基于点击化学反应的免疫荧光检测方法的建立和应用

本研究介绍了一种新型免疫荧光标记方法及其在细胞荧光检测中的应用技术．首先,合成了两个关键的化合物6-叠氮-己酸琥珀酰亚胺活性酯和4-乙炔基-N-乙基-1,8-萘酰亚胺,并将合成的6-叠氮-己酸琥珀酰亚胺活性酯与抗her2抗体Anti-HP15的游离氨基偶联获得叠氮化IgG,随后通过铜离子催化4-乙炔基-N-乙基-1,8-萘酰亚胺中的炔基与标记抗体的叠氮基团进行点击化学反应,同时以NHS-FITC和NHS-Rhodamine标记的抗体为阳性对照,确认了采用该标记方法的灵敏度,其检测限可达0.1 μg,EC50与阳性对照相当．然后在细胞水平进行染色分析,结果表明,叠氮标记抗体可有效应用于免疫荧光染色分析．最后,采用激光共聚焦三通道复合荧光分析法对不同标记方法及其对应的免疫荧光显色方法进行研究,确认了采用本研究开发的方法标记的抗体可与其他免疫荧光技术同时使用,且结果互不干扰．本研究通过开发一种新型的抗体标记技术,建立了一种新的免疫荧光抗体分析方法,并在细胞水平上进行了应用验证,丰富了免疫荧光抗体检测手段,该方法在未来的免疫研究中具备发展潜力和广泛应用前景．     

Click à la carte: robust semi-orthogonal alkyne protecting groups for multiple successive azide/alkyne cycloadditions

We herein describe an in-depth screening and systematic comparison of five classical silyl alkyne protective groups, to evaluate their potential in the context of multiple successive copper (I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloadditions (CuAAC). We confirm the relative sensitivity of TMS, especially under CuAAC conditions. The relative robustness of its higher analogues, and the discovery of mild silver-catalyzed deprotection conditions selective for TES compared to DPS or TIPS allowed us to design a strategy allowing three successive CuAAC on a single scaffold, as we have illustrated by the synthesis of a tris-triazolo model compound.     

Ethene-1,1-disulfonyl Difluoride (EDSF) for SuFEx Click Chemistry: Synthesis of SuFExable 1,1-Bissulfonylfluoride Substituted Cyclobutene Hubs

We present the synthesis of 1,1-bis(fluorosulfonyl)-2-(pyridin-1-ium-1-yl)ethan-1-ide, a bench-stable precursor to ethene-1,1-disulfonyl difluoride (EDSF). The novel SuFEx reagent, EDSF, is demonstrated in the preparation of 26 unique 1,1-bissulfonylfluoride substituted cyclobutenes via a cycloaddition reaction. The regioselective click cycloaddition reaction is rapid, straightforward, and highly efficient, enabling the generation of highly functionalized 4-membered ring (4MR) carbocycles. These carbocycles are valuable structural motifs found in numerous bioactive natural products and pharmaceutically relevant small molecules. Additionally, we showcase diversification of the novel cyclobutene cores through selective Cs₂CO₃-activated SuFEx click chemistry between a single S−F group and an aryl alcohol, yielding the corresponding sulfonate ester products with high efficiency. Finally, density functional theory calculations offer mechanistic insights about the reaction pathway.     

点击化学及其在化学传感器中的应用进展

本文对点击化学的概念、点击反应分类、化学及生物传感器中点击化学的作用类型及近几年来点击化学在化学传感器中的应用进展作了较为详细的介绍,并展望了点击化学在传感器领域应用的发展趋势.     

Growing Impact of Intramolecular Click Chemistry in Organic Synthesis

Click Chemistry, a modular, rapid, and one of the most reliable tool for the regioselective 1,2,3-triazole forming [3+2] reaction of organic azide and terimal alkyne is widely explored in various emerging domains of research ranging from chemical biology to catalysis and medicinal chemistry to material science. This regioselective reaction from a diverse range of azido-alkyne scaffolds has been well performed in both intermolecular as well as intramolecular fashions. In comparison to the intermolecular metal (Cu/Ru/Ni) variant of ‘Click Chemistry’, the intramolecular click tool is little addressed. The intramolecular click chemistry is exemplified as a mordern tool of cyclization which involves metal-catalyzed (CuAAC/RuAAC) cyclization, organo-catalyzed cyclization, and thermal-induced topochemical reaction. Thus, we report herein the recent approaches on intramolecular azide-alkyne cycloaddition ‘Click Chemistry‘ with their wide-spread emerging applications in the developement of a diverse range of molecules including fused-heterocycles, well-defined peptidomemics, and macrocyclic architectures of various notable features.     

Sulfur(VI) Fluoride Exchange (SuFEx): Another Good Reaction for Click Chemistry

Aryl sulfonyl chlorides (e.g. Ts‐Cl) are beloved of organic chemists as the most commonly used S^VI electrophiles, and the parent sulfuryl chloride, O₂S^VICl₂, has also been relied on to create sulfates and sulfamides. However, the desired halide substitution event is often defeated by destruction of the sulfur electrophile because the S^VI? Cl bond is exceedingly sensitive to reductive collapse yielding S^IV species and Cl^?. Fortunately, the use of sulfur(VI) fluorides (e.g., R‐SO₂‐F and SO₂F₂) leaves only the substitution pathway open. As with most of click chemistry, many essential features of sulfur(VI) fluoride reactivity were discovered long ago in Germany. ^6a Surprisingly, this extraordinary work faded from view rather abruptly in the mid‐20th century. Here we seek to revive it, along with John Hyatt’s unnoticed 1979 full paper exposition on CH₂?CH‐SO₂‐F, the most perfect Michael acceptor ever found. ⁹⁸ To this history we add several new observations, including that the otherwise very stable gas SO₂F₂ has excellent reactivity under the right circumstances. We also show that proton or silicon centers can activate the exchange of S? F bonds for S? O bonds to make functional products, and that the sulfate connector is surprisingly stable toward hydrolysis. Applications of this controllable ligation chemistry to small molecules, polymers, and biomolecules are discussed.     

Horseradish Peroxidase Nanopatterned Electrodes by Click Chemistry: Application to the Electrochemical Detection of Paracetamol

We propose the fabrication of nanostructured glassy carbon (GC) electrodes modified with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for the detection of paracetamol. This was accomplished by inducing the nanostructuration of GC via the adsorption of polystyrene nanospheres (900 nm diameter) followed by electropolymerization of N‐(10‐azidodecyl)pyrrole. The nanospheres were then removed and nanostructured polypyrrole‐GC was submitted to click reaction in presence of ethynyl‐biotin that was further coupled to HRP‐avidin. The electrode was then used to sense the electrochemical reduction of the enzymatically generated electroactive oxidized species of acetaminophen (NAPQI) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The nanostructured electrode with HRP exhibits a fast response towards NAPQI reduction and improved performances in terms of sensitivity and limit of detection compared to non structured electrode.     

Click Chemistry: A Potential Platform for Development of Novel Dental Restorative Materials

The main aim of this study is to develop novel polymer modified glass-ionomer cement (GIC) glasses utilizing click chemistry and RAFT polymerization. These novel glasses can serve as a platform to improve the properties of GIC's by incorporating chemistries and formulations that are not normally compatible with GIC's. Aluminofluoro-silicate glasses utilized in glass-ionomer dental cements were coated with azide terminated silane groups. In addition, a copolymer of acrylic acid-itaconic acid containing alkyne groups was synthesized by RAFT polymerization and was coupled via ‘click’ chemistry with the azide-coated GIC glass particles. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to characterize the synthesized materials and to confirm completion of the ‘click’ coupling reaction. The experimental cements cured, demonstrating that these modified glasses could be utilized in GIC formulations. The long setting and working times compared to control groups indicate that further improvements are necessary to fully utilize this chemistry. Our initial results in this study demonstrated the successful application of click chemistry in developing novel dental restorative materials, specifically glass-ionomer cements.     

Efficient Synthesis of a Water-Soluble Glucoamide Inhibitor Against Human Aldose Reductase by Click Chemistry

While D-glucose is the natural substrate of aldose reductase (AR) in the polyol pathway, the K _m value of D-glucose against AR is large. A glucoamide 1 was designed as a tool to investigate whether AR has a strong affinity for the open form of D-glucose. Glucoamide 1 was synthesized in high yield by modification of the reaction condition for click chemistry. It was found that our modified condition was applicable for highly polar alkynes and gave coupling products in excellent yield (90% to 100%). Although weak inhibitory activity against AR was observed, kinetic studies showed that AR does not accept glucoamide 1 in its active site.     

ATRP与点击化学相结合制备环状聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯

利用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)与点击反应相结合制备环状聚合物. 根据ATRP原理, 用含端炔的有机卤化物作为引发剂时, 产物的一端为炔基, 另一端则为卤素原子, 而卤素原子本身可作为叠氮化物的原料, 从而可利用点击反应使聚合物成环.     

Hydrogel-Based Macroscopic Click Chemistry

The click reaction has found good utility across various fields due to the characteristics of high efficiency, atom economy, simple and mild reaction conditions. Click chemistry is usually utilized for connecting components of microscopic level, while it is still unable for joining macroscopic building blocks. Materials consisting of macroscopic building blocks realize the flexible fabrication of three-dimensional structures at macroscopic level, exerting significance on parallel manufactures. In this work, we reported macroscopic click chemistry utilizing hydrogel as macroscopic building blocks. Hydrogels G1 and G2 were prepared by incorporating M1 (N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine) and P1 (alkyne functionalized polyethylene glycol) respectively, where polymer chains formed through diffusion-induced amino-yne click reaction entangled different hydrogel networks together. Additionally, chain-like aggregates and complicated 3D structures such as tetrahedron and quadrangular pyramid were constructed based on the adhesion of the hydrogel blocks. The approach enables us to find more possibilities in the delicate designation of 3D aggregations as well as large-scale manufacturing.     

基于点击化学和活性自由基聚合方法制备双重响应金纳米粒子

采用点击化学和可逆加成断裂链转移活性自由基聚合方法制备了温度和pH双重响应的金纳米粒子. 通过红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及热重分析(TGA)等方法对双重响应性金纳米粒子进行了表征. 该金纳米杂化粒子具有良好的分散性, 其表面接枝聚合物的密度约为0.6 Chain/nm2. 通过改变温度和pH条件, 考察了金纳米杂化粒子的可逆响应行为. 实验结果表明, 点击化学和可逆加成断裂链转移活性自由基聚合方法实现了金纳米粒子修饰的简单化、可控化以及功能化.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Comb-like Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-grafted Polyurethanes via ‘Click’ Chemistry

In this study, a series of comb-like methoxy polyethylene glycol (MPEG) functionalized polyurethanes (PUs) (PU–g–MPEG) were successfully prepared via ‘click’ chemistry and polyaddition reaction. The copper catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition was firstly carried out between 3,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-propargyloxybenzene (PBM) and methoxy polyethylene glycol azide (MPEG–N₃) to obtain MPEGylated diol PBM (MPEG–PBM). Then, the comb-like PUs having MPEG located on the backbones (PU–g–MPEG) were synthesized through the polyaddition of MPEGylated diol PBM and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ¹H NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and thermo gravimetric analyses (TGA) were used to characterize these synthesized MPEG-functionalized comb-like PUs (PU–g–MPEG). Compared with PU without MPEG grafts, PU–g–MPEG show a better wettability.     

点击化学法修饰氧化石墨烯及其在高分子中的应用研究

点击化学是一种操作简单方便、灵活高效的化学合成方法,对石墨烯的改性具有高效和活性位点可控等特点,是一种新型高效修饰石墨烯的改性法。本文结合点击化学改性石墨烯的特点及在高分子中的应用,将点击化学功能化修饰石墨烯分为共价键点击功能化和非共价键点击功能化,其中共价键结合又可细分为边缘点击功能化改性和表面点击功能化改性。本文介绍了叠氮功能改性剂的制备方法及其修饰石墨烯的点击反应原理,总结了点击功能化石墨烯及氧化石墨烯高分子复合材料的功能特性和应用前景。     

ATRP与点击化学结合制备树状星型聚合物

本文通过将ATRP技术和点击化学相结合的方法来制备树状星型聚合物[(PMMA)2PSt]4. 首先通过1,3-偶极环加成反应对ATRP的核预聚物进行端基修饰, 得到后继ATRP反应的大分子引发剂, 进而引发第二单体的ATRP聚合生成树状星型聚合物.     

Application of 1′,2,3,3′,4,4′-Hexa-O-benzylsucrose in the Preparation of Sucrose Macrocycles via a Click Chemistry Route: Regioselectivity Study

Abstract

1′,2,3,3′,4,4′-Hexa-O-benzyl-sucrose was applied in the preparation of sucrose-based macrocycles via a click chemistry route. This was realized by protection of the 6′?OH with silyl block followed by elongation of the glucose end with the ?CH₂CH₂N₃ unit. Removal of the silyl block and subsequent propargylation of the released C6′?OH afforded the corresponding synthon, cyclization of which under the click condition provided the desired macrocycle with the expected 1,4-pattern of substituents at the triazole ring.     

新型环糊精手性色谱拆分材料的点击化学调控及拆分性能研究

通过点击化学方式对单叠氮环糊精进行衍生,引入具备不同作用位点的功能化基团,对环糊精手性分离性能进行调控.首先通过醚键将单叠氮环糊精接枝到硅胶表面,进一步通过Cu(I)催化的1,3-偶极环加成反应(点击化学)在环糊精小口端分别引入叔丁基、苯基、酯基和羟基基团,构建了4种新型环糊精手性固定相并通过红外光谱和元素分析对其进行了结构表征.通过高效液相色谱反相分离模式实现了异噁唑啉和丹磺酰氨基酸共16种对映体的手性拆分.酯基功能化的环糊精手性固定相对多数异噁唑啉类有良好的拆分效果,其中,2-氯苯基-异噁唑(2ClPh-OPr)分离度可达1.62.丹磺酰氨基酸类最佳分离pH值为5.0,叔丁基功能化固定相具有最好的分离效果,大部分样品可实现基线分离(Rs＞1.5).     

Click chemistry with ynamides

A series of diversely 1-substituted 4-amino 1,2,3-triazoles were synthesized by [3+2] cycloaddition between azides and ynamides. This copper catalyzed process represents the first examples of a ‘click reaction’ employing ynamides and should expand the scope of the ynamide chemistry both synthetically and industrially. Various azides (even highly functionalized) were allowed to react with N-benzyl, N-tosyl ynamide to give the corresponding triazole adducts in high yield and with very high levels of regioselectivity.     

A New Portal to SuFEx Click Chemistry: A Stable Fluorosulfuryl Imidazolium Salt Emerging as an “F−SO2+” Donor of Unprecedented Reactivity,Selectivity, and Scope

Sulfuryl fluoride, SO₂F₂, has been found to derivatize phenols in all kinds of environments, even those in highly functional molecules. We now report that a solid fluorosulfuryl imidazolium triflate salt delivers the same “F?SO₂ + ” fragment to Nu?H acceptor groups in the substrates. However, this triflate salt is a far more reactive fluorosulfurylating agent than SO₂F₂ and displays selectivity preferences of its own. Moreover, the new azolium triflate reagent reacts once with primary amines and anilines before the reaction stops. On the other hand, with triethylamine and two equivalents of the “F?SO₂ + ” donor present, it proceeds on to the bis(fluorosulfuryl)imides in good yield—two important conversions that we have never seen with sulfuryl fluoride as the electrophile.