Excited Π states of divinyl chalcogenides and chalcophenes

Electron transitions in divinyl chalcogenides (CH₂=CHXCH=CH₂, where X is S, Se, or Te) have been analyzed using UV absorption spectra of dialkyl and alkyl vinyl chalcogenides. The following relations for the orbital energies are found: ^* < ^* < ^* < ^* for Te and ^* < ^* < ^* < ^* for S and Se. For chalcophenes, a correlation between the energy of the excited state (E ^*) of specific symmetry, the ionization potential (I) and the electron affinity (EA) is obtained:E ^*=const+(I+EA)/2. The electron affinity of divinyl chalcogenides is estimated. The correlation between the excited ^* states of divinyl chalcogenides and chalcophenes is discussed.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 831–835, May, 1994.     

A theoretical study of the lowest electronic states of azobenzene: the role of torsion coordinate in the cis–trans photoisomerization

In the present paper we report the results of a multiconfigurational computational study on potential-energy curves of azobenzene along the NN twisting to clarify the role of this coordinate in the decay of the S₂(*) and S₁(n*) states. We have found that there is a singlet state, S₃ at the trans geometry, on the basis of the doubly excited configuration n²*², that has a deep minimum at about 90° of twisting, where it is the lowest excited singlet state. The existence of this state provides an explanation for the short lifetime of S₂(*) and for the wavelength-dependence of azobenzene photochemistry. We have characterized the S₁(n*) state by calculating its vibrational frequencies, which are found to correspond to the recently observed transient Raman spectrum. We have also computed the potential-energy curve for the triplet T₁(n*) at the density functional theory B3LYP level, which indicates that in this state the isomerization occurs along the twisting coordinate.Acknowledgement The financial support from MIUR (project Modellistica delle proprietà spettroscopiche di sistemi molecolari complessi funds ex 60% and project Dinamiche molecolari in sistemi di interesse chimico funds ex 40%), from the University of Bologna (Funds for Selected Research Topics) is gratefully acknowledged.Contribution to the Jacopo Tomasi Honorary Issue     

Nature of the pentamethyldisilanyl group in organosilicon compounds

Summary The positige inductive effect of the pentamethyldisilanyl group (CH₃)₃SiSi(CH₃)₂ and the election-acceptor effect of its p-d bond with an aromatic ring are appreciably greater than the analogous effects of the trimethylsilyl group (CH_{3 3}Si, which gives ground for the postulation of the presence of a p-d-d¹ bond in the fragment C_sp ²-Si-Si.     

Infrared spectra of vinyl compounds and the effects of conjugation involving the π-electrons of the vinyl group

Conclusions The frequencies of the =CH₂ group wagging vibration in CH₂=CH-X compounds reflects both the inductive effect of the substituents X, and the effects of, -, ,p- and (d-p)-conjugation in which these substituents take part.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No.l, pp. 152–154, January 1970.     

The electronic structure of molecules by a many-body approach

The vertical valence ionization potentials of cyclopropane, ethylene oxide and ethylene imine are calculated by a many-body Green's function method. For C₃H₆ the ordering of the ionization potentials is 2e(), 1e(), 2a₁(), 1a₂(), 1e(). The assignment of the 2a₁ and the 1a₂ ionization potentials which has been controversial is thus clarified. The ordering is in agreement with the result obtained via Koopmans' theorem. For ethylene oxide and ethylene imine Koopmans' theorem fails in predicting the correct order of ionic states. For C₂H₄O the ordering of the ionization potentials is 2b ₁(), 4a ₁, 1a ₂(), 2b ₂,3a ₁, 1b ₁(), 1b ₂, 2a ₁ and for C₂H₅N 6a, 5a, 3a, 2a, 4a, 3a, 1a, 2a. The agreement of the computed ionization potentials with the experimental values is very satisfactory.     

Synthesis and chiral-optical properties of (+)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-1-thione

(+)-3-Methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-1-thione was obtained by sulfuration of (+)-3-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolone with phosphorus pentasulfide or by cyclization of (+)--benzylethyl isothiocyante under the influence of polyphosphoric acid. Measurements of the rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism showed the presence of two positive Cotton effects due to n^* and ^* transitions in the thioamide chromophore, as well as Cotton effects apparently due to ^* transitions in the aromatic chromophore.Communication XXXV from the series Stereochemical Investigations. See [11] for communication XXXIV.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 94–97, January, 1976.     

Calculation of σ→π* and π→σ* transitions in vinylboranes

Calculations are presented of the energies of the ground and excited and electronic states of ethylene and substituted vinylboranes. The Pople-Segal-Santry method was employed throughout. It is concluded that the excited state of lowest energy in ethylene has * character whilst the lowest energy ultra-violet spectral bands of the latter compounds stem from ^* transitions.

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Zusammenfassung Valenzelektronenrechnungen nach Pople-Segal-Santry wurden für Äthylen und Vinylborane durchgeführt. Danach hat der niedrigste angeregte Zustand von Äthylen ^*-Charakter, während die längstwellige UV-Bande der Vinylborane einem ^* -Übergang entspricht.

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Résumé Calculs de l'énergie pour les états fondamentaux et excités et de l'éthylène et des vinylboranes substitués. Utilisation de la méthode de Pople-Ségal-Santry. L'état excité le plus bas pour l'éthylène résulte d'une transition ^* , alors qu'il résulte d'une transition ^* pour les vinylboranes.

     

Ab initio SCF and CI study of the electronic spectrum of pyridine N-oxide

Configuration interaction (CI) studies of ground, n *, * * electronically excited states are reported for pyridine N-oxide. The transition energy to the lowest * excited ¹ B ₂ state is calculated at 4.35 eV, compared to the experimental spectrum range of 3.67–4.0 eV. This state lies below the lowest n * excited ¹ A ₂ state calculated at 4.81 eV above the ground state. The only experimentally reported triplet state at 2.92 eV above the ground state is predicted to be the ³ A ₁ (*) state. The calculated energy lies at 3.27 eV. Numerous other high-lying singlet states as well as the triplet states have also been calculated. The intramolecular charge transfer character of the ground and the excited states have been studied in terms of the calculated dipole moment and other physical properties.     

Sur les rôles respectifs des électrons σ et π dans les propriétés des dérivés halogénés des molécules conjuguées. Application à l'étude de l'uracile et du fluorouracile

Résumé Une étude des importances relatives des déplacements d'électrons et dans les hydrocarbures conjugués halogénés est faite par plusieurs procédés de calcul dont les valeurs sont comparées. Les contributions et aux valeurs des moments dipolaires de 21 molécules ont été calculées.L'effet de la substitution d'un fluor sur la molécule d'uracile est considéré en détail avec une étude particulière des propriétés acides dont les déplacements d'électrons ne peuvent à eux seuls rendre compte.

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The relative importance of - and -electron displacements is studied in halogen-substituted conjugated molecules by different methods. The dipole moments of 21 molecules are calculated.The effect of substituting a fluorine atom on the uracil molecule is considered in details with particular emphasis on the acidic properties which cannot be interpreted by -displacements alone.

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Zusammenfassung Die wechselseitige Bedeutung von - und -Elektronenverschiebungen wird an halogensubstituierten, konjugierten Kohlenwasserstoffen mit verschiedenen Methoden studiert. Die Beiträge der - und -Elektronen zum Dipolmoment werden für 21 Moleküle berechnet.Der Effekt der Fluorsubstitution am Uracil wird besonders eingehend betrachtet im Hinblick auf die Azidität, die nicht durch -Elektronenverschiebung allein erklärt werden kann.

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Ce travail a bénéficié de la subvention no. CR-66-236 de l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale.     

Hyperconjugation of unsymmetrical groups

The interaction of the -bond system with the -electron system in molecules of type {ie427-01} is easily determined for the symmetrical CH₃ group by isolating the -component from the system of three -bonds; CH₃ is thus treated as a C=X quasivinyl group. The theory is extended to unsymmetrical groups.Read at the Symposium on Quantum Chemistry, Palanga, June 1965.     

MO LCAO calculation of the chemical and physical properties of α-pyrone derivatives

The molecules of -pyrone, coumarin, 2, 3: 7, 6-furocoumarin (psoralene), 2, 3: 7, 8-furocoumarin (isopsoralene), and 3, 4-benzocoumarin were the object of MO LCAO calculations. It is shown that these compounds do not obey the Hückel rule and that they form closed electron shells in the presence of 8, 12, and 16 electrons. In most cases, the obtained values of the characteristics of the electronic structure of the compounds studied are in good agreement with the chemical properties of these compounds. It follows from a comparison between the proton chemical shifts in NMR spectra and the values of the -electron density at the corresponding carbon atoms calculated by the MO method that the current of the benzene ring exerts the greatest effect on the protons, whereas a lesser effect is exerted by the furan ring and, finally, the least effect is exerted by the current of the -pyrone ring.     

Applications of the virtual charge model to the electronic structures and spectra of benzaldehyde and acetophenone

Summary The virtual charge model (Tapia model) in conjunction with the CNDO/S-CI approximation in the frame of SCF-MO theory was employed to study the effects of solvent on the electronic structures and spectra of benzaldehyde and acetophenone molecules. The CNDO/S calculations in presence of solvation indicate a satisfactory interpretation of the medium effects on the electronic structures and spectra of the molecules investigated. The prediction of our MO calculations by means of the Tapia model concerning the solvochromic shifts of n * and * transitions are in accord with the observed trends which indicate a blue shift for the n * band and a red shift for the * band upon a change of solvent from non-polar to polar solvents.

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Anwendung des Virtual Charge-Modells auf die Elektronenstrukturen und Spektren von Benzaldehyd und Acetophenon

Zusammenfassung Das Virtual-Charge-Modell (Tapia-Modell) im Zusammenhang mit der CNDO/S-CI-Näherung im Rahmen der SCF-MO-Theorie wurde zum Studium der Lösungsmitteleffekte auf die Elektronenstrukturen und Spektren von Benzaldehyd und Acetophenon herangezogen. Die CNDO/S-Rechnungen bei Anwesenheit von Solvens erlauben eine befriedigende Interpretation der Mediumeffekte auf Elektronenstrukturen und Spektren der untersuchten Verbindungen. Die aus MO-Rechnungen folgenden Voraussagen ergeben auf Basis des Tapia-Modells solvatochrome Verschiebungen für die n *- und *-Übergänge. Die vorausgesagten Effekte stehen im Einklang mit den experimentell beobachteten Trends: Blauverschiebung für die n *-Bande und Rotverschiebung für die *-Bande beim Wechsel von nichtpolarem zu polarem Lösungsmittel.

     

Zur Wechselwirkung von π- und σ-Elektronen in der Theorie ungesättigter Moleküle

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, wie man auf einfache Weise die ( + )-Gesamtladungsverteilung im Grundzustand abschätzen kann, und wie man daraus -Orbitale erhält, welche der Polarisation der -Elektronen Rechnung tragen.

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It is shown how one can estimate with a simple method the total ( + )-charge distribution and how to determine from it -orbitals compatible with the polarisation of the -electrons.

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Résumé Nous montrons comment on peut estimer par une méthode simple la distribution de charges totale ( + ) et comment on en trouve des orbitales qui tiennent compte de la polarisation des électrons .

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Teilweise vorgetragen am 1.4.1966 anläßlich der Tagung für Theoretische Chemie in Zürich.

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Wir danken der Ciba AG Basel für die finanzielle Unterstützung dieser Arbeit.     

Effect of the organic modifier on the retention of retinoids in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Summary The retention of retinoids in reversed-phase liquid chromatography was studied using aqueous mobile phases of different composition (methanol 94–86% and acetonityrile 92–82%) at five temperatures (40–60 °C). With both organic modifiers the effect of the molecular structure increased as the water content and the polarity of the mobile phase increased. The temperature-dependence increased in the same manner with aqueous acetonitrile mobile phases. The - interactions between the retinoids and acetonitrile diminish when the water content of the mobile phase is increased, as happens also to the hydrophobic interactions with both organic modifiers. The net effect of these changes depends on the composition of the mobile phase. There was excellent correlation of retention with all polarity parameters studied(, P, x_e, x_d, x_n, E _T ^N , _T, , _o and _d), when the calculations were made separately with methanol and acetonitrile. The volume fraction of the organic modifier, , was the only parameter describing the retention well in both organic modifiers simultaneously.     

Electronic absorption spectra of 3-hydroxypyridine and 5-hydroxypyrimidine

The electronic absorption spectra ( ^* type) of the mixture of the enolic and zwitterionic forms of both 3-hydroxypyridine and 5-hydroxypyrimidine are interpreted by means of the Pariser-Parr-Pople type calculations.     

The inclusion of non-nearest neighbor ß terms in pariser-parr-pople type S.C.M.O. calculations

The calculation of -electron properties by an S.C.M.O. method including all _core terms has been extended to nitrogen and oxygen containing systems. The singlet ^* electronic transitions and -ionization potentials (where available) are in reasonable agreement with experiment. A comparison is made with the non-empirical all electron calculations of Clementi for pyrrole, pyridine and pyrazine.

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Zusammenfassung Die Berechnung von -Elektronen-Eigenschaften mittels einer SCMO-Methode, die alle _core-Terme einschließt, wurde auf Systeme mit Stickstoff- und Sauerstoffatomen ausgedehnt. Die Singulett- ^*-Übergänge und -Ionisierungsenergien sind in vernünftiger Übereinstimmung mit dem Experiment. Es wird einen Vergleich mit den nichtempirischen Rechnungen mit allen Elektronen von Clementi an Pyrrol, Pyridin und Pyrazin angestellt.

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Résumé Le calcul des propriétés des électrons par une méthode S.C.M.O. tenant compte de tous les termes _coeur a été étendu aux systèmes contenant de l'azote et de l'oxygène. Les transitions électroniques singulet ^* et les potentiels d'ionisation (lorsqu'ils sont connus) sont en accord raisonnable avec l'expérience. Les résultats sont comparés aux calculs non-empiriques de tous les électrons effectués par Clémenti pour le pyrrole, la pyridine et la pyrazine.

     

Stereochemistry and thermodynamics ofπ-Complexation of a series of pseudo-conjugated cyclic diolefins with silver salts

A comparison has been made of results obtained in studies of the stereochemistry and thermodynamics of-complexation of pseudoconjugated cyclic diolefins with silver salts. The structure of the-complexes in solution was evaluated by means of silver-lanthanide shift reagents in PMR spectrometry. The thermodynamic parameters of-complexation of AgNO₃ with cyclic diolefins in methanol were obtained by direct calorimetric titration. As a result, thermodynamic preference was established for the formation of-complexes of the chelate type. The dependence of the stability constants of-complexes on the structural features of diolefin substrates has been examined critically.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 681–685, November–December, 1985.     

Homodimerization of spiro{bicyclo[2.2.1]Hepta-2,5-Diene-7,1′-cyclopropane}, catalyzed by group VIII transition metal complexes

Conclusions The homodimerization of spiro{bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-7,1-cyclopropane} (I) has been investigated in the presence of Ni-, Fe-, Co-, Rh-, and Ir-based metal complex catalysts. Depending on the nature of the metal and its ligand environment cyclodimerization of (I) can take place via [2+2]-, [2+2+2]-, and [4+4]-cycloaddition schemes, to give high yields of hepta-, octa-, and nonacyclic strained hydrocarbons.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2592–2599, November, 1988.     

Calculation of some electronic excited states of formaldehyde

The optimized MO's of several excited states of formaldehyde have been calculated by means of a large basis set of modified Gaussian functions; particular attention has been paid to the * transition. The total energy of the various states has been obtained as the sum of the SCF and correlation energies; the last one has been calculated as a functional of the electronic density. The calculated values for the transition energies are in good agreement with the experiment. A strong interaction of the * state with the continuum is evidentiated; this fact can justify the absence of the * band in the absorption spectrum.     

π electron structure and reactivities of isomeric pyrrolo-sym-triazoles

The electron structures and energies of the singlet * transitions of a number of isoelectronic analogs of indolizine were calculated by the MO LCAO method within the semiempirical self-consistent field (SCF) approximation. In contrast to the calculations made by the simple MO LCAO method, the electron density distribution obtained is in better agreement with the direction of electrophilic substitution. On the basis of an analysis of the electronic spectra, it was concluded that the 6-phenyl group is not coplanar.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 261–267, February, 1974.