement and granule distortion is presented and used to obtain a range of yield surfaces and flow rules, which are similar to those used in the critical state theory of soil mechanics. The microstructural features which may control the governing parameters of the dissipation functions are discussed.     

Flow of a binary gas mixture with arbitrary accommodation of the tangential momentum

The system of BGK (Bhatnagar, Gross, Krook) equations describing the isothermal flow of a binary gas mixture in a capillary with arbitrary accommodation of the tangential momentum is solved by the Bubnov-Galerkin method. General expressions are given for the kinetic thermodynamic coefficients which are valid in the whole range of Knudsen numbers and have the correct free-molecule and viscous limits. The diffusion-slip coefficients, calculated by using test values of the fraction of diffuse reflection, are compared with the experimental results.     

A novel perspective to high-speed cross-hot-wire calibration methodology

A practical cross-hot-wire calibration and data reduction methodology for instantaneous measurements of mass flux and flow angle is developed for two dimensional subsonic compressible flows. Historically, data reduction for flow conditions of 0.4?<?M?<?1.2 is regarded as problematic, even in the simplified case of flow normal mounted wires. Thus, in comparison with the incompressible and supersonic conditions, the literature addressing these flow regimes is quite limited. The present study addresses this void by relating the wire voltages to flow conditions through renormalized, Mach and overheating independent, nondimensional quantities. Therefore, a short and robust calibration can be performed in an unheated free jet facility with applicability toward a broad range of planar flow conditions. This disposes the need for typical closed loop calibration wind tunnels which vary flow velocity, density and temperature independently to parameterize the voltage dependency in a purely empirical manner.     

七孔探针的神经网络校准与制造偏差分析

作为一种可以同时获得流动速度的大小和方向、以及总压和静压的气动测量装置,七孔探针能够被广泛应用于各种大角度的流动测量。但是它的校准过程周期很长,代价昂贵,影响了探针的推广和批量制造。神经网络算法被用于该探针的校准过程,弥补常规校准方法的不足;在掌握足够多数据点的前提下,一个经过优化的神经网络结构使得对校准精度的提高和进一步改善大角度条件下的探针性能成为可能;同时本文利用CFD数值方法分别模拟了两根探针的不可压绕流流动,实现其数值校准过程,通过对结果的比较和对探针制造过程中产生的典型的制造偏差进行分析,研究了典型制造偏差对校准系数和校准精度的影响。     

A Novel Phase Shifting Technique of Coherent Gradient Sensing Method for Measuring Crack-tip <Emphasis Type="Italic">K</Emphasis>-Dominance

A novel phase shifting method for coherent gradient sensing (CGS) is proposed to automate fringe processing. The phase shifting of CGS interferograms can be simply realized by placing three plane-parallel plates sequentially between the two gratings in the traditional CGS method. The phase shifting method is deduced theoretically and the full-field wrapped phase value can be calculated accurately from four or more interferograms. A calibration test that determines the elasto-optic constant for a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) sheet is implemented as a verification experiment. Results show the proposed phase shifting method is valid for transmission CGS measurement. As an application, the proposed phase-shifted CGS method is applied to measure the crack tip K-dominance in a PMMA sheet. In addition, the phase shifting method is shown to be valid for reflective CGS measurement.     

Stochastic calibration of sensors in turbulent flow fields

The calibration of high-bandwidth sensors is typically carried out in an steady environment or at least a well-controlled unsteady flow. A simple technique for calibration of sensors in flow fields with arbitrary unsteadiness (such as a turbulent field) is described. Although the method requires a DC reference measurement at each calibration point, the resulting calibration is accurate for both average and unsteady measurements up to the full bandwidth of the sensor. Applications and limitations of the technique are also discussed.This work is supported by AFOSR grant F49620-93-1-0194, monitored by Dr. J. McMichael and ONR grant N00014-92-J-1918, monitored by Dr. L.P. Purtel. The author gratefully acknowledges helpful discussions with Olivier Piepsz, Ruben Rathnasingham and Bill George.     

Moisture Absorption in Capillary Active Materials: Analytical Solution for a Multiple Step Diffusivity Function

This paper deals with the double-constraint methodology for calibration of steady-state groundwater flow models. The methodology is based on updating the hydraulic conductivity of the model domain by comparing the results of two forward groundwater flow models: a model in which known fluxes are specified as boundary conditions and a model in which known heads are specified as boundary conditions. A new zone-integrated double-constraint approach is presented by partitioning the model domain in zones with presumed constant hydraulic conductivity (soft data), and the double-constraint methodology is reformulated accordingly. The feasibility of the method is illustrated by a practical case study involving a numerical steady-state groundwater flow model with about 3 million grid blocks, subdivided into four zones corresponding to the major hydrogeological formations. The results of the zone-integrated double-constraint method for estimating the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities of the zones compare favourably with a classical model calibration based on minimisation of the differences between calculated and measured heads, while the double-constraint method proves to be more robust and computationally less cumbersome.     

Instantaneous concentration field measurement technique from flow visualization photographs

A method of measuring the instantaneous concentration field in a planar section of a dyed turbulent flow is described. Negatives of photographed laser-sheet induced fluorescence are digitized and then computer processed to give the concentration distribution of the dye. A simple calibration procedure to account for the film characteristics is presented. This calibration also compensates for non-uniformities in the illumination of the flow field, irregularities in the illumination of the photographic negative and differences between characteristics of the individual digitizing light sensors of the digitizer. The method is illustrated with a cross-section containing the jet axis of the instantaneous concentration field of the entrained fluid from a small source outside of a circular turbulent jet.     

A variable angle method of calibration for X-probes applied to wall-bounded turbulent shear flow

A variable angle calibration technique for hot wire and hot film X-probes incorporating a new method of interpolation is described here along with measurements in a fully developed turbulent channel flow. Results based on the new method of calibration include the mean velocity profile, Reynolds stress, and probability density distributions for fluctuating velocity components u and and for the flow angle. Also skewness and flatness factors for u and are given. Measurement data were also evaluated using the conventional method. A comparison of both techniques shows that the new method does not yield appreciable differences in statistical flow analyses but is more accurate in measuring rare flow events associated with large flow angles. An extended version of the new method of calibration allowing three dimensional measurements in turbulent flow will be discussed.     

正交异性动态光弹性方法的几个基本问题的研究

文章对适用于动态研究的正交异性光弹性复合材料进行了分析，详细说明了光弹性复合材料中残余双折射的确定方法；基于静态下Ｈｙｅｒ和Ｌｉｕ应力－光性定律，提出了正交异性动态应力－光性定律，并对正交异性材料的动态力学参数及动态光弹性常数给出了实用的标定方法；最后，利用三个单轴压缩试件（０°，９０°及４５°），采用动态应变测量方法，证实了单轴应力状态下正交异性动态应力－光性定律的正确性。     

模拟微可压粘弹性流体的WCCBS_SU方法

针对微可压缩粘弹性流动问题,发展了微可压缩流的WCCBS方法,详细推导了基于Oldroyd-B本构模型的WCCBS_SU方法的求解过程。在流场微可压的条件下,分别对平面Poiseuille流和4：1粘弹性收缩流进行了数值模拟。Poiseuille流在不同We数下数值结果与解析解的比较,验证了本文方法具有较高的精度和较好...