Mode transition in dusty micro-plasma driven by pulsed radio-frequency source in C_2H_2/Ar mixture

Physical qualities of dusty plasma in the pulsed radio-frequency C_2H_2/Ar microdischarges are carefully investigated by a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model and aerosol dynamics model.Since the thermophoretic force has a great effect on the nanoparticle density spatial distribution,the neutral gas energy equation is taken into accounted.The effects of pulse parameters(dust ratio,modulation frequency) on the nanoparticle formation and growth process are mainly discussed.The calculation results show that,as the duty ratio increases,the mode transition from the sheath oscillation(a regime) to the secondary electron heating(7 regime) occurred,which is quite different from the conventional pulsed discharge.Moreover,the effect of modulation frequency on the width of sheath and plasma density is analyzed.Compared with the H_2CC~-ions,the modulation frequency effect on the nanoparticles density becomes more prominent.     

Simulation of nanoparticle coagulation in radio-frequency capacitively coupled C_2H_2 discharges

A self-consistent fluid model is employed to investigate the coagulation stage of nanoparticle formation, growth,charging, and transport in a radio-frequency capacitively coupled parallel-plate acetylene(C2H2) discharge. In our simulation, the distribution of neutral species across the electrode gap is determined by mass continuity, momentum balance, and energy balance equations. Since a thermal gradient in the gas temperature induced by the flow of the neutral gas, a careful study of the thermophoretic force on the spatial distribution of the nanoparticle density profiles is indispensable. In the present paper, we mainly focus on the influences of the gas flow rate, voltage, and gas pressure on the spatial distribution of the nanoparticle density. It appears that the resulting density profile of the 10-nm particles experiences a significant shift towards the upper showerhead electrode once the neutral equations are applied, and a serious shift is observed when increasing the gas flow rate. Thus, the flow of neutral gas can strongly influence the spatial distribution of the particles in the plasma.     

Characteristics of SiO2 etching by using pulse-time modulation in 60 MHz/2 MHz dual-frequency capacitive coupled plasma

60 MHz pulsed radio frequency (rf) source power and 2 MHz continuous wave rf bias power, were used for SiO₂ etching masked with an amorphous carbon layer (ACL) in an Ar/C₄F₈/O₂ gas mixture, and the effects of the frequency and duty ratio of the 60 MHz pulse rf power on the SiO₂ etch characteristics were investigated. With decreasing duty ratio of the 60 MHz pulse rf power, not only the etch rate of SiO₂ but also the etch rate of ACL was decreased, however, the etch selectivity of SiO₂ over ACL was improved with decreasing the duty ratio. On the other hand, when the pulse frequency was varied at a constant duty ratio, no significant change in the etch rate and etch selectivity of both materials could be observed. The variation of the etch characteristics was believed to be related to the change in the gas dissociation characteristics caused by the change in the average electron temperature for different pulsing conditions. The improvement in the etch selectivity with the decrease of duty ratio, therefore, was related to the decreased gas dissociation of C₄F₈ by the decrease of average electron temperature and, which resulted in a change in composition of the fluorocarbon polymer on the etched materials surface from C–C rich to CF₂ rich. With decreasing the duty ratio, not only the etch selectivity but also the improvement in the SiO₂ etch profile could be observed.     

Simulation of nanoparticle coagulation in radio-frequency C_2H_2/Ar microdischarges

The nanoparticle coagulation is investigated by using a couple of fluid models and aerosol dynamics model in argon with a 5% molecular acetylene admixture rf microdischarges,with the total input gas flow rate of 400 sccm.It co-exists with a homogeneous,secondary electron-dominated low temperature γ-mode glow discharges.The heat transfer equation and flow equation for neutral gas are taken into account.We mainly focused on investigations of the nanoparticle properties in atmospheric pressure microdischarges,and discussed the influences of pressure,electrode spacing,and applied voltage on the plasma density and nanoparticle density profiles.The results show that the characteristics of microdischarges are quite different from those of low pressure radio-frequency discharges.First,the nanoparticle density in the bulk plasma in microdischarges is much larger than that of low pressure discharges.Second,the nanoparticle density of 10 nm experiences an exponential increase as soon as the applied voltage increases,especially in the presheath.Finally,as the electrode spacing increases,the nanoparticle density decreased instead of increasing.     

乙炔-氧气混合气体强爆轰参数的理论估算与实验研究

 针对非定常的气相强爆轰过程,建立了气相爆轰的理论计算模型,结合C-J理论和多方气体物态方程,对乙炔-氧气混合气体的强爆轰参数进行了理论估算,并在激波管中开展了化学计量比的乙炔-氧气混合气体的强爆轰实验。对比研究表明：爆速的理论估算值与实验值符合较好,证实了采用C-J理论估算气相强爆轰参数的可行性,计算数据具有一定的参考价值。     

非链式脉冲DF化学激光器反应动力学模型

依据非链式脉冲氟化氘(DF)激光器的反应机理, 采用速率方程理论, 综合考虑了基态DF分子、D₂分子、D原子、F原子对激发态DF分子的消激发作用, 建立了非链式脉冲DF激光器反应动力学模型. 运用Runge-Kutta法对该模型进行数值计算, 得到了增益区内各组分粒子数密度随时间的变化关系. 进而运用该模型研究了工作气体配比和输出镜反射率对DF激光器腔内光子数密度、 单脉冲能量、脉冲宽度和输出功率的影响, 得到了最佳气体配比和最佳输出镜反射率参数. 采用放电引发方式对非链式DF激光器进行了实验研究, 实验测得脉冲波形及单脉冲能量与速率方程理论模型计算结果基本一致. 本文的研究结果可为非链式脉冲DF激光器的优化设计提供理论参考. 关键词： 脉冲DF激光器 动力学模型 速率方程 数值计算     

制备铋靶的脉冲电镀工艺

 采用脉冲电镀工艺,以直径为1 mm的铜丝为芯轴,在无氰镀液体系中,制备出惯性约束聚变实验用铋靶所需的金属铋镀层。通过正交试验得到的最佳脉冲工艺条件为：电流密度5 A/cm²,频率600 Hz,占空比1∶6,温度20 ℃。利用扫描探针显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分别对铋镀层表面形貌进行分析,同时利用X射线衍射对铋镀层物相成分进行分析。表征结果表明：所得铋镀层表面细致均匀,孔隙率低,平整性好,无裂纹。     

Numerical study on the characteristics of nitrogen discharge at high pressure with induced plasma

Based on the fluid theory of plasma, a model is built to study the characteristics of nitrogen discharge at high pressure with induced argon plasma. In the model, species such as electrons, N2+, N4+, Ar+, and two metastable states (N 2(A3∑u+), N2 (a1 ∑u-)) are taken into account. The model includes the particle continuity equation, the electron energy balance equation, and Poisson抯equation. The model is solved with a finite difference method. The numerical results are obtained and used to investigate the effect of time taken to add nitrogen gas and initially-induced argon plasma pressure. It is found that lower speeds of adding the nitrogen gas and varying the gas pressure can induce higher plasma density, and inversely lower electron temperature. At high-pressure discharge, the electron density increases when the proportion of nitrogen component is below 40%, while the electron density will keep constant as the nitrogen component further increases. It is also shown that with the increase of initially-induced argon plasma pressure, the density of charged particles increases, and the electron temperature as well as the electric field decreases.     

脉冲电流作用下TIG电弧的数值分析

建立了脉冲电流下自由燃烧的TIG电弧的二维轴对称数学模型,利用FLUENT软件,通过选择合适的边界条件和强烈耦合控制方程组对脉冲TIG电弧进行了数值模拟,得到了在焊接电流周期性变化下电弧形态、电弧温度场、电弧轴线方向上的温度和速度及焊接工件表面电弧压力的变化情况;针对电弧压力,得到了不同峰值电流、占空比、脉冲频率作用下的分布情况,并分析了它们在脉冲电流作用下的周期性变化规律.分析结果表明:当脉冲电流发生突变时,它们的变化滞后于脉冲电流的变化,且从基值电流向峰值电流变化时的响应速度更快,并最终达到一个相对稳 关键词： 脉冲TIG焊 电弧 数值模拟 FLUENT     

临界点附近H2气体的焓和熵的热力学计算

采用热力学方法和Benedict-Webb-Rubin(BWR)方程及相应的参数,计 算了临界温度附近H2气体的绝对焓和熵值,同时拟合了一组高准确度的定压比热容与温度 关联式参数.通过计算值与实验值的比较发现:在临界温度以上,计算值与实验值符合良好 ,对低于临界温度的未饱和H2气体也能计算出较好了结果.但对临界点和温度低于临界温 度、压强高于临界压强的过饱和H2气体的计算误差比较大,说明此时的H2气体的热力学性质特别,应当专门处理.     

氦氢混合气体中受激拉曼散射的脉宽特性

 308nm准分子激光泵浦的氢拉曼散射介质中渗入一定比分的氦气，其输出的一阶斯托克斯光S1的脉宽将发生变化。实验获得不同氦比分的S1脉宽在20-45ns之间，与渗入氦的浓度有关。从氦对氢拉曼增益系数的影响，对实验结果进行了理论分析。     

Enhanced electron–positron pair production by frequency chirping in one-and two-color laser pulse fields

Enhanced electron–positron pair production by frequency chirping in one- and two-color laser pulse fields is investigated by solving the quantum Vlasov equation. A small frequency chirp shifts the momentum spectrum along the momentum axis. The positive and negative frequency chirp parameters play the same role in increasing the pair number density. The sign change of the frequency chirp parameter at the moment t = 0 leads the pulse shape and momentum spectrum to be symmetric, and the number density to be increased. The number density of produced pairs in the two-color pulse field is much higher than that in the one-color pulse field and the larger frequency chirp pulse field dominates more strongly. In the two-color pulse fields, the relation between the frequency ratio of two colors and the number density is not sensitive to the parameters of small frequency chirp added in either a low frequency strong field or a high frequency weak field but sensitive to the parameters of large frequency chirp added in a high frequency weak field.     

Analysis of temporal broadening of optical pulses by atmospheric dispersion in laser communication system

In this paper, pulse broadening caused by atmospheric dispersion is analyzed, which is the key factor in high-speed and long-distance free space laser communication systems according to our simulation. The measured datum of atmospheric parameters, including atmospheric pressure and atmospheric temperature of the desert in Xinjiang, China, is used in the analysis of pulses broadening. The pulse broadening caused by atmospheric dispersion is very significant when pulsewidth is on the order of 5 ps, and pulse broadening is negligible if the pulsewidth is larger than 20 ps. With the increment of optical wavelength, atmospheric dispersion-induced pulse broadening is mitigated. The received pulsewidth is dominated mainly by dispersion-induced pulse broadening at small duty ratio of original signal, and original pulsewidth at large duty ratio of original signal respectively. By selecting proper duty ratio of optical pulse, the received pulsewidth can be minimized and the system bit rate can be maximized.     

Measurements of SiH4/H2 VHF Plasma Parameters with Heated Langmuir Probe

The parameters of a SiH₄/H₂ VHF plasma were measured as a function of silane gas concentration with a heated Langmuir probe. It was found that when the sailane gas concentration is increased, the nagative ion density increases. Here the negative ion density was estimated from the reduction of the electron saturation current. In addition, the dependence of the wall potential on the silane gas concentration agreed with the theoretical values derived from the Bohm sheath equation including negative ions. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

放电泵浦ArF准分子激光动力学模拟与参数分析

利用一维流体模型研究了放电泵浦ArF准分子激光动力学过程,得到气体放电过程中放电电路的电流电压波形,得到了电子密度、光子密度、电场的时空分布特性,分析了放电参数对激光输出的影响。结果表明,电路参数、工作气压、氟气比例均对激光输出有显著影响,放电电路中的电感值对输出影响较小,参数范围较广,而电路中较小的峰化电容值有利于获得长脉冲输出,气压太大或太小都会使输出能量降低,同样,氟气比例太大或太小也会使输出能量降低。     

Preparation of magnetic nanoparticles by pulsed plasma chemical vapor synthesis

FePt nanoparticle is expected as a candidate for the magnetic material of the high density recording media. We attempted to synthesize FePt alloy nanoparticles using 13.56 MHz glow discharge plasma with the pulse operation of a square-wave on/off cycle of plasma discharge to control the size of nanoparticles. Vapors of metal organics, Biscyclopentadienyl iron (ferrocene) for Fe and (Methylcyclopentadienyl) trimethyl platinum for Pt, were introduced into the capacitively coupled flow-through plasma chamber, which consisted of shower head RF electrode and grounded mesh electrode. Synthesis experiments were conducted at room temperature under the conditions of pressure 0.27 Pa, source gas concentration 0.005 Pa, gas residence time 0.5 s and plasma powers 60 watts. Pulse width for plasma duration was chosen from 0.5 to 30 s and plasma off period was 4 s to each pulse operation. Visual observations during the particle growth showed plasma emission in the bulk region was increased with the particle growth. These were theoretically explained by using the model for both transient particle charging in the plasma and single particle behavior in the stationary plasma as well as assuming the similarity between the negative charged particle and negative gas containing plasma. Synthesized nanoparticles were directly collected onto TEM grid, which was placed just below the grounded mesh electrode in the plasma reactor downstream. TEM pictures showed two kinds of particles in size, one of which was nanometer size and isolated with crystal structures and the other appeared agglomerate of nanometer size particles. The size of agglomerated particle was controlled in the 10–120 nm range by varying the plasma-on time from 0.5 to 30 s, although the nanometer size particles did not change. The composition of FePt alloy particles could be altered by adjusting the source gas feed ratio. Also magnetization of FePt nanoparticles was measured by use of SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) magnetometry measurements. As-synthesized FePt nanoparticles did not exhibit loop-shape characteristic, which indicated superpamagnetic property. Annealed nanoparticles with the composition of Fe₅₈Pt₄₂ at 650°C in atmospheric hydrogen showed clear hysterisis loop with the coercivity as large as 10 KOe.     

Micro-hot-spot model taking into account the temperature dependence of the laser pulse absorption efficiency factor

An improved model of the laser initiation of the explosive decomposition of energetic materials containing light-absorbing nanoparticles is investigated. The model takes into account how the light absorption efficiency factor changes with an increasing temperature. It is demonstrated that, as the temperature of an aluminum nanoparticle in pentaerythritol tetranitrate increases from 300 to 700 K, the light absorption efficiency factor increases by a factor of over 2. It is also shown that, for each particular nanoparticle radius in the 40–150 nm range, the temperature dependence of the light absorption efficiency factor over the relevant temperature range can be interpolated well by a second-order polynomial. Taking into account the variation of the efficiency of light absorption by the aluminum nanoparticle in the initiation of the explosive decomposition of pentaerythritol tetranitrate by a 12-ns-long neodymium laser pulse reduces the calculated critical energy density by a factor of 2.11 and decreases the optimum nanoparticle radius from 98 to 92 nm.     

Modeling photothermal and acoustical induced microbubble generation and growth

Previous experimental studies showed that powerful heating of nanoparticles by a laser pulse using energy density greater than 100 mJ/cm², could induce vaporization and generate microbubbles. When ultrasound is introduced at the same time as the laser pulse, much less laser power is required. For therapeutic applications, generation of microbubbles on demand at target locations, e.g. cells or bacteria can be used to induce hyperthermia or to facilitate drug delivery. The objective of this work is to develop a method capable of predicting photothermal and acoustic parameters in terms of laser power and acoustic pressure amplitude that are needed to produce stable microbubbles; and investigate the influence of bubble coalescence on the thresholds when the microbubbles are generated around nanoparticles that appear in clusters.

We develop and solve here a combined problem of momentum, heat and mass transfer which is associated with generation and growth of a microbubble, filled with a mixture of non-vaporized gas (air) and water vapor. The microbubble’s size and gas content vary as a result of three mechanisms: gas expansion or compression, evaporation or condensation on the bubble boundary, and diffusion of dissolved air in the surrounding water. The simulations predict that when ultrasound is applied relatively low threshold values of laser and ultrasound power are required to obtain a stable microbubble from a single nanoparticle. Even lower power is required when microbubbles are formed by coalescence around a cluster of 10 nanoparticles. Laser pulse energy density of 21 mJ/cm² is predicted for instance together with acoustic pressure of 0.1 MPa for a cluster of 10 or 62 mJ/cm² for a single nanoparticle. Those values are well within the safety limits, and as such are most appealing for targeted therapeutic purposes.