硫酸钠溶液中方解石表面油膜脱附机理研究

摘要：本文重点研究油湿型方解石表面形成的过程和方解石表面油膜在SO42-作用下脱附的过程,从分子尺度探究油膜形成机理和SO42-作用机理。首先,为模拟碳酸盐岩储层实际而建立油湿型碳酸盐岩表面。范德华力和静电作用下油分子运动到方解石表面形成双层结构的油膜,方解石由水湿变为油湿。结果表明,与第二层相比,第一层排列更有序,结构更稳定,对储层润湿性影响更大。而后,研究方解石表面油膜在SO42-作用下脱附的过程和作用机理。方解石表面油膜的脱附可以分为两步：静电作用下水通道的形成;氢键作用下水膜的形成。最终,方解石表面由油湿变为水湿。研究表明：SO42-参与了方解石表面油膜脱附过程中重要的静电力作用和氢键作用,加速了水通道和水膜的形成,加速了方解石表面油膜的脱附,对储层润湿性影响较大。     

On the thermophoretic motion of a heated spherical drop in a viscous liquid

Expressions for the force and velocity of the thermophoretic motion of a spherical drop in a viscous liquid are derived for arbitrary temperature differences between the surface of the drop and regions away from it. The temperature dependence of the viscosity is taken into account in the form of an exponential-power series.     

分子动力学模拟研究方解石表面润湿性反转机理

利用分子动力学模拟技术从分子尺度探究方解石表面润湿性反转机理.首先,研究方解石表面润湿性反转过程;而后,从原油分子-方解石表面与原油分子-原油分子/水分子相互作用两个方面系统揭示方解石表面润湿性反转机理.结果:(1)水分子能够驱离方解石表面弱吸附的非极性分子造成润湿性的改变,但不能驱离强吸附的极性分子使润湿性反转难以实现;(2)原油分子极性越强与方解石表面相互作用越强,极性分子与方解石表面之间主要为静电力,非极性分子与方解石表面之间主要为范德华力;(3)原油分子极性越相近分子之间的相互作用越强,分子极性相差越大分子之间的相互作用越弱.非极性分子之间主要是范德华力,极性分子之间主要是静电力;(4)原油分子在方解石表面和水分子的共同作用下形成乙酸-吡啶-水-甲苯-己烷的稳定吸附序列.本研究为靶向提高采收率技术的设计与应用提供理论基础.     

Influence of the accommodation coefficient on the water drop evaporation process in a radiation field

The process of water drop evaporation in a field of intense laser radiation is examined on the basis of the hydro-thermodynamics equations under the assumption of quasistationarity in the conditions in the surrounding medium and in the radius. The influence of the accommodation coefficient on heating of the drops on the magnitude of the surface jump in water vapor density and on the position of the upper bound of the convective evaporation region is analyzed. It is shown that the surface jump in the vapor does not alter the rate of convective evaporation of the drop in practice, but can result in substantially different time dependences of the radius of a diffusely evaporating drop as compared with those found without it. The solution obtained is compared with the solution of the problem of evaporation in a Stefan approximation.     

液滴振荡模型及与数值模拟的对比

由于碰撞壁面后液滴内部流动的复杂性, 以及气-液-固三相间的相互作用, 对液滴碰撞壁面形态变化的数学理论研究有较大的难度, 因此所见者多为实验和数值模拟. 本文通过对液滴受力状态的分析, 得到了惯性力、黏性力和表面张力带经验系数的表达式, 并进一步建立了液滴碰撞壁面振荡模型, 得到了液滴铺展半径的振荡表达式, 以及表面张力、黏性系数等参数对液滴铺展的影响. 最后通过与液滴衰减振荡数值模拟结果的对比, 确定了液滴振荡模型中的修正系数, 验证了模型的可行性. 关键词： 液滴碰撞 振荡 铺展半径/高度 数值模拟     

沉积在液体衬底上连续铝薄膜的微观结构

研究了沉积在硅油衬底表面的连续铝薄膜的微结构及其表面形貌.与沉积在单晶硅表面的铝薄膜相比,两种铝薄膜均属颗粒结构,但硅油表面的铝薄膜具有颗粒尺寸较小、大小不均匀,表面起伏较大等特点,而且在该铝薄膜边缘的下表面,有一明显的波纹状楔型结构,其斜率仅为10^-4—10^-5.实验结果表明：这一现象是由于液体衬底的热膨胀行为引起的.此外对样品的晶态也进行了研究. 关键词： 铝薄膜 液体衬底 微观结构     

Electrical properties of water drops inside the dropwise cluster

The Letter shows that inside a dropwise cluster formed over the heated water surface, water drops are electrically charged. The charge of a separate drop reaches 10³ units of an elementary charge. The drops are positioned from each other at the distance of double Debye radius length. It is fixed up that drops levitate over the water surface in consequence of the Stokes force acting from the side of gas-vapor flow rising from water surface. The Stokes force thousand times exceeds the Coulomb drop repulsion force from the water surface.     

自润湿流体液滴的热毛细迁移特性

采用数值模拟方法研究了自润湿流体液滴的热毛细迁移特性.基于润滑理论和滑移边界条件建立了二维液滴运动的演化模型,分析了液气界面张力极小值对应温度在壁面上的位置(临界点)与液滴位置间的相对关系对液滴运动特性的影响.结果表明,对于壁面润湿性不随温度变化的情形,随液滴初始位置相对临界点的向左移动,液滴的迁移方向发生改变,但液滴受热毛细力驱动总是向界面张力高的方向移动.对于壁面润湿性随温度变化的情形,无论液滴初始放置于临界点何处,受高温侧壁面润湿性恶化的影响,液滴均向低温区迁移;随液滴初始位置相对临界点的向左移动,液滴受方向向左的热毛细力增大,提高了其向低温区的迁移速率.控制自润湿流体液滴运动可通过调控临界点与液滴位置间的关系来实现,欲抑制液滴向低温区的迁移,则应将液滴放置于临界点右侧.     

水驱油藏中原油极性物质对吸附和润湿性影响的分子模拟

为了研究水驱油藏中原油极性物质的吸附机理及其对油藏表面润湿性的影响,构建以石英为代表的砂岩岩石骨架模型,己烷为代表的非极性物质模型和以甲苯、胶质和沥青质为代表的极性物质模型,运用分子模拟方法研究4种原油组分和水分子在砂岩油藏表面竞争吸附过程和润湿状态。结果表明：水与4种原油组分在石英矿物表面竞争吸附时,原油中的非极性物质会比极性物质更加容易脱附。极性物质会随着时间的变化逐渐吸附在矿物表面,非极性的物质会随着时间变化逐渐远离矿物表面。吸附过程中静电力起吸附作用,范德华力起排斥作用。最后结合润湿性实验结果,从机理上解释了不同原油组成对润湿性的影响,即原油组分中极性物质含量越高,胶质沥青质含量越大,岩石表面油湿性越大,且水驱过程中润湿性向亲水方向变化越难。结论对提升水驱油藏采收率影响因素的认识有重要意义。     

Hydrodynamic interaction of an evaporating drop with a plane surface

The hydrodynamic interaction of a freely evaporating (or growing in a supersaturated solution) drop suspended in a gaseous medium with an infinitely large surface of a liquid or a solid is studied theoretically taking into account the effects linear in the Knudsen number. The results of numerical calculations of the velocity of a steady-state motion of a water drop evaporating or growing in air are considered. According to these results, the drop can move either to the wall or away from it. The direction of motion depends on the drop radius, the distance between the wall and the drop, and the thermal conductivity of the wall material.     

Variation of interfacial tension by nanoclay particles in oil-in-water emulsions

To investigate whether nanoclay particles vary with the interfacial tension of oil-in water emulsion, interfacial tension is measured using dynamic drop volume method. From the critical volume of a single droplet at the moment of detachment, interfacial tension is calculated based on the force balance between gravity force and capillary force. The interfacial tension of a droplet is reduced by the addition of nanoclay and the interfacial tension reduction is further varied depending on nanoclay type. The addition of hydrophilic nanoclay particles (5000?ppm) in an oil drop reduces the interfacial tension from 31.4 to 19.6?mN/m by interfacial localization. In the case of organically modified nanoclay (5000?ppm), interfacial tension is only slightly reduced from 31.4 to 26?mN/m. This study shows that nanoclay effectively reduces the interfacial tension of a droplet when nanoclay is located at the interface.     

基于光滑粒子动力学方法的液滴冲击固壁面问题数值模拟

采用改进的光滑粒子动力学(SPH)方法对液滴冲击固壁面问题进行了数值模拟. 为了提高传统SPH方法的计算精度和数值稳定性, 在传统的SPH方法的基础上对粒子方法中的密度和核梯度进行了修正, 采用了考虑黎曼解法的SPH流体控制方程, 构造了一种新型的粒子间相互作用力(IIF)模型来模拟表面张力的影响. 应用改进的SPH方法对液滴冲击固壁面问题进行了数值模拟. 计算结果表明：新型的IIF 模型能够较好地模拟表面张力的影响, 改进的SPH方法能够精细地描述液滴与固壁面相互作用过程中液滴的内部压力场演变和自由面形态变化, 液滴的铺展因子随初始韦伯数的增大而增大, 数值模拟结果与实验得到的结果基本一致. 关键词： 液滴 固壁面 光滑粒子动力学 表面张力     

Protein adsorption and interfacial rheology interfering in dilatational experiment

The static and dilatational response of β-lactoglobulin fibrils and native β-lactoglobulin (monomers) at water-air and water-oil interfaces (pH 2) was measured using the pendant drop method. The resulting adsorption behavior and viscoelasticity is dependent of concentration and adsorption time. The interfacial pressure of the β-lactoglobulin fibrils obtained in static measurements was 16–18?mN/m (against air) and 7?mN/m (against oil) for all concentrations. With higher concentrations, faster adsorption kinetics and slightly higher interfacial and surface pressure is achieved but did not lead to higher viscoelastic moduli. The transient saturation of the interface is similar for both the fibril solution and the monomers, however the fibril solution forms a strong viscoelastic network. To evaluate the superimposed adsorption behavior and rheological properties, the formed interfacial layer was subjected to dilatational experiments, which were performed by oscillating the surface area of the drop in sinusoidal and sawtooth (diagonal) deformation manner. The sinusoidal oscillations (time depended area deformation rate) result in a complex interfacial tension behavior against air and oil interfaces and show remarkable differences during compression and expansion as emphasized by Lissajous figures. For diagonal (constant area deformation rate) experiments, a slight bending of the interfacial tension response was observed at low frequencies emphasizing the influence of protein adsorption during rheological measurements.     

Peculiarities of nonisothermal desorption of drops of lithium bromide water solution on a horizontal heated surface

The behavior of a drop of lithium bromide solution on a heating surface is investigated in a wide range of surface temperatures and solution concentration. Substantial peculiarities of evaporation and boiling of single drops in the lithium bromide solution are revealed.     

A novel optical method in micro drop deformation measurements

A novel method was developed to determine the deformation of a micro drop on a substrate. The principle of the method is based on the scattering of parallel fringes pattern from the deformed droplet. Because only a very few components are needed together with a conventional laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) transmitting unit, the newly developed method is very easy to be implemented. Within the geometrical optics approach, it is possible to reconstruct the profile of a non-spherical micro drop from the scattered interference fringes. The spatial frequency of the fringes was analyzed using fast Fourier transform (FFT). The validation experiments for this method in the determination of micro drop deformation which is affected by gravity, capillary force and surface tension were performed and the results are agreed well with the theoretical analysis.     

Analysis of shape perturbations of a drop on a vibrating substrate for different wetting angles

An exact solution is obtained to the problem of axisymmetric normal modes and natural frequencies characterizing surface perturbations of a drop that sits with an arbitrary wetting angle on a substrate and experiences only gravity and surface tension. The resulting mode solutions are used to calculate and analyze different shapes of the perturbed surface for the same drop placed on a vibrating base. The distinctive feature of the present study is the explicit representation of the results in the form of calculated shapes of the surface of a vibrating drop, comparison of the parameters of actual drops with resonance frequencies, and comparison with experimental data.     

密立根油滴实验中影响油滴控制的因素分析及对策

本文分析了密里根油滴实验中影响油滴控制的主要因素,并提出了相应的对策。     

Electrowetting-induced oil film entrapment and instability

We investigate the spreading at variable rate of a water drop on a smooth hydrophobic substrate in an ambient oil bath driven by electrowetting. We find that a thin film of oil is entrapped under the drop. Its thickness is described by an extension of the Landau-Levich law of dip coating that includes the electrostatic pressure contribution. Once trapped, the thin film becomes unstable under the competing effects of the electrostatic pressure and surface tension and dewets into microscopic droplets, in agreement with a linear stability analysis. Our results recommend electrowetting as an efficient experimental approach to the fundamental problem of dynamic wetting in the presence of a tunable substrate-liquid interaction.     

The effect of the evaporation coefficient on the thermophoresis of a volatile single-component drop in a binary gas mixture

A theory of the uniform thermophoretic motion of a liquid volatile spherical drop in a binary gas mixture is developed based on hydrodynamic analysis. One of the components undergoes the phase transition on the surface. The solution of the problem makes it possible to estimate the effect of the evaporation rate on the rate and direction of thermophoresis, as well as on the distributions of the velocity, temperature, and concentration of the volatile component. The thermal diffusion of the gas mixture, together with Stefan and capillary phenomena, is taken into account. The velocity of thermophoretic transport is expressed through the evaporation coefficient of the drop by the formula that generalizes the known results of the conventional theories for the cases of weak and moderately intense diffusive evaporation of a liquid drop.     

Hydrophobic switching nature of methylcellulose ultra-thin films: thickness and annealing effects

We have studied the thermosensitive property of methylcellulose (MC) thin films supported on Si substrate by static sessile drop contact angle measurements, and their surface properties and thin film structure by x-ray reflectivity (XRR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. From the static sessile drop contact angle measurements, the MC thin films showed the characteristic hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic transition at ～70?°C, which is the lower critical solution temperature of the bulk solution volume phase separation transition. For films with thickness d ≤ R(g), the onset of such a transition is affected by the film thickness while very thick films, d ? R(g), yielded higher contact angles. Annealing the MC thin films with thicknesses ～200 ? (near the radius of gyration, R(g), of the polymer) below the bulk glass transition temperature (T(g) ～ 195?° C) would not change the hydrophobic switch nature of the film but annealing 'at' and above the bulk T(g) would change its surface property. From surface topography images by AFM, there were no significant changes in either the roughness or the film texture before and after annealing. With XRR data, we were able to determine that such changes in the surface properties are highly correlated to the film thickness changes after the annealing process. This study, we believe, is the first to examine the thermal annealing affects on the thermal response function of a thermoresponsive polymer and is important for researching how to tailor the hydrophobic switching property of MC thin films for future sensing applications.