Electrochemical Study of Chitosan‐SiO2‐MWNT Composite Electrodes for the Fabrication of Cholesterol Biosensors

We report a novel composite electrode made of chitosan‐SiO₂‐multiwall carbon nanotube (CHIT‐SiO₂‐MWNT) composite coated on the indium‐tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate. Cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) was covalently immobilized on the CHIT‐SiO₂‐MWNT/ITO electrode that resulted in a ChOx/CHIT‐SiO₂‐MWNT/ITO cholesterolactive bioelectrode. The CHIT‐SiO₂‐MWNT/ITO and ChOx/CHIT‐SiO₂‐MWNT/ITO electrodes were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The influence of various parameters was investigated, including the applied potential, pH of the medium, and the concentration of the enzyme on the performance of the biosensor. The cholesterol bioelectrode exhibited a sensitivity of 3.4 nA/ mgdL^?1 with a response time of five seconds. The biosensor using ChOx/CHIT‐SiO₂‐MWNT/ITO as the working electrode retained its original response after being stored for six months. The biosensor using ChOx/CHIT‐SiO₂‐MWNT/ITO as the working electrode showed a linear current response to the cholesterol concentration in the range of 50–650 mg/dL.     

Voltammetric Sensor for Total Cholesterol Determination

We report on a voltammetric sensor for the detection of total cholesterol. The sensor was fabricated by co-immobilization of two enzymes: cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on porous graphite. The electrochemical behavior of the sensor was studied with the use of linear sweep voltammetry. It has been shown that the sensor has high stability and high sensitivity (16 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻²). The biosensor exhibited a wide linear range up to 300 mol/dm³ in a condition close to physiological (pH=6.86). Besides, the interferences of some key analytes containing in the blood were studied. As a matter of fact, making a fabricated sensor is rather promising for using in clinical practice.     

测定血红蛋白的一种电化学分析方法

血红蛋白可以在微裸银电极上的得到电流响应。蛋白质溶液中加入适量的十二烷基硫酸钠，血红蛋白峰电流明显增大，峰形对称，可直接用于血红蛋白的分析测定，实验发现，在５．０×１０＾－７－－５．０×１０＾－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度范围，血红蛋白经峰电流与其呈正比，用于人体血样中血红蛋白的测定与光度法结果一致。     

高效液相色谱检测巨噬细胞内胆固醇的研究

本文采用15%KOH的醇溶液除去小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7样品中的甘油三酯,用6%三氯乙酸除去其中蛋白质,然后以体积比为3∶2的正己烷与异丙醇混合溶剂提取巨噬细胞内的胆固醇。采用硬脂酸键合硅胶色谱柱,以乙腈和异丙醇的混合溶剂为流动相,在检测波长212 nm下测定胆固醇的含量。结果表明,胆固醇含量在0.005~0.3 g/L之间时具有较好的线性关系,相对标准偏差为3.4%,检出限为1.5mg/L,回收率为96.04%。方法用于测定巨噬细胞中胆固醇的含量,结果满意。     

Mathematical Modelling of a Non‐enzymatic Amperometric Electrochemical Biosensor for Cholesterol

Thickness of the electro‐polymerized layer grown on a substrate and used as the recognition element for the analyte is critical to measuring the response of a biosensor, with high sensitivity and accuracy. However, it is difficult to control the thickness during synthesis. A mathematical model is developed in this study that considers thickness of the electro‐polymerized layer in simulating the electrochemical response of a non‐enzymatic biosensor for cholesterol in blood. The model includes transient kinetics and one‐dimensional diffusion of the analyte in the poly‐methyl orange (PMO) recognition layer electrochemically grown on the electrode. The governing partial differential equations resulting from the species conservation balances in the PMO layer are numerically solved. Time and spatial concentration profiles of the analyte in the PMO layer are determined. Model predictions are calibrated with the experimental data for different PMO thicknesses. Interestingly, model predictions show a linear response over the calibrated concentration range of cholesterol for all PMO layer thicknesses. Based on the chronoamperometry measurements, the model predictions for the cholesterol concentrations measured in the laboratory samples were also found to be remarkably accurate. This is the first mathematical model developed to understand the transport and kinetics of an analyte in the electro‐polymerized layer used as the recognition element of a non‐enzymatic biosensor.     

Electrochemical Cholesterol Sensor Based on Tin Oxide‐Chitosan Nanobiocomposite Film

A chitosan (CS)‐tin oxide (SnO₂) nanobiocomposite film has been deposited onto an indium‐tin‐oxide glass plate to immobilize cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) for cholesterol detection. The value of the Michaelis–Menten constant (K_m) obtained as 3.8 mM for ChOx/CS‐SnO₂/ITO is lower (8 mM) than that of a ChOx/CS/ITO bioelectrode revealing enhancement in affinity and/or activity of ChOx towards cholesterol and also revealing strong binding of ChOx onto CS‐SnO₂/ITO electrode. This ChOx/CS‐SnO₂/ITO cholesterol sensor retains 95% of enzyme activity after 4–6 weeks at 4 °C with response time of 5 s, sensitivity of 34.7 μA/mg dL^?1 cm² and detection limit of 5 mg/dL.     

聚吡咯电化学固定化胆固醇氧化酶电极的电流响应及应用

用电极法测定总胆固醇量,可以通过制备胆固醇氧化酶和胆固醇脂酶的酶膜与氧电极偶联制成传感器或制备以过氧化氢检出方式的传感器来完成,本文研制了一种新型的酶电极,它不需选择电荷传递中间体代替氧分子的作用,本方法利用吡咯单体在水溶液中能电氧化聚合,并伴有对阴离子嵌入聚合物骨架的性质,使酶分子在聚合过程中作为阴离子而嵌     

以茜素红为电活性探针测定壳聚糖的研究

建立了以茜素红(AR)为电活性探针间接测定无电活性壳聚糖(CS)的新方法。研究了AR及其与CS的结合物AR-CS于0.1 mol/L HAc-NaAc(pH 4.5)缓冲溶液中在玻碳电极(GCE)上的电化学行为。AR与CS-AR在GCE上均能形成一准可逆的吸附伏安峰(Vpc=-0.46 V,Vpa=-0.41 V,ΔVp=0.05 V)。测定了X、α、Ks等电化学参数。实验表明,CS在低浓度(1.25×10-8~2.5×10-7mol/L)和高浓度(2.5×10-7~1.25×10-5mol/L)的条件下对体系的峰电流分别具有线性增敏和减敏效应。采用标准加入法测定了不同样品中壳聚糖的含量,其回收率在97%~102%之间,结果满意。     

An Electrochemical Method for Sensitive Determination of Antioxidant Capacity

A simple and sensitive electrochemical method for the determination of antioxidant capacity has been studied. 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (4‐HBA) was used as a trapping agent for photogenerated ^.OH radicals, leading to 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4‐DHBA). Square‐wave voltammetry was used to quantify the amount of 3,4‐DHBA formed from the reaction between 4‐HBA and ^.OH. Addition of antioxidants induced the competition between 4‐HBA and antioxidants toward ^.OH elimination, resulting in a decrease of the measured current. The IC₅₀ for different standard antioxidants was calculated and expressed in Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). The proposed method was successfully compared to a fluorimetric one.     

An Electrochemical Biosensor with Cholesterol Oxidase/ Sol‐Gel Film on a Nanoplatinum/Carbon Nanotube Electrode

The carbon nanotubes decorated nanoplatinum (CNT‐Pt) were prepared using a chemical reduction method and a novel base electrode was constructed by intercalating CNT‐Pt on the surface of a waxed graphite electrode. The results showed that the nano‐particles of platinum at a waxed graphite electrode exhibits high catalytic activity for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The cholesterol oxidase (ChOx), chosen as a model enzyme, was immobilized with sol‐gel on the CNT‐Pt base electrode to construct a biosensor. The current response of the biosensor for cholesterol was very rapid (<20 s). The linear range for cholesterol measurement was 4.0×10^?6 mol/L ?1.0×10^?4 mol/L with a detection limit of 1.4×10^?6 mol/L. The experiments also showed that the ChOx/sol‐gel/CNT‐Pt biosensor was sensitive and stable in detecting cholesterol in serum samples.     

基于蛋白质直接电子转移的全胆固醇传感器

以壳聚糖为载体, 将血红蛋白、胆固醇氧化酶及胆固醇酯酶固定在玻碳电极表面, 在不使用任何电子媒介体的条件下, 利用血红蛋白和电极之间的直接电子转移, 制备出高选择性的全胆固醇生物传感器, 并用于测定血清中总胆固醇含量. 利用循环伏安法和恒电位法研究了该传感器的电化学特性. 在优化的实验条件下, 该传感器对胆固醇响应的线性范围为10~110 mg/dL, 检出限为5 mg/dL(信噪比的3倍), 响应时间为60 s. 对人血清中总胆固醇的测定表明, RSD小于6.2%, 回收率为95%~106%.     

光导纤维胆固醇生物传感器的研究

将胆固醇酯酶、胆固醇氧化酶和辣根过氧化物酶通过戊二醛交联反应,固定在牛血清蛋白上,制成光纤胆固醇生物传感器的传感膜.此传感器偶合了胆固醇酯水解、胆固醇的氧化和鲁米诺同过氧化氢的化学发光等3种酶催化反应,通过光纤输出的化学发光信号进行检测.测定总胆固醇和自由胆固醇的线性范围均为0.5～20μg/mL,检测下限为0.1μg/mL,响应时间为2min,寿命在2个月以上,适用于血清中总胆固醇和游离胆固醇的测定.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食用植物油中胆固醇含量

提出了食用植物油中胆固醇的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法。食用植物油经皂化后用石油醚-乙醚(1+1)溶液提取,以Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(50mm×2.1mm,5μm)为分离柱,以甲酸-甲醇(0.1+99.9)溶液为流动相,以2,2,3,4,4,6-d6胆固醇为内标,采用大气压化学电离源在多反应监测负离子模式下进行测定,胆固醇和内标的定量离子对分别为m/z369.2/146.9,369.2/160.9和375.2/166.5。胆固醇在0.1～5mg·L-1范围内呈线性,测定下限(10S/N)为0.02ng。在3个浓度水平上对方法做回收试验,测得回收率在102%～110%之间。     

硫堇与DNA分子相互作用的电化学方法研究

采用交流阻抗技术和循环伏安法 ,研究了在硫堇自组装膜修饰金电极上 ,以及在硫堇或DNA吸附修饰的玻碳电极上 ,硫堇与DNA分子的相互作用;硫堇自组装膜修饰金电极与DNA分子作用后 ,阻抗增大 ,表明它们之间发生了作用 ;吸附在玻碳电极上的硫堇 (DNA)与DNA(硫堇 )作用后 ,峰电位和峰电流均发生了变化 ,结合光谱测定结果 ,表明硫堇与DNA分子间存在着嵌插、静电等作用 ,二者作用的反应速度与分子在电极上固定的位置有关;在PBS缓冲液中硫堇 -DNA的表观结合常数为4.9×104L·mol -1 ;交流阻抗技术和循环伏安法是研究小分子与DNA分子间相互作用的经济、快速、简便的方法     

褪黑素的电化学氧化行为及伏安法测定

采用电化学方法研究了褪黑素在金电极上的不可逆氧化行为.结果表明：其伏安过程为受弱吸附和扩散共同控制的过程,氧化反应电荷转移数为2.采用伏安法对褪黑素进行测定,方法的检出限可达10^-10ml/L数量级.方法可用于脑白金胶囊中褪黑素含量的测定.     

洛美沙星的示波极谱法测定及其电化学行为

在Britton-Robinson－0.02mol/LKCl(pH8.77)底液中,洛美沙星在汞电极上有一灵敏的导数还原峰,峰电位V     

基于还原石墨烯/纳米银复合材料的电化学传感器测定双酚A

石墨烯特有的褶皱层状结构以及银纳米粒子良好的催化性能,使其在电化学方面具有良好的应用潜能.本研究以柠檬酸钠为还原剂,通过水热反应原位制备出还原石墨烯/纳米银复合材料(rGO/AgNPs),用于修饰玻碳电极,研究了双酚A的电化学行为.循环伏安法(CV)和方波伏安法(SWV)的实验结果表明,双酚A可以在rGO/AgNPs修饰电极表面发生快速的氧化还原反应,基于此实现了对双酚A的高灵敏检测.在最优条件下,双酚A的氧化峰电流与其浓度在0.1~40.0μmol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系(r2=0.996),检出限为50.7 nmol/L(S/N=3).将其用于实际环境和塑料样品中双酚A的检测,回收率为91.7%~102.9%.     

奥美拉唑的示波极谱法测定及其电化学行为

在 0 .1 mol/L NH3- NH4 Cl( p H 8.90 )底液中 ,奥美拉唑在汞电极上有一灵敏的导数还原峰 ,峰电位 Ep=- 1 .1 0 5 V ( vs.SCE) ,峰高与奥美拉唑的浓度在 5 .0×1 0 - 7～ 1 .0× 1 0 - 5范围内呈线性关系 ( r=0 .9989) ,检出限为 2 .0× 1 0 - 7mol/L。该法应用于胶囊中奥美拉唑含量的测定 ,结果满意。对奥美拉唑在汞电极上的电化学行为进行了探讨     

硒代蛋氨酸的电化学行为及其定量分析

本文采用循环伏安法(CV)研究了硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)在银电极表面的电化学行为。实验发现,在0.03mol/L的硼砂 NaOH(pH9.5)介质中,于+0.30V(vs.SCE)电位下进行吸附,在-0.62V和-0.68V处获得一对氧化还原峰。探讨了SeMet在银电极表面的电极反应机理,并建立其定量分析方法。方法线性范围为2.0×10-11～8.0×10-9mol/L,检出限为4.0×10-12mol/L。该方法用于谷物样品中SeMet含量的测定,结果满意。     

An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Nitrogen‐doped Carbon Nanofiber for Bisphenol A Determination

In this paper, bisphenol A was determined by electrochemical method at a nitrogen‐doped carbon nanofiber modified carbon paste electrode (NCNF/CPE) with high sensitivity and good selectivity. NCNF was obtained by a simple electrospinning followed by carbonization procedure, in which polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as precursor and nitrogen doping was realized by re‐utilizing the tail gas that produced in the thermal pretreatment process. Good reproducibility and high stability were obtained for BPA detection at NCNF modified CPE. Current response plotted with BPA concentration was linear in the range of 0.1–60 μM with LOD of 0.05 μM. The proposed electrochemical sensor was employed for BPA determination with satisfactory recoveries for real water samples, indicating the practical applicability of NCNF/CPE.