Halide Perovskite Materials for Energy Storage Applications

Halide perovskites, traditionally a solar‐cell material that exhibits superior energy conversion properties, have recently been deployed in energy storage systems such as lithium‐ion batteries and photorechargeable batteries. Here, recent progress in halide perovskite‐based energy storage systems is presented, focusing on halide perovskite lithium‐ion batteries and halide perovskite photorechargeable batteries. Halide‐perovskite‐based supercapacitors and photosupercapacitors are also discussed. The photorechargeable batteries and photorechargeable supercapacitors employ solar energy to photocharge the battery; this saves energy and improves device portability. These lightweight, integrated halide perovskite‐based systems, which are pertinent to electric vehicles and portable electronic devices, are reviewed in detail. Suggestions on future research into the design of halide‐perovskite‐based energy storage materials are also given. This review provides a foundation for the development of integrated lightweight energy conversion and storage materials.     

Modeling of Zinc Bromide Energy Storage for Vehicular Applications

Energy storage devices such as lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydrate batteries and ultracapacitors have been considered for utilization in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and HEVs to improve efficiency and performance and reduce gas mileage. In this paper, we analyze and model an advanced energy storage device, namely, zinc bromide, for vehicular applications. This system has high energy and power density, high efficiency, and long life. A series of tests has been conducted on the storage to create an electrical model of the system. The modeling results show that the open-circuit voltage of the battery is a direct function of the battery's state of charge (SOC). In addition, the battery internal resistance is also a function of SOC at constant temperature. A Kalman filtering technique is also designed to adjust the estimated SOC according to battery current.      

Prelithiation/Presodiation Techniques for Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems: Concepts,Applications, and Perspectives

Prelithiation/presodiation techniques are regarded as indispensable procedures in electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems, which can effectively compensate irreversible capacity loss, raise working voltage, and increase Li⁺/Na⁺ concentration in the electrolyte. Various prelithiation/presodiation methods have been successfully exploited and a revolutionary impact has been achieved through the utilization of prelithiation/presodiation techniques. It is well acknowledged that different prelithiation/presodiation strategies possess their own specific mechanisms, which play vital roles in the advancement of EES systems. However, there has rarely been systematical reviews about the concept and progress of prelithiation/presodiation techniques. Hence, in this review various prelithiation/presodiation approaches are comprehensively analyzed and summarized, and in-depth prelithiation/presodiation behaviors and other innovative applications (including optimization of separators, amelioration of binders, regeneration of spent batteries) are discussed in detail. Finally, suggested future directions of prelithiation/presodiation techniques are proposed and it is expected that these prelithiation/presodiation techniques could provide guidance for construction of advanced EES systems and propel the commercialization process with a focus on safety considerations.     

Advanced Optical Sensors for Power and Energy Systems Applications

We have highlighted how optical sensors can be exploited to solve many measurement problems within selected power and energy systems applications. Clearly, their development is defined at present by the industry demand, often unsatisfied with the functionality and performance of electrical instrumentation. In these cases, the overall gain from being able to monitor a plant will outweigh the higher cost associated with optical measurement systems. However, as the technology advances and costs decrease, it is hoped that photonic sensors will make their way into more areas of industry and become as widely accepted as a simple strain gauge or thermocouple. We hope that this article will provide a useful perspective and will inspire a renewed interest in photonic sensors among a broad range of researchers, engineers, and industrial end-users involved in the field of instrumentation and measurement     

能源存储系统的类型和特点

分析了五种常见电能存储(EES)系统的类型:机械存储系统、电化学储能系统、化学储能系统、电力存储系统、热存储系统,以及各自的特征.提出EES标准化应包含的重点内容,并对不同EES的主要技术特点进行概括和比较,并预测了其未来的发展方向.     

汽车电子系统应用的LED驱动解决方案

简介 目前,越来越多的汽车电子系统应用照明设计师正在采用LED照明满足实用和美观的用途。众所周知,LED适用于各种汽车照明元件,例如大灯、白天行车灯、雾灯、转向信号灯、内部照明、资讯娱乐的背光照明,以及组合尾灯（RCL）和高位制动灯（CHMSL）。     

Design and Analysis of Fuel-Cell Hybrid Systems Oriented to Automotive Applications

Hybridization with high specific energy-storage devices such as supercapacitors (SCs) has important advantages in fuel-cell (FC)-based systems. This paper presents an approach for the design and analysis of FC hybrid systems (FCHSs) oriented to automotive applications. The FCHS is considered to be the most attractive long-term option for propulsion of passenger cars. The design stage includes the determination of the electrical topology and the determination of the hybridization degree (HD) according to drivability conditions. With the selected design, the optimal hydrogen consumption for different driving cycles and the energy flows in the hybrid vehicle are analyzed. The entire study is performed with a detailed model of the FCHS in the Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR): the determination of the HD according to drivability requirements, the analysis of the energy flows, and the computation of the optimal hydrogen consumption. The results show that hybridization allows a significant improvement in the hydrogen economy through the recovered energy from breaking. At the same time, the results suggest a conflict between a design according to drivability conditions and a design for the highest efficiency. The conclusion is that hybridization with SCs in FC-based vehicles is a meaningful procedure that enhances performance.      

选择支持可靠汽车应用的电容器

为今天的汽车电子产品选择最可靠的电容器，设计师需要仔细分析大量的器件参数和性能特点。接下来是考虑这些器件的工作环境以及特定目标应用。本文探讨了四种主要电介质电容器的特点——钽、铝电解、聚脂膜以及陶瓷。本文还介绍了电容温度系数、电容电压系数以及影响电容器选择的其他因素。     

汽车应用中的非牵引用马达控制

汽车电子化程度不断提高的同时,汽车的电源供应开始成为问题.令人惊讶的是汽车设计正在逐渐逼近电源供应的极限,在很大程度上重复了小型"便携式产品"同样的历程.增大发动机功率只会增加燃料成本.随着能源价格的上涨,能源效率对于不同级别车辆的竞争变得越来越重要,特别是对于在北美以外出售的汽车.     

用于汽车的高亮LED照明

毋庸置疑,高亮LED将成为未来一代汽车的主要特征.这是由于LED相对于传统的白炽光照明方案,具备许多重要优势.同时,采用LED也可带动技术上,甚至汽车设计风格上的变化.但是,正如任何革新技术,LED在广泛运用于汽车照明前,仍有许多困难需要克服.     

Automotive Safety Systems

he amount of software in general (and safety systems in particular) increases rapidly in the automotive industry. The trend is that functionality is decentralized, so new safety functions are distributed to common shared computer hardware, sensors, and actuators using central data buses. Signal processing is a hidden technology for enabling these functions by providing estimates of internal states, parameters, and situation awareness of the surroundings. Despite this fact, there is a small amount of research reported in the signal processing literature, and advanced solutions based on modern theory appear to be lacking in today?s car. This article overviews recent and future safety systems and highlights the big challenges for researchers in the signal processing area. One success story is provided as motivation, showing how signal processing researchers have contributed to a technology shift by replacing costly sensors with software algorithms that can be converted to huge economical savings for car owners all over the world.     

Power-Electronics-Based Solutions for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage and Management Systems

Batteries, ultracapacitors (UCs), and fuel cells are widely being proposed for electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid EVs (PHEVs) as an electric power source or an energy storage unit. In general, the design of an intelligent control strategy for coordinated power distribution is a critical issue for UC-supported PHEV power systems. Implementation of several control methods has been presented in the past, with the goal of improving battery life and overall vehicle efficiency. It is clear that the control objectives vary with respect to vehicle velocity, power demand, and state of charge of both the batteries and UCs. Hence, an optimal control strategy design is the most critical aspect of an all-electric/plug-in hybrid electric vehicle operational characteristic. Although much effort has been made to improve the life of PHEV energy storage systems (ESSs), including research on energy storage device chemistries, this paper, on the contrary, highlights the fact that the fundamental problem lies within the design of power-electronics-based energy-management converters and the development of smarter control algorithms. This paper initially discusses battery and UC characteristics and then goes on to provide a detailed comparison of various proposed control strategies and proposes the use of precise power electronic converter topologies. Finally, this paper summarizes the benefits of the various techniques and suggests the most viable solutions for on-board power management, more specific to PHEVs with multiple/hybrid ESSs.      

汽车雷达系统

100多年以来,无线电探测与测距(RADAR)一直是一项全球众所周知的技术,它最初基于德国工程师克里斯蒂安.候斯美尔在1904年4月第30届柏林皇家专利会上获得了发明。按照传统习惯,他将其技术创新起拉丁语名为电动镜。雷达的历史始于詹姆斯.克拉克.麦克斯韦的理论工作,随后生于德国汉堡的亨里希.赫兹通过很多试验以弄清电磁波的特性。舰艇间的避撞是这项技术的首次应用。然而,今天讨论的是汽车间的避撞应用,但这仅仅是汽车雷达系统成功应用的开始。     

The Applications of Water-in-Salt Electrolytes in Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

Water-in-salt electrolytes (WISEs) have attracted widespread attention due to their non-flammability, environmental friendliness, and wider electrochemical stability window than conventional dilute aqueous electrolytes. When applied in the electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices, WISEs can offer many advantages such as high-level safety, manufacturing efficiency, as well as, superior electrochemical performances. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a timely and comprehensive summary of WISEs and their EES applications. In this review, the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the WISEs are first introduced. Then, the research progresses of the WISEs using different metal salts and their analogues are summarized. Next, the current research progresses of WISEs applied in different EES devices (e.g., batteries and supercapacitors) as well as the insights into challenging and future perspectives are systematically discussed.     

MEMS惯性传感器在汽车中的应用

虽然大多数人都知道当今的汽车使用微电子机械系统(MEMS)加速度计检测安速度衰减,进而决定是否启用安全气囊,但是可能还不知道MEMS惯性传感器在汽车中有许多其它安全性和方便性系统的应用.本文讨论MEMS惯性传感器的一些新兴的汽车应用,以及改进当今汽车和卡车的安全性、方便性和可靠性的那些MEMS惯性传感器的性能指标.     

汽车闪光灯用固态继电器

Motorola公司的MC33288固态继电器是为汽车闪光灯应用而设计的.它是一款双高端开关器件,有适合汽车闪光灯应用的控制、保护和诊断功能.     

Polyaziridine-Encapsulated Phosphorene-Incorporated Flexible 3D Porous Graphene for Multimodal Sensing and Energy Storage Applications

Heteroatom-incorporated graphene represents a prominent family of materials utilized as active electrodes for multimodal sensing and energy storage applications. Herein, a novel polyaziridine-encapsulated phosphorene (PEP)-incorporated flexible 3D porous graphene (3DPG) electrode is developed using facile, cost-effective laser writing, and drop-casting techniques. Owing to the excellent electrochemical characteristics and surface functionality of the highly stable PEP, the fabricated PEP/3DPG is evaluated as a potential electrode for immunosensing, electrocardiogram (ECG) recording, and microsupercapacitors (MSCs). Under optimized conditions, the produced PEP/3DPG-based carcinoembryonic immunosensor exhibits linear ranges of 0.1–700 pg mL⁻¹ and 1–100 ng mL⁻¹ with a detection limit of 0.34 pg mL⁻¹ and high selectivity. The finger touch-based ECG sensor demonstrates a relatively low and stable impedance at the skin-electrode interface; therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio of the ECG signal received from the fabricated sensor (13.5 dB) is comparable to that of conventional Ag/AgCl electrodes (13.9 dB). Besides, the highest areal capacitance of the prepared MSC reached a magnitude of 16.94 mF cm⁻², which is six times higher than that of a non-doped 3DPG-based MSC. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the described fabrication procedure and the high utilization potential of the encapsulated phosphorene-doped 3D graphene in multimodal applications.     

Advanced Exfoliation Strategies for Layered Double Hydroxides and Applications in Energy Conversion and Storage

Along with the increasing aggravation of energy and environmental problems, the demand and utilization of renewable energy have increased. The rational design of advanced functional materials serves as a critical point for the improvement of performance and the practical application in renewable energy devices. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with 2D layered structures are promising energy materials for their unique physical and chemical properties. Nevertheless, the applications are limited by the structure of stacking with irrational electronic structure, sluggish mass transfer, and low activity. The exfoliation of LDHs into single‐ or few‐layered nanosheets appears to be a promising approach to overcome the above disadvantages. Herein, the recent progress on the development of exfoliation strategies for LDHs including liquid phase exfoliation, plasma‐induced exfoliation, and other advanced exfoliation strategies is highlighted and the applications in energy conversion and storage are systematically introduced.     

Electronic Controlled Energy Storage Devices and Applications in Future Smart Grid

The electric industry is being transformed from a centralized network to one that is less centralized and allows more consumer interaction in the form of a smart grid.