Sorption of uranium and other heavy metals on hydroxyapatite

The immobilization of U^VI and Pb^II from aqueous solutions in a solid phase by interaction with calcium hydroxyapatite has been studied in batch experiments with increasing contact times. The results were compared with those previously found for Cd^II. All these elements are able to be efficiently immobilized by such a method. The sorbed quantities vary in the order Pb>U>Cd. The sorption mechanisms are element dependent. The dominant mechanisms are: dissolutionprecipitation with formation of an amorphous or microcrystalline phase for U, dissolution-precipitation with the formation of two new crystalline phases and with possible incorporation into the initial apatite for Pb, and intracrystalline diffusion and exchange for Cd.     

Competitive adsorption behavior of heavy metals on kaolinite

Polluted and contaminated soils can often contain more than one heavy metal species. It is possible that the behavior of a particular metal species in a soil system will be affected by the presence of other metals. In this study we have investigated the adsorption of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) onto kaolinite in single- and multi-element systems as a function of pH and concentration, in a background solution of 0.01 M NaNO3. In adsorption edge experiments, the pH was varied from 3.5 to 10.0 with total metal concentration 133.3 microM in the single-element system and 33.3 microM each of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) in the multi-element system. The value of pH50 (the pH at which 50% adsorption occurs) was found to follow the sequence Cu相似文献   

40K emission in energy production from straw

Straw has the highest concentration of the natural radioisotope⁴⁰K in comparison with other biofuels and as peat, wood, wood chips, and energy forest, Concentration of⁴⁰K have been measured in the ash remaining after wheast straw was burnt in a water heating plant. Samples wre also taken of the wheat ears, straw, and surrounding earth. The highest concentration of⁴⁰K found in the bottom ash was 6000 Bq/kg which is about twenty times higher than the activity concentration of⁴⁰K in the straw and about ten times higher than the natural⁴⁰K activity in the ground. Calculations of the maximum ground levels air concentration of⁴⁰K using the Gaussian plume model give a value of a few hundred Bq/m³. This value is found at a distance of only 100 m from the plant because of the short stack height.     

大米中重金属检测技术的分析与研究

为提高大米中镉、铅元素检测数据的可靠性,根据GB 5009.12—2017《食品中铅的测定》、GB 5009.15—2014《食品中镉的测定》对大米中镉、铅元素含量进行检测,并以原子吸收分光光度计为测量设备的测量系统进行各类误差分析. 结果表明,两种元素稳定性分析中Xbar控制图均存在超出上下控制界限的点,稳定性不满足要求. 偏倚和线性P值均大于0.05,不存在显著的偏倚和线性误差. 量具研究变异占比（Reproducibility & Repeatability,R&R）分别为54.03%和36.38%,均大于30%,测量误差超出可接受范围. 通过人、机、料、法、环、测等多方面故障排查后稳定性达到统计受控状态,R&R分别降至9.66%和8.95%,均小于10%,测量系统可接受. 利用测量系统分析方法从多方面降低各类测量误差,能够有效保障大米中镉、铅元素含量检测数据的可靠性.     

Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of uranium and heavy metals of agricultural soil around the uranium tailing reservoir in Southern China

For the first time the pollution of the paddy soil within 2 km around the uranium tailing reservoir was investigated. The concentrations of U, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Hg and As were determined by ICP-MS. The study showed that there was severe pollution in the first area (within 0–1 km of the tailing reservoir), which was caused by Cd, As, U and Hg. The pollution level of the second area (within 1–2 km) was relatively low. Hg and As were the main pollutants. In the first area, the contamination degree and risk of elements were positively correlated with the distance from the tailing reservoir. The second area was less polluted and influenced by mining and human activities because of mountain barriers.     

Removal of heavy metals by using adsorption on alumina or chitosan

The removal of heavy metals from wastewater by using activated alumina or chitosan as adsorbers was evaluated. Cd(II) and Cr(III) were employed as models of the behaviour of divalent and trivalent metal ions. The adsorption of Cd(II) and Cr(III) onto the adsorbers evaluated was studied as a function of pH, time, amount of adsorber, concentration of metal ions and sample volume. A 0.4-g portion of activated alumina can retain 0.6 mg Cr(III) and 0.2 mg Cd(II) from 20 mL sample adjusted at pH 4 and stirred for 30 min. It is therefore possible to totally decontaminate 500 mL of a waste containing 5 mg L(-1) Cd(II) and Cr(III) with 10 g alumina. On the other hand, 0.4 g chitosan can totally decontaminate 20 mL of a pH 5 solution containing up to 50 mg L(-1) Cd(II) and Cr(III). A 99.2+/-0.1% retention of Cd(II) and 83+/-1% retention of Cr(III) was obtained from 500 mL of a laboratory waste. The aforementioned strategies were applied for the minimization of analytical chemistry teaching laboratories and atomic spectrometry laboratory wastes. On comparing both adsorbers it can be concluded that chitosan is more preferable than alumina due to the reduced price of chitosan and the absence of side-pollution effects.     

Bioconversion of rice straw hemicellulose hydrolysate for the production of xylitol

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Xylitol production by the yeastCandida guilliermondii was evaluated in a rice straw hemicellulose hydrolysate under different conditions of initial pH and...     

Effect of air drying on speciation of heavy metals in flooded rice paddies

Flooded soil samples were collected in the typical area of the Yangtze Delta Region;fractions of heavy metals in flooded and air dried samples were measured with BCR sequential extraction method and atomic absorption spectrometry.In flooded soils, fractions of heavy metals increased in the order of acid soluble < oxidizable < reducible < residual.The acid soluble and reducible fractions significantly decreased but residual fraction significantly increased when the samples were air dried.The data obtained from air dried soil samples could not accurately represent the speciation of heavy metals in flooded field conditions.     

离子印迹介孔材料制备及其吸附重金属的应用

离子印迹介孔材料具有吸附容量高、吸附选择性和骨架稳定等特点,在吸附分离领域有着广泛的应用前景。本文总结了目前离子印迹介孔材料的制备方法,阐述了分步合成法及一步合成法的各自特点;着重介绍了该材料在对重金属吸附和分离领域的研究与应用情况;简要说明了离子印迹介孔材料对重金属离子的吸附机理;并提出了离子印迹介孔材料在制备与应用中存在的问题。     

微敞开体系-石墨消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定稻米中8种重金属

为了提高稻米中重金属的检测效率,建立了一种微敞开体系-石墨消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法同时测定稻米中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb等8种重金属的方法。研究了影响稻米中Hg测定准确性的因素,并确定了稻米最佳称样量和酸定容体系。结果表明,稻米中蛋白质是影响Hg测定准确度的重要因素,选用0.4 g作为称样量可以减轻稻米中蛋白质对Hg测定的影响,HNO₃(1%)+HCl(1%)混合溶液定容能有效提高Hg回收率。经过大米标准物质和实际样品验证,可以同时准确测定Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg、Pb,检出限、正确度、精密度和效率能满足大批量稻米中8种重金属的监测需求。     

Effect of alkali metals,alkaline earth metals and lanthanides on the adsorption of uranium on activated charcoal from aqueous solutions

Effects of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and some lanthanides on the adsorption of uranium on activated charcoal from aqueous solutions have been studied. These effects are correlated with the ionic radii of metal ions present in the solutions. Adsorption capacity, X_m and binding energy contant, K for uranium adsorption were calculated from the Langmuir equätion. The mean energy of adsorption, E_s was calculated from adsorption energy constant, K, values determined from the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm equation. Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used for measuring the uranium concentration.     

Effects of heavy metals and oxalate on the zeta potential of magnetite

Zeta potential is a function of surface coverage by charged species at a given pH, and it is theoretically determined by the activity of the species in solution. The zeta potentials of particles occurring in soils, such as clay and iron oxide minerals, directly affect the efficiency of the electrokinetic soil remediation. In this study, zeta potential of natural magnetite was studied by conducting electrophoretic mobility measurements in single and binary solution systems. It was shown that adsorption of charged species of Co(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), Pb(2+), and Cd(2+) and precipitation of their hydroxides at the mineral surface are dominant processes in the charging of the surface in high alkaline suspensions. Taking Pb(2+) as an example, three different mechanisms were proposed for its effect on the surface charge: if pH<5, competitive adsorption with H(3)O(+); if 56, precipitation of heavy metal hydroxides prevails. Oxalate anion changed the associated surface charge by neutralizing surface positive charges by complexing with iron at the surface, and ultimately reversed the surface to a negative zeta potential. Therefore the adsorption ability of heavy metal ions ultimately changed in the presence of oxalate ion. The changes in the zeta potentials of the magnetite suspensions with solution pH before and after adsorption were utilized to estimate the adsorption ability of heavy metal ions. The mechanisms for heavy metals and oxalate adsorption on magnetite were discussed in the view of the experimental results and published data.     

Analysis of graphene-like activated carbon derived from rice straw for application in supercapacitor

Activated carbons with large surface area, abundant microporosity and low cost are the most commonly used electrode materials for energy storage devices. A very slack activated carbon with ultra-thin two-dimensional (2D) layer structure was prepared by our proposed approach in this work, which includes a pre-treatment process and potassium hydroxide activation at high temperatures.     

Thermodynamic parameters for adsorption equilibrium of heavy metals and dyes from wastewater with low-cost adsorbents

This note revisits the literature evaluating the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption equilibrium uptakes of heavy metals and dyes from water and wastewater streams using low-cost adsorbents derived from agricultural waste, industrial wastes, inorganic particulates, or some natural products. We highlighted the possible flaws in some adsorption studies when their thermodynamic parameters were assessed, since compensation effects during enthalpy and entropy evaluation were possibly overlooked.     

Health risks associated with the exposure to uranium and heavy metals through potable groundwater in Uttarakhand state of India

The present work aims to assess health risks associated with the exposure to uranium and heavy metals via potable groundwater in Uttarakhand state of India. For this purpose, potable groundwater samples were collected from the area and analyzed using LED fluorimetry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The radiological (carcinogenic) and chemical (non-carcinogenic) risks associated with the exposure to uranium in majority of locations were observed below the safe limits suggested by WHO and USEPA. The levels of heavy metals present in potable groundwater were found well below the permissible limits recommended by WHO. An inter-comparison exercise between the results obtained with LED fluorimetry and ICPMS techniques was performed for the assurance of reliability and accuracy of results. The results were found in good agreement with each other.

     

Effect of deashing on physico-chemical properties of wheat and rice straw biochars and potential sorption of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl

Wheat (WBC) and rice straw biochars (RBC) prepared at 400 and 600 °C and their deashed counterparts were characterized for their physico-chemical properties using CHN analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) techniques. Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl sorption data on normal and deashed biochars could be well fitted to the Freundlich model. The characteristics of biochars and their adsorption capacities for pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were affected by the pyrolysis temperature and nature of feedstock. Rice biochars had higher sorption capacities than the wheat biochars. Deashing of biochars further enhanced their herbicide adsorption potential by a factor of 2–3. Sorption of herbicide on both normal and deashed biochars was concentration dependent (1/n < 1) and decreased with increase in the herbicide concentration in solution, indicating a saturation of sorption sites. The non-linearity of the isotherms increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature and deashing. Furthermore, adsorption of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl was affected by the pH, surface area and pore volume of biochars. Results of this study suggested that the mineral fraction of biochars significantly affected pyrazosulfuron-ethyl sorption.     

Substoichiometric extraction of metals and its application to the determination of heavy metals in environmental samples by neutron activation analysis

Solvent extraction as a technique for the separation of ionic solutes and the advantages and application of substoichiometric extraction in neutron activation analysis have been discussed. The application of this technique has been elucidated with reference to the determination of Zn, Cd and Hg in environmental samples. The decontamination factor, accuracy, precision, sensitivity and radiochemical purity of the separated fraction have been discussed.     

Magnetically recoverable facile nanomaterials: Synthesis, characterization and application in remediation of heavy metals

The present work reports a facile route for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) immobilization on the surface of amine-terminated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles for remediation of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Transmission electron microscopy images showed both Fe₃O₄–NH₂ and Fe₃O₄–NH₂/PEI-EDTA magnetic nanoparticles with an average diameter of 60 nm. The FT-IR study confirmed the chemical covalent modification of EDTA on the surface of amine-terminated magnetite nanoparticles. XRD analysis demonstrated that the magnetic nanoparticles had a high crystallinity before and after modification. Magnetic measurements indicated that these nanoparticles could be easily removed through external magnetic force. The research work on the adsorption revealed that the concentration of Pb²⁺ altered from 10 to 0.12 mg/L and it indicated that 98.8% of Pb²⁺ could be removed from aqueous solutions at pH 5.05, and Fe₃O₄–NH₂/PEI-EDTA loaded heavy metal ions after being treated with 0.1 M HCl could be used as a reusable nano-adsorbent.