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1.
An atom-economic approach that has an unprecedented high selectivity for the synthesis of lactic acid (LA) based on a catalytic dehydrogenative cross-coupling by using inexpensive bulk ethylene glycol and methanol is described. This method relies on the synthesis and utilization of a novel iridium catalyst bearing three N-heterocyclic carbenes derived from 1,3-dimethylbenzimidazolium salts, and exhibits outstanding activity in the production of LA [turnover frequency (TOF) up to 3660 h−1] owing to an elegant metal–ligand cooperation.  相似文献   

2.
The global demand for lactic acid (LA) is increasing due to its successful application as monomer for the manufacture of bioplastics. Although N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) iridium complexes are promising molecular catalysts for LA synthesis, their instabilities have hindered their utilization especially in commercial applications. Here, we report that a porous self‐supported NHC‐iridium coordination polymer can efficiently prevent the clusterization of corresponding NHC‐Ir molecules and can function as a solid molecular recyclable catalyst for dehydrogenation of bio‐polyols to form LA with excellent activity (97 %) and selectivity (>99 %). A turnover number of up to 5700 could be achieved in a single batch, due to the synergistic participation of the Ba2+ and hydroxide ions, as well as the blockage of unwanted pathways by adding methanol. Our findings demonstrate a potential route for the industrial production of LA from cheap and abundant bio‐polyols, including sorbitol.  相似文献   

3.
The global demand for lactic acid (LA) is increasing due to its successful application as monomer for the manufacture of bioplastics. Although N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) iridium complexes are promising molecular catalysts for LA synthesis, their instabilities have hindered their utilization especially in commercial applications. Here, we report that a porous self-supported NHC-iridium coordination polymer can efficiently prevent the clusterization of corresponding NHC-Ir molecules and can function as a solid molecular recyclable catalyst for dehydrogenation of bio-polyols to form LA with excellent activity (97 %) and selectivity (>99 %). A turnover number of up to 5700 could be achieved in a single batch, due to the synergistic participation of the Ba2+ and hydroxide ions, as well as the blockage of unwanted pathways by adding methanol. Our findings demonstrate a potential route for the industrial production of LA from cheap and abundant bio-polyols, including sorbitol.  相似文献   

4.
An enantioselective allyl–allylsilane cross‐coupling involving racemic branched allylic alcohols and allylsilanes is reported. An iridium‐(P,olefin) phosphoramidite complex enables the transformation with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity under operationally simple conditions. The utility of the coupling is demonstrated in a concise catalytic, enantioselective synthesis of a pyrethroid insecticide protrifenbute.  相似文献   

5.
6.
聚乙二醇-聚乳酸共聚物药物载体   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
李晓然  袁晓燕 《化学进展》2007,19(6):973-981
本文综述了聚乙二醇与聚乳酸共聚亲水改性的最新进展, 包括嵌段和星型结构聚乙二醇-聚乳酸共聚物(PEG-PLA)及其端基化衍生物的合成。同时概述了该共聚物以胶束、微粒、水凝胶和囊泡形式担载亲水、疏水及蛋白质类药物的应用,特别介绍了静电纺丝制备的PEG-PLA超细纤维载体及其释药特性。  相似文献   

7.
A palladium‐catalyzed oxygenative cross‐coupling of ynamides and benzyl bromides has been developed. After subsequent hydrogenation, α,α‐disubstituted amide derivatives were obtained in good yields. Migratory insertion of α‐oxo palladium carbene species, generated by intermolecular oxidation, is proposed as the key step in this reaction. The study demonstrates the potential of ynamides to serve as carbene precursors in palladium‐catalyzed C?C bond‐forming cross‐coupling reactions.  相似文献   

8.
Trimethyl orthoacetate and ethylene glycol mono‐vinyl ether are employed in iridium‐catalyzed enantioselective allylation reactions. The method documented enables their convenient use as surrogates for silyl ketene acetals and silyl enol ethers to prepare γ,δ‐unsaturated esters and protected aldehydes with excellent enantioselectivity. The utility of this novel method has been demonstrated by its implementation in a formal enantioselective synthesis of the meroterpenoid (+)‐conicol.  相似文献   

9.
活性炭负载磷钨酸催化合成环己酮缩乙二醇   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
张敏 《化学研究》2001,12(3):43-45
研究了活性炭负载磷钨酸催化合成环己酮缩乙二醇的反应 ,考察了催化剂负载量、反应时间、酮醇物质的量比、反应温度等因素对缩酮反应的影响 .结果表明 ,活性炭负载磷钨酸是合成缩酮的良好催化剂 ,在优化条件下 ,缩酮产率达 94.8% ,催化剂可重复使用  相似文献   

10.
11.
The combination of light activation and N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) organocatalysis has enabled the use of acid fluorides as substrates in a UVA‐light‐mediated photochemical transformation previously observed only with aromatic aldehydes and ketones. Stoichiometric studies and TD‐DFT calculations support a mechanism involving the photoactivation of an ortho‐toluoyl azolium intermediate, which exhibits “ketone‐like” photochemical reactivity under UVA irradiation. Using this photo‐NHC catalysis approach, a novel photoenolization/Diels–Alder (PEDA) process was developed that leads to diverse isochroman‐1‐one derivatives.  相似文献   

12.
A copper‐catalyzed coupling of aryl, heteroaryl, and vinyl iodides with α‐silyldifluoroamides is reported. The reaction forms α,α‐difluoro‐α‐aryl amides from electron‐rich, electron‐poor, and sterically hindered aryl iodides in high yield and tolerates a variety of functional groups. The aryldifluoroamide products can be transformed further to provide access to a diverse array of difluoroalkylarenes, including compounds of potential biological interest.  相似文献   

13.
Carboxylate esters have many desirable features as electrophiles for catalytic cross‐coupling: they are easy to access, robust during multistep synthesis, and mass‐efficient in coupling reactions. Alkenyl carboxylates, a class of readily prepared non‐aromatic electrophiles, remain difficult to functionalize through cross‐coupling. We demonstrate that Pd catalysis is effective for coupling electron‐deficient alkenyl carboxylates with arylboronic acids in the absence of base or oxidants. Furthermore, these reactions can proceed by two distinct mechanisms for C?O bond activation. A Pd0/II catalytic cycle is viable when using a Pd0 precatalyst, with turnover‐limiting C?O oxidative addition; however, an alternative pathway that involves alkene carbopalladation and β‐carboxyl elimination is proposed for PdII precatalysts. This work provides a clear path toward engaging myriad oxygen‐based electrophiles in Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling.  相似文献   

14.
The combination of conventional transition‐metal‐catalyzed coupling (2 e? process) and photoredox catalysis (1 e? process) has emerged as a powerful approach to catalyze difficult cross‐coupling reactions under mild reaction conditions. Reported is a palladium carbodicarbene (CDC) complex that mediates both a Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and photoredox catalysis for C?N bond formation upon visible‐light irradiation. These two catalytic pathways can be combined to promote both conventional transition‐metal‐catalyzed coupling and photoredox catalysis to mediate C?H arylation under ambient conditions with a single catalyst in an efficient one‐pot process.  相似文献   

15.
A copper‐catalyzed three‐component coupling of allenes, bis(pinacolato)diboron, and imines allows regio‐, chemo‐, and diastereoselective assembly of branched α,β‐substituted‐γ‐boryl homoallylic amines, that is, products bearing versatile amino, alkenyl, and borane functionality. Alternatively, convenient oxidative workup allows access to α‐substituted‐β‐amino ketones. A computational study has been used to probe the stereochemical course of the cross‐coupling.  相似文献   

16.
A novel iridium‐catalyzed intermolecular coupling reaction of primary alcohols or aldehydes with 2‐alkynes was successfully achieved with high regioselectivity to give hydroacylation products such as α,β‐unsaturated ketones in good yields. The mechanistic investigation of the reaction strongly indicated that the coupling proceeds through the initial formation of homoallylic alcohols followed by dehydrogenation to β,γ‐unsatutated ketones and then isomerisation, which leads to the hydroacylation products.  相似文献   

17.
Cross‐dimerization of a methylenecyclopropane ( 1 ) and an unactivated alkene ( 2 ) with typical hydroalkenylation reactivity was observed for the first time by using a [NHC‐Ni(allyl)]BArF catalyst (NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene). Results show that the C?C cleavage of 1 did not involve a Ni0 oxidative addition, which was crucial in former systems. Thus the method reported here emerges as a complementary method for attaining highly chemo‐ and regioselective synthesis of methylenecyclopentanes ( 3 ) with broad scope. An efficient NHC/NiII‐catalyzed rearrangement of 1 leads to the convergent synthesis of 3 in the presence of 2 .  相似文献   

18.
A highly regioselective Ni‐catalyzed electrochemical reductive relay cross‐coupling between an aryl halide and an alkyl halide has been developed in an undivided cell. Various functional groups are tolerated under these mild reaction conditions, which provides an alternative approach for the synthesis of 1,1‐diarylalkanes.  相似文献   

19.
A palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling between in situ generated allenyl/propargyl‐lithium species and aryl bromides to yield highly functionalized allenes is reported. The direct and selective formation of allenic products preventing the corresponding isomeric propargylic product is accomplished by the choice of SPhos or XPhos based Pd catalysts. The methodology avoids the prior transmetalation to other transition metals or reverse approaches that required prefunctionalization of substrates with leaving groups, resulting in a fast and efficient approach for the synthesis of tri‐ and tetrasubstituted allenes. Experimental and theoretical studies on the mechanism show catalyst control of selectivity in this allene formation.  相似文献   

20.
Iridium(I) compounds featuring bridge-functionalized bis-NHC ligands (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene), [Ir(cod)(bis-NHC)] and [Ir(CO)2(bis-NHC)], have been prepared from the appropriate carboxylate- or hydroxy-functionalized bis-imidazolium salts. The related complexes [Ir(cod)(NHC)2]+ and [IrCl(cod)(NHC)(cod)] have been synthesized from a 3-hydroxypropyl functionalized imidazolium salt. These complexes have been shown to be robust catalysts in the oxidative dehydrogenation of glycerol to lactate (LA) with dihydrogen release. High activity and selectivity to LA were achieved in an open system under low catalyst loadings using KOH as a base. The hydroxy-functionalized bis-NHC catalysts are much more active than both the carboxylate-functionalized ones and the unbridged bis-NHC iridium(I) catalyst with hydroxyalkyl-functionalized NHC ligands. In general, carbonyl complexes are more active than the related 1,5-cyclooctadiene ones. The catalyst [Ir(CO)2{(MeImCH2)2CHOH}]Br exhibits the highest productivity affording TONs to LA up to 15,000 at very low catalyst loadings.  相似文献   

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