碱金属和氯离子对Mn_2O_3－Na_2WO_4／SiO_2催化剂甲烷氧化偶联反

本文考察了碱金属和氯离子对Ｍｎ２Ｏ３－Ｎａ２ＷＯ４／ＳｉＯ２催化剂甲烷氧化偶联反应性能的影响，结果表明，只有在氯离子和碱金属的共同作用下才能有效地提高Ｃ２烃的收率及其选择性．催化剂经ＮａＣｌ改性后，Ｃ２烃收率为２２％，并可获较高的烯烷比．在考察范围内增加接触时间（Ｗ／Ｆ），催化剂选择性保持不变，但乙烯的选择性呈上升趋势．钠盐Ｎａ２ＷＯ４、Ｎａ４Ｐ２Ｏ７、Ｎａ２ＳＯ４、Ｎａ２ＣＯ３及Ｎａ２Ｂ４Ｏ７对稳定催化剂的贡献按上述顺序逐渐减小．对ＮａＣｌ－Ｍｎ２Ｏ３－Ｎａ２ＷＯ４／ＳｉＯ２催化剂进行了稳定性考察，使用ＸＰＳ、ＸＲＤ和红外光谱对经历不同反应时间的催化剂进行了表征．     

Na-W-Mn/SiO_2催化剂中Na对甲烷氧化偶联制乙烯的作用(英文)

采用常规浸渍法制备了一系列Na（wt％）含量不同的Na－W－Mn／SiO_2催化剂,在流动态微型固定床常压反应装置上评价了这些催化剂的甲烷氧化偶联（OCM）制乙烯催化反应性能,并进行了XPS、XRD表征。实验结果表明,Na含量为0．39wt％－2．34Wt％的Na－W－Mn／SiO_2催化剂具有好的甲烷氧化偶联制乙烯性能,此时Mn以对反应有利的晶相存在,同时由于Na的表面富集,引起W、Mn向催化剂表面发生迁移。由此可见,在Na－W－Mn／SiO_2催化剂中,Na是甲烷转化和乙烯生成不可缺少的活性组分之一。     

Experimental investigation of fluidized-bed reactor performance for oxidative coupling of methane

Performance of the oxidative coupling of methane in fluidized-bed reactor was experimentally investigated using Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2,La2O3/CaO and La2O3-SrO/CaO catalysts.These catalysts were found to be stable,especially Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst.The effect of sodium content of this catalyst was analyzed and the challenge of catalyst agglomeration was addressed using proper catalyst composition of 2%Mn2.2%Na2WO4/SiO2.For other two catalysts,the effect of Lanthanum-Strontium content was analyzed and 10%La2O 3-20%SrO/CaO catalyst was found to provide higher ethylene yield than La2O3/CaO catalyst.Furthermore,the effect of operating parameters such as temperature and methane to oxygen ratio were also reviewed.The highest ethylene and ethane (C2) yield was achieved with the lowest methane to oxygen ratio around 2.40.5% selectivity to ethylene and ethane and 41% methane conversion were achieved over La2O3-SrO/CaO catalyst while over Mn-Na2WO4 /SiO2 catalyst,40% and 48% were recorded,respectively.Moreover,the consecutive effects of nitrogen dilution,ethylene to ethane production ratio and other performance indicators on the down-stream process units were qualitatively discussed and Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst showed a better performance in the reactor and process scale analysis.     

Breakthrough in the direct conversion of methane into c1-oxygenates

The partial oxidation of methane to CH3OH and HCHO (C1-oxygenates) was evaluated over a low surface area V2O5/SiO2 catalyst. The introduction of low amounts of NO (0-2.92% vol) to the reaction feed strongly enhanced both the conversion of methane and selectivity to C1-oxygenates. In the presence of NO, both the reaction temperature and the CH4/O2 ratio affected selectivity to CH3OH and HCHO. Selectivity values of C1-oxygenates as high as 40% at a methane conversion close to 40% were obtained.     

Formation of hydrogen in oxidative coupling of methane over BaCO3 and MgO catalysts

Hydrogen formed in oxidative coupling of methane （OCM） over BaCO3 and MgO catalysts was measured since the data of H2 selectivity were missing almost in all articles published heretofore. It was found that H2 selectivity achieved about 18%, when C2 hydrocarbon＇s selectivity was maintained at 48%-45% over BaCO3 catalyst at the feed molar ratio of CH4/O2 = 4 in temperature range of 780 °C-820 °C. Under similar conditions, H2 selectivity was about 14%-16% over MgO catalyst, with C2 selectivity maintained at 41%-42%. Possible routes for hydrogen formation in OCM reaction were discussed. Effect of addition of alkali metallic ions was also investigated.     

OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF METHANE OVER Mn_2O_3-Na_2WO_4/SiO_2 CATALYST IN THE ABSENCE OF DILUTE GAS

The oxidative coupling of methane over Mn2O3-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst has been investigated in the absence of dilute gas. 16.4% of C2 yield and 80.4% of the selectivity to C2 hydrocarbons were obtained at CH4/O2 = 8.5/1.5. The effect of flow rate on the selectivity to C2 hydrocarbons and CH4 conversion was different under the reaction condition of different ratio of CH4 to oxygen. The flow rate had a more remarkable effect on the selectivity at the lower ratio of methane to oxygen. The addition of steam into the reaction gas can increase C2 yield to some extent, but that of HC1 decrease the selectivity to C2 hydrocarbons.     

Kinetic studies of the oxidative coupling of methane over the Mn/Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst

Oxidative coupling of methane is a direct way to obtain C2 hydrocarbon,and Mn-Na-W/SiO2 catalyst is the most promising among all the catalysts.The 2%Mn/5%Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst was prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method.A 7-step heterogeneous reaction model of the oxidative coupling of methane to C2 hydrocarbons was conducted by co-feeding methane and oxygen at a total pressure of 1 bar over the catalyst.The kinetic measurements were carried out in a micro-catalytic fixed bed reactor.The kinetic data were obtained at the appropriate range of reaction conditions (4 kPa＜Po2 ＜20 kPa,20 kPa＜PCZH4 ＜80 kPa,800℃＜T＜900℃).The proposed reaction kinetic scheme consists of three primary and four consecutive reaction steps.The conversions of hydrocarbons and carbon oxides were evaluated by applying Langrnuir-Hinshelwood type rate equations.Power-law rate equation was applied only for the water-gas shift reaction.In addition,the effects of operating conditions on the reaction rate were studied.The proposed kinetic model can predict the conversion of methane and oxygen as well as the yield of C2 hydrocarbons and carbon oxides with an average accuracy of ±15%.     

Oxidative coupling of methane in a dual-bed reactor comprising of particle/cordierite monolithic catalysts

A dual-bed reactor was constructed comprising of a 5%Na2WO4-2%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst and a 4%Ce-5%Na2WO4-2%Mn/SiO2/cordierite monolithic catalyst. The reaction performance of the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) over the dual-bed reactor system was evaluated. The effects of the bed height and operation mode, as well as the reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, CH4/O2 ratio and flowrate of feed gas, on the catalytic performance were investigated. The results indicated that the suggested dual-bed reactor exhibited a good performance for the OCM reaction when the feed gases firstly passed through the particle catalyst bed and then to the monolithic catalyst bed. A CH4 conversion of 38.2% and a C2H4 selectivity of 43.3% could be obtained using the dual-bed reactor with a particle catalyst bed height of 10 mm and a monolithic catalyst bed height of 50 mm. Both the CH4 conversion and C2H4 selectivity have increased by 2.5% and 12.8%, respectively, as compared with the 5%Na2WO4-2%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst in a conventional single-bed reactor and by 12.9% and 23.0%, respectively, as compared with the 4%Ce-5%Na2WO4-2%Mn/SiO2/cordierite monolithic catalyst in a single-bed reactor. The catalytic performance of the OCM in the dual-bed reactor system has been improved remarkably.     

Studies on the structure and catalytic performance of S and P promoted Na-W-Mn-Zr/SiO2 catalyst for oxidative coupling of methane

A series of Na-W-Mn-Zr/SiO2 catalysts promoted by different contents of S or/and P were prepared and their catalytic performance for oxidative coupling of methane was investigated to clarify the effect of S and P on the Na-W-Mn-Zr/SiO2 catalyst. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From the characterization results, it is found that the addition of S and P to the Na-W-Mn-Zr/SiO2 catalyst helps the formation of active phases, such as α-cristo...     

CeO2-promoted W-Mn/SiO2 catalysts for conversion of methane to C3-C4 hydrocarbons at elevated pressure

A CeO2-doped Na-Mn-W/SiO2 catalyst for oxidative conversion of methane has been studied in a micro-stainless-steel reactor under elevated pressure; a CH4 conversion of 47.2% with a C3-C4 selectivity of 47.3% (C2:C3:C4 = 1:1:3.3) was obtained at 983 K with 1.0 x 10(5) ml g-1 h-1 GHSV, CH4/O2 = 2.5 and P = 0.6 MPa.     

焦炉煤气甲烷重整制氢热力学分析和实验研究(英文)

对焦炉煤气甲烷部分氧化重整热力学进行分析,考察反应温度、CH4/O2摩尔比及水蒸气加入量等因素对重整性能的影响,并分析焦炉煤气原始氢含量对其部分氧化重整性能的影响.分析结果表明甲烷转化率均随CH4/O2摩尔比和水蒸气加入量的增大以及反应温度的升高而增大.在CH4/O2摩尔比1.7-2.1,温度825-900℃及压力1.01×105Pa的反应条件下,可得较好重整性能;甲烷转化率,氢及一氧化碳的选择性分别为91.0%-99.9%,87.0%-93.4%和100%-107%,重整后得到的氢量增大到原始氢量的1.95-2.05倍,每摩尔焦炉煤气消耗的热量仅为2.94J,同时得出在CH4/O2摩尔比2,温度825-900℃及1.01×105Pa条件下,往焦炉煤气内添加体积分数为2%-4%的水蒸气时重整性能得到较大提高;重整后甲烷转化率、氢及一氧化碳选择性分别由92.6%、87.2%、104%增大到98.6%、96.4%、107%.并在BaCo0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ透氧膜反应器上研究NiO/MgO固溶体催化剂焦炉煤气部分氧化重整性能.结果表明该重整反应效果较好,于875℃下获得16.3mL.cm-2.min-1透氧量,95%甲烷转化率及80.5%氢和106%一氧化碳选择性.且所得实验结果与热力学分析结果符合较好,表明NiO/MgO固溶体催化剂有较好的催化重整性能.     

Particle/metal-based monolithic catalysts dual-bed reactor with beds-interspace supplementary oxygen:Construction and performance for oxidative coupling of methane

A novel particle/metal-based monolithic catalysts dual-bed reactor with beds-interspace supplementary oxygen is constructed comprising of the upper-layer 5wt%Na2WO4-2wt%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst and the under-layer 3 wt%Ce-5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SBA-15/Al2O3 /FeCrAl metal-based monolithic catalyst as well as a side tube in the interspaces of two layers for supplementing O2.The reaction performance of oxidative coupling of methane(OCM) in the dual-bed reactor system is evaluated.The effects of the reaction parameters such as feed CH 4 /O 2 ratio,reaction temperature and side tube feed O2 flowrate on the catalytic performance are investigated.The results indicate that the suggested mode of dual-bed reactor exhibits an excellent performance for OCM.CH4 conversion of 33.2%,C2H4 selectivity of 46.5% and C2 yield of 22.5% could be obtained,which have been increased by 6.4%,4.1% and 5.5%,respectively,as compared with 5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst in a single-bed reactor and increased by 10.7%,31.9% and 17.7%,respectively,as compared with 3 wt%Ce-5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SBA-15/Al2O3 /FeCrAl metal-based monolithic catalyst in a single-bed reactor.The effective promotion of OCM performance in the reactor would supply a valuable reference for the industrialization of OCM process.     

CH_4在Mo/HZSM-5及其改性催化剂上的无氧芳构化(英文)

运用微型固定床反应器装置,研究了Mo/HZSM-5催化剂的Mo载量、金属助剂改性、载体模数对甲烷无氧芳构化反应性能的影响。结果表明,Ni/Mo摩尔比为0.1的Mo-Ni/HZSM-5(SiO2/Al2O3=25)催化性能最好,其稳定性较好,芳烃收率最高可达15.74%;此时甲烷转化率60.24%,芳烃选择性26.13%。     

Cofeeding of Methane and Ethane to Produce Syngas over a LiLaNiO/γ-Al_2O_3 Catalyst

There are abundant supplies of mixture gases containing CH, and C,H, from natural gas,FCC (Fluidized Catalytic Cracking) dry gas, refinery gas, elc. Commonly, the amount ofC,H, is relatively lower than that of CH,. With regard to the utilization of methane,partial oxidation of methane to syngas over nickel based catalysts has received intensiveallention l'2. For mixture gases containing CH# and C,H,, their conversion to syngas isalso of significance (but has not gained adequate attentio…     

电场增强催化甲烷合成碳二烃催化剂影响研究

本研究提出了在常温、常压电场增强等离子体条件下甲烷直接转化合成碳二烃的洁净工艺 ,在不同的放电电压、放电功率、甲烷进料流量和不同的催化剂作用下 ,甲烷能够以不同的转化率和选择性转变为碳二烃。对影响甲烷转化率和碳二烃选择性的因素 :放电电压、放电功率、甲烷进料流量和催化剂进行了研究 ,对催化剂性能进行了比较 ,并探讨了反应机理。结果表明 ,适宜的工艺条件 :放电电压 2 0kV～ 4 0kV ;输入功率 :2 0W～ 4 0W ;合适的甲烷进料流量 :30mL/min～ 70mL/min。在该条件下 ,碳二烃的选择性可以达到 95 % ;催化剂对甲烷转化率的影响顺序为MnO2 /Al2 O3 >Ni/Al2 O3 >MoO3 /Al2 O3 >Ni/NaY >Pd/ZSM 5 >Ni/H4Mg2 Si3 O4>Ni/ZSM 5 >Co/ZSM 5 >无催化剂。     

表面偶联甲基自由基实现低温高效甲烷氧化偶联

天然气作为一种低碳清洁能源,其储量大,价格低,被认为是最有前途的石油替代资源之一.而以天然气的主要成分——甲烷为原料来生产高价值化学品被认为是石化工业中实现天然气取代石油为原料新化工路线的技术基础,具有极为可观的社会经济价值.目前甲烷的化学利用主要采用间接转化法,即先从甲烷制合成气,再由合成气制备各种化工原料和油品.但该路线流程复杂,能耗大,生产成本高及投资大,具有明显的局限性,这促使着人们不断探索能量效率更高的甲烷直接转化技术.甲烷氧化偶联(OCM)是最重要的甲烷直接转化技术之一.自1982首次报道以来,人们开发了1000多种OCM催化剂,涉及元素超过68种,但C₂烃类(乙烷和乙烯)的收率普遍低于30%,尚未实现工业化.传统研究认为,OCM反应遵循“多相-均相”催化反应机理,甲烷在催化剂表面活化产生甲基自由基后,在气相中进行偶联生成乙烷和乙烯等产物.由于高温下甲基自由基很容易脱附到气相,传统的OCM催化剂一般只在甲基自由基的产生这一步发挥作用.而随后在气相中发生的甲基自由基均相反应并不受催化剂控制,在热力学驱动下,会倾向于深度氧化生成CO2等副产物,因此OCM反应中C₂的收率上限为25%–28%.理论上来说,只有当催化剂能够在甲基自由基偶联这一步发挥作用时,C₂物种的收率才可能打破上限,但目前尚未有催化剂实现甲基自由基可控表面偶联.本文提出并证实5wt%Na₂WO₄/SiO₂(5NaWSi)具有催化甲基自由基表面偶联的能力.在低温下,5NaWSi本身对于OCM没有催化活性,但是它的加入能够显著提高La₂O₃催化剂的C₂选择性,进而提高C₂收率,使其在570℃的低温下即可达到10.9%的C₂收率.在La₂O₃和5NaWSi之间加入一层甲基自由基淬灭剂——石英砂,这种提升作用随即消失,表明甲基自由基在5NaWSi上的表面偶联可能是C₂选择性和收率提升的主要原因.本文进一步采用同步辐射光电离质谱技术原位检测了反应过程中的自由基中间体,结果发现,La₂O₃表面产生的甲基自由基确实可以在5NaWSi表面进行偶联,进而提高C₂的选择性和收率.通过对5NaWSi的组成和结构进行分析,发现5NaWSi中的Na₂WO₄纳米团簇可能是甲基自由基偶联的活性位点,该位点不仅具有很强的甲基自由基吸附能力,为甲基自由基表面偶联提供机会,同时不会深度氧化C₂物种,有效地提高了C₂选择性.以此为基础建立理论模型,我们通过DFT计算对甲基自由基在5NaWSi表面的偶联机制进行了研究.结果表明,5NaWSi对甲基自由基具有很强的吸附能力,而吸附后的甲基自由基更倾向于偶联生成C₂产物,而不是β-H消除生成HCHO等副产物,表明5NaWSi确实是很好的甲基自由基表面偶联催化剂.甲基自由基表面偶联的证实为OCM催化剂的开发开辟了新方向.从双功能催化剂设计的角度出发,将OCM反应分解成甲烷活化和甲基自由基偶联这两个部分,并分别针对这两个部分来筛选和优化催化剂,将有望突破C₂收率上限,进而推进OCM的工业化进程.     

Oxidative Coupling of Methane over Na-W-Mn/SiO2 Catalysts at Elevated Pressures

Na-Mn-W/SiO2 catalysts were studied for the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) in a micro fixed bed reactor made of stainless steel reactor at elevated pressures. The effect of operating conditions, such as GHSV, pressure, temperature and CH4/O2 ratio on the catalytic performance of OCM was investigated. The C2+ selectivity of 80.3% was obtained at a CH4 conversion of 16.1% at 750℃,1.5× 105h-1 GHSV, and 0.6 MPa. Also, there is a small output of C3 and C4 hydrocarbons in the tail gas. The results show that unfavorable effects due to elevated pressure can be overcome by increasing GHSV, and the OCM reaction is strongly dependent on the operating conditions at elevated pressures,particularly GHSV and the CH4/O2 ratio.     

Effect of La2O3／γ—Al2O3 Catalyst on the Activation of CH4 and CO2 to C2 Hydrocarbons under Non—equilibrium Plasma

In the reaction of methane and carbon dioxide to C2 hydrocabons under non-equilibrium plasma, methane conversion was decreased,but selectivity of C2 hydroxarbons was increased when using La2O3/γ-Al2O3 as catalyst. So the yield of C2 hydrocarbons was higher than using plasma alone. The synergism of La2O3/γ-Al2O3 and plasma gave methane conversion of 24.9% and C2 yield of 18.1%. The distribution of C2 hydrocarbons changed when Pd-La2O3/γ-Al2O3 was used as catalyst,the major C2 product was ethylene.     

Na-W-Mn/SiO2催化剂表面甲烷脉冲反应Ⅱ. 多组分Na、 W、 Mn/SiO2催化剂

制备了多组分Na,W,Mn/SiO2催化剂，在ITD（Ion Trap Detector)装置上进行了催化剂表面晶格氧脱附前后的甲烷恒温脉冲反应（CH4－CTPR）。研究结果表明，Na-W/SiO2催化剂表面晶格氧，具有较高的CH4转化率和C2烃选择性，并对C2H6的生成起着重要的作用，Na-Mn/SiO2催化剂表面晶格氧，也具有较高的CH4转化率和C2烃选择性，但对C2H6的形成有一定的诱导期；W－Mn/SiO2催化剂表面晶格氧，对CH4的转化和CO2的生成具有很高初活性，但对C2烃的选择性较低；Na-W-Mn/SiO2催化剂表面晶格氧，具有很高的CH4转化率和C2烃定向选择性，这是由于Na,W,Mn各组分协同作用的结果。     

Oxidative coupling of methane over BaCl2-TiO2-SnO2 catalyst

The performance of BaCl2-TiO2-SnO2 composite catalysts in oxidative coupling of methane reaction has been investigated. A series of BaCl2-TiO2, BaCl2-SnO2, TiO2-SnO2, and BaCl2-TiO2-SnO2 catalysts were prepared, and characterized by BET, XRD, XPS, CO2-TPD and H2-TPR, respectively. The synergistic effect among BaCl2, SnO2 and TiO2 compositions enhances the catalytic performance. The best C2 selectivity and ethylene yield are obtained on the catalyst with the equal molar amount of the three compositions (BaCl2 : TiO2 : SnO2 molar ratio of 1 : 1 : 1). The optimal reaction conditions are as follows: 800°C, 44 mL·min-1 for methane, 22 mL·min-1 for oxygen and a space velocity of 5000 mL·h-1 g-1, and the C2H4 yield over the catalyst is 20.1% with the CH4 conversion of 43.8% and C2 selectivity of 53.3%.