High Temperature Electrochemical Oxidation of Ethanol Over Perovskite-Type Oxides

Ethanol oxidation was investigated in a solid electrolyte electrochemical reactor using a perovskite-type oxide La_0.6Sr_0.2Co_0.8Fe_0.2O₃ as anode. Experiments were conducted between 300–750°C at atmospheric pressure in an ytrria-stabilized-zirconia continuous stirred tank reactor using fuel-rich reactant mixtures.     

乙烯在钯圆盘电极的电化学氧化研究（英文）

由于巨大的潜在市场,乙烯的电化学氧化受到愈来愈多的关注。目前,主流的电化学氧化法仍以依赖于氧化还原媒介的介导氧化法为主,而这些媒介的使用在电解过程中产生大量的腐蚀性中间体,使其实际应用受到阻碍。直接电氧化法可有效规避此问题,但又受到低活性和低选择性的限制。在本工作中,我们针对目前最先进的钯催化直接氧化体系,在中性条件下开展了一系列电化学研究,以对该过程的机理获取更深入的认识。在氮气和乙烯氛围下,钯电极的循环伏安谱图有显著区别。我们发现电解过程中生成的Pd(Ⅱ)物种在乙烯氛围下可绕过原本的电化学还原路径,通过一个化学步还原为Pd(0),因此可能是乙烯氧化的活性位点。Pd(Ⅱ)物种所对应的还原峰也因此可作为乙烯吸附的数量的指标。通过电化学脉冲序列的设计,我们在钯催化剂上识别了两种具有不同吸附强度的乙烯,其强、弱吸附模式所对应的电荷转移比例约为0.3:1。弱吸附的乙烯在钯电极表面表现出可逆的吸脱附行为,而具有强吸附模式的乙烯无法通过物理过程脱附,可能指向到乙烯深度氧化过程。这项工作为进一步设计高性能乙烯直接电氧化催化剂提供了设计思路和方向。     

A Spectroscopic Study of Electrochemical Nitrogen and Nitrate Reduction on Rhodium Surfaces

Rh is a promising electrocatalyst for the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) given its suitable nitrogen‐adsorption energy and low overpotential. However, the NRR pathway on Rh surfaces remains unknown. In this study, we employ surface‐enhanced infrared‐absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) to study the reaction mechanism of NRR on Rh. N₂H_x (0≤x≤2) is detected with a N=N stretching mode at ≈2020 cm^?1 by SEIRAS and a signal at m/z=29 by DEMS. A new two‐step reaction pathway on Rh surfaces is proposed that involves an electrochemical process with a two‐electron transfer to form N₂H₂ and its subsequent decomposition in the electrolyte producing NH₃. Our results also indicate that nitrate reduction and the NRR share the same reaction intermediate N₂H_x.     

掺钛尖晶石锂锰氧化物的合成、结构及电化学性能研究

以掺钛电解二氧化锰为锰源合成了一系列掺钛尖晶石锂锰氧化物样品.实验结果表明,无论是在新制样品40次循环的充放电实验中,还是在经过40次循环充放电并在放电状态下贮藏3个月的再次充放电实验中,掺钛样品均具有极好的电化学性能.600℃掺钛样品在第一循环中的放电容量达到206mA·h/g.在放电态贮藏3个月后,再次充放电实验中,第一循环的放电容量达到144mA·h/g.XRD分析表明,掺钛样品仍然具有立方结构.还用红外和拉曼光谱技术研究了钛对尖晶石锂锰氧化物的电化学性能的改善作用.     

Identifying the Geometric Site Dependence of Spinel Oxides for the Electrooxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

Co-based spinel oxides, which are of mixing valences with the presence of both Co²⁺ and Co³⁺ at different atom locations, are considered as promising catalysts for the electrochemical oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Identifying the role of each atom site in the electroxidation of HMF is critical to design the advanced electrocatalysts. In this work, we found that Co²⁺_Td in Co₃O₄ is capable of chemical adsorption for acidic organic molecules, and Co³⁺_Oh play a decisive role in HMF oxidation. Thereafter, the Cu²⁺ was introduced in spinel oxides to enhance the exposure degree of Co³⁺ and to boost acidic adsorption and thus to enhance the electrocatalytic activity for HMF electrooxidation significantly.     

A2BO4尖晶石类催化剂在紫外可见光水氧化的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备La_xSr_(2-x)MnO_4尖晶石类光催化剂,确定了适用于La_xSr_(2-x)MnO_4的制备方法和条件,通过改变结构和组分实现光催化水氧化反应。实验表明,晶体的缺陷和晶格的变形影响光催化性能且x为0.3~0.6时都表现良好的催化活性,Na_2S_2O_8浓度过高不利于催化性能,可能发生其它的副反应。利用X-射线衍射(XRD)法,气相色谱(GC)法、电化学循环伏安法、极化曲线法、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)法对结构和其催化性能进行表征。     

Summation Method for Monitoring Nitrogen Oxides

Abstract

A simple method is described for monitoring nitrogen oxides over a period between one week and a month. The method is based on a piece of chromatographic paper, impregnated with diphenylamine, which is fixed onto a candle and exposed to the air. The nitrogen oxides in the air react with amine to form nitrosamine which is then extracted from the paper and determined by the usual laboratory methods. The results derived from this summation method correlate very well with those obtained from more sophisticated methods such as chemiluminescence.     

Mg-Fe尖晶石复合氧化物对苯乙烯选择氧化反应的催化性能

研究了以H₂O₂为氧化剂时Mg-Fe尖晶石复合氧化物催化剂对苯乙烯选择氧化制苯甲醛反应的催化性能.结果表明,非化学计量比的Mg-Fe尖晶石复合氧化物催化剂的活性优于纯MgFe₂O₄尖晶石相,苯甲醛产率达到20%左右.在非化学计量比的Mg-Fe尖晶石复合氧化物中掺入适量的Al³⁺后,可进一步提高催化活性,苯甲醛最高产率达到33.4%.催化剂表征数据揭示,非化学计量比的Mg-Fe和Mg-Fe-Al复合氧化物催化剂是由纳米尺度的铁酸盐尖晶石和α-Fe₂O₃微晶相构成的.除了非化学计量比尖晶石具有较多的缺陷结构外,α-Fe₂O₃微晶相的存在也可能是造成非化学计量比催化剂活性高的原因之一.     

Optimal Geometrical Configuration of Cobalt Cations in Spinel Oxides to Promote Oxygen Evolution Reaction

MgCo₂O₄, CoCr₂O₄, and Co₂TiO₄ were selected, where only Co³⁺ in the center of octahedron (Oh), Co²⁺ in the center of tetrahedron (Td), and Co²⁺ in the center of Oh, can be active sites for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Co³⁺(Oh) sites are the best geometrical configuration for OER. Co²⁺(Oh) sites exhibit better activity than Co²⁺(Td). Calculations demonstrate the conversion of O* into OOH* is the rate‐determining step for Co³⁺(Oh) and Co²⁺(Td). For Co²⁺(Oh), it is thermodynamically favorable for the formation of OOH* but difficult for the desorption of O₂. Co³⁺(Oh) needs to increase the lowest Gibbs free energy over Co²⁺(Oh) and Co²⁺(Td), which contributes to the best activity. The coexistence of Co³⁺(Oh) and Co²⁺(Td) in Co₃O₄ can promote the formation of OOH* and decrease the free‐energy barrier. This work screens out the optimal geometrical configuration of cobalt cations for OER and gives a valuable principle to design efficient electrocatalysts.     

Sol-Gel Synthesized High Entropy Metal Oxides as High-Performance Catalysts for Electrochemical Water Oxidation

Hexanary high-entropy oxides (HEOs) were synthesized through the mechanochemical sol-gel method for electrocatalytic water oxidation reaction (WOR). As-synthesized catalysts were subjected to characterization, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All the oxide systems exhibited sharp diffraction peaks in XRD patterns indicating the defined crystal structure. Strong absorption between 400–700 cm⁻¹ in FTIR indicated the formation of metal-oxide bonds in all HEO systems. WOR was investigated via cyclic voltammetry using HEOs as electrode platforms, 1M KOH as the basic medium, and 1M methanol (CH₃OH) as the facilitator. Voltammetric profiles for both equiatomic (EHEOs) and non-equiatomic (NEHEOs) were investigated, and NEHEOs exhibited the maximum current output for WOR. Moreover, methanol addition improved the current profiles, thus leading to the electrode utility in direct methanol fuel cells as a sequential increase in methanol concentration from 1M to 2M enhanced the OER current density from 61.4 to 94.3 mA cm⁻² using NEHEO. The NEHEOs comprising a greater percentage of Al, ([Al_0.35(Mg, Fe, Cu, Ni, Co)_0.65]₃O₄) displayed high WOR catalytic performance with the maximum diffusion coefficient, D° (10.90 cm² s⁻¹) and heterogeneous rate constant, k° (7.98 cm s⁻¹) values. These primary findings from the EC processes for WOR provide the foundation for their applications in high-energy devices. Conclusively, HEOs are proven as novel and efficient catalytic platforms for electrochemical water oxidation.     

Li1+xMn2O4的溶胶-凝胶法合成及其电化学性能

锂离子电池;锂锰氧化物;尖晶石结构;Li1+xMn2O4的溶胶-凝胶法合成及其电化学性能     

尖晶石锂锰氧化物锂离子嵌脱过程的交流阻抗谱研究

用粉末微电极研究了尖晶石锂锰氧化物在不同嵌锂状态下嵌脱锂过程的交流阻 抗图谱，提出了新的等效电路模型。描述锂离子在固体中扩散的Warburg阻抗与累 积或消耗的嵌入电容在Lix MnO4中的x≤0．5时串联，0．5＜x≤1时并联。用提出 的等效电路模型分阶段拟合了实验所得的交流阻抗谱，拟合值与实验值相当吻合， 由拟合结果得到不同电位下锂离子在表面膜中的迁移电阻和电容，界面电荷传递电 阻，双层电容，锂离子在固体中扩散系数和累积或消耗的嵌入电容。     

Deep Oxidation of Methane over Nano-Sized Ferrites with Spinel Structures

Ferrites with spinel structures as catalysts for the deep oxidation of methane have been studied by X-ray phase analysis and temperature programmed reduction. The most active catalysts are the nano-sized ferrites of cobalt and nickel, prepared by the decomposition of polynuclear complexes, with Al₂O₃ as carrier and with addition of a surface active agent to increase the thermal stability of the catalysts. At low temperatures (up to 450 °C), the effect of the size factor appears with the increase in specific catalytic activity of cobalt and nickel ferrites with decreasing of their particles. A correlation of the catalytic activity with the quantity and mobility (reactivity) of oxygen in the ferrites has been established.     

Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of NADPH at a Low Potential on the Carbon Nanotube Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Introduction Because of its novel structural and electronic proper-ties, high chemical stability, and extremely high me-chanical strength and modulus,1 carbon nanotube (CNT), which has become a major subject of many experimen-tal and theoretical investigations, has a wide potential application from structural materials to nanoelectronic components2-12 since its initial discovery by Iijima13 in 1991 and the subsequent report about the synthesis of large quantities of CNT by Ebbesen and cowork…     

Mn−O Covalency Governs the Intrinsic Activity of Co‐Mn Spinel Oxides for Boosted Peroxymonosulfate Activation

Transition metal (TM)‐based bimetallic spinel oxides can efficiently activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) presumably attributed to enhanced electron transfer between TMs, but the existing model cannot fully explain the efficient TM redox cycling. Here, we discover a critical role of TM?O covalency in governing the intrinsic catalytic activity of Co_3?xMn_xO₄ spinel oxides. Experimental and theoretical analysis reveals that the Co sites significantly raises the Mn valence and enlarges Mn?O covalency in octahedral configuration, thereby lowering the charge transfer energy to favor Mn_Oh–PMS interaction. With appropriate Mn^IV/Mn^III ratio to balance PMS adsorption and Mn^IV reduction, the Co_1.1Mn_1.9O₄ exhibits remarkable catalytic activities for PMS activation and pollutant degradation, outperforming all the reported TM spinel oxides. The improved understandings on the origins of spinel oxides activity for PMS activation may inspire the development of more active and robust metal oxide catalysts.     

Electrochemical synthesis of Cu-containing polyheteroarylenes and study of their catalytic properties

Method of electrochemical synthesis of new Cu-containing polyheteroarylenes that have biquinolyl units in their main chain is developed on the base of the soluble anode technique. The study of electrochemical properties of thus obtained Cu-containing polymer and the corresponding monomer complex revealed existence of two types of coordination environment: (1) copper Cu(I) in the tetrahedral surrounding of two biquinolyl ligands and (2) copper Cu(I) bound with only one biquinolyl fragment. The complexes with one biquinolyl polymer ligand showed high activity as catalysts for O₂ reduction in the presence of hydroquinone that is converted to quinone in the course of the reaction.     

Heterogeneous Catalytic Partial Oxidation of C3-C4 Alkanes with Nitrogen Monoxide

The possibility of making products of partial oxidation, alcohols and acids in particular, by the reaction of C₃-C₄ alkanes with nitrogen monoxide over oxide and zeolite catalysts is demonstrated. The most effective catalysts are CeO₂ and Fe-TsVK. The dependence of the rate and selectivity of the process on the reaction conditions has been established.     

离子色谱法测定卷烟主流烟气中的氮氧化物

采用一种全新的离子色谱法测定卷烟主流烟气中氮氧化物,即采用装有5%三乙醇胺溶液的多孔玻板吸收瓶吸收卷烟主流烟气中NO2(NO先用CrO3氧化管氧化为NO2),使之转化为NO2-和NO3-,然后用离子色谱同时检测。由于采用合适的梯度淋洗条件,不需任何样品预处理即可直接检测,方法简便快速。结果表明,本法在0.5-10 mg/L具有良好的线性关系;相对标准偏差小于2%;NO2-和NO3-的检出限分别为0.04mg/L、0.05 mg/L;回收率为97%-101%。     

Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of DNA on Polycrystalline Gold Electrodes

Electrochemical CV and SWV studies were performed with double stranded DNA from salmon testes (dsDNA) and single stranded DNAs, containing 25 nucleotides (ssDNA) directly adsorbed at polycrystalline Au electrodes. A distinct oxidation peak at +730 mV (SWV, scan rate 0.248 V s^?1) or at +730 – +780 mV (CV, scan rate from 0.3 to 1 V s^?1) was obtained with DNA‐modified Au electrodes after a time‐dependent prepolarization step at a positive potential value, i.e., at +500 mV (vs. Ag|AgCl), performed with the DNA‐modified Au electrodes dipped in a blank buffer solution. No electrochemical activity was detected when ssDNA, containing no guanines, was used for adsorptive modification of the Au electrodes. Electrochemical impedance measurements registered a possible reorganization of the adsorbed DNA layer in the course of the prepolarization, accompanied by decreasing in‐phase impedance. The results enable us to relate the oxidation process observed at the DNA‐modified Au electrodes with the oxidation of guanine residues in DNA.     

肾上腺素电氧化生成肾上腺素醌的反应动力学

使用以铂片为工作电极的长光程薄层电化学池,采用单电位阶跃计时吸收法测定了1．0mol·L^-1H2SO4和冰醋酸中,肾上腺素电氧化生成肾上腺素醌的动力学参数．实验结果表明：肾上腺素在1．0mol·L^-1H2SO4介质中比在冰醋酸中容易被氧化．