(火积)理论在热功转换过程中的应用探讨

分析和讨论了(火积)理论在热功转换过程的应用及其局限性.对Carnot循环的分析表明,Carnot循环中系统的(火积)是平衡的,但(火积)和熵之间不存在dG=T2dS这样的联系.对于一般热力学过程,分析表明,在热量传递到内可逆循环中间接对外做功时,现有的(火积)理论可用于系统的分析.讨论了热功转换过程分析中(火积)理论与熵理论的不同.分析表明,两个理论的分析角度及优化输出功的前提条件是不同的.熵产从可用能损失的角度分析热功转换过程,而(火积)理论则从热量势能消耗的角度.当输入系统的可用能给定或者输入系统的热量及热量进、出系统的热力学力给定时,熵产最小化对应于输出功最大;对于(火积)理论,则当输入系统的热量及热量进、出系统的温度给定时,最大(火积)损失对应于最大输出功.同时,它们各自均有局限性.当相应的前提条件不满足时,最大(火积)损失或最小熵产可能不与最大输出功相对应.     

Optimization of combined endoreversible Carnot heat engines with different objectives

Taking the output power,thermal efficiency,and thermo-economic performance as the optimization objectives,we optimize the operation parameters of a thermodynamic system with combined endoreversible Carnot heat engines in this paper.The applicabilities of the entropy generation minimization and entransy theory to the optimizations are discussed.For the discussed cases,only the entransy loss coefficient is always agreeable to the optimization of thermal efficiency.The applicabilities of the other discussed concepts to the optimizations are conditional.Different concepts and principles are needed for different optimization objectives,and the optimization principles have their application preconditions.When the preconditions are not satisfied,the principles may be not applicable.     

Analyses of the endoreversible Carnot cycle with entropy theory and entransy theory

The endoreversible Carnot cycle is analyzed based on the concepts of entropy generation, entropy generation number, entransy loss, and entransy loss coefficient. The relationships of the cycle output power and heat-work conversion efficiency with these parameters are discussed. For the numerical examples discussed, the preconditions of the application for these concepts are derived. When the inlet temperatures and heat capacity flow rates of hot streams and environment temperature are prescribed, the results show that the concepts of entropy generation and entransy loss are applicable. However, in the presence of various inlet temperatures of streams, larger entransy loss rate still leads to larger output power, while smaller entropy generation rate does not. When the heat capacity flow rates of hot streams are various, neither larger entransy loss rate nor smaller entropy generation rate always leads to larger output power. Larger entransy loss coefficient always leads to larger heat-work conversion efficiency for the cases discussed, while smaller entropy generation number does not always.     

Analyses of an air conditioning system with entropy generation minimization and entransy theory

In this paper,based on the generalized heat transfer law,an air conditioning system is analyzed with the entropy generation minimization and the entransy theory.Taking the coefficient of performance(denoted as COP) and heat flow rate Q~(out) which is released into the room as the optimization objectives,we discuss the applicabilities of the entropy generation minimization and entransy theory to the optimizations.Five numerical cases are presented.Combining the numerical results and theoretical analyses,we can conclude that the optimization applicabilities of the two theories are conditional.If Q~(out) is the optimization objective,larger entransy increase rate always leads to larger Q~(out),while smaller entropy generation rate does not.If we take COP as the optimization objective,neither the entropy generation minimization nor the concept of entransy increase is always applicable.Furthermore,we find that the concept of entransy dissipation is not applicable for the discussed cases.     

Output power analyses for the thermodynamic cycles of thermal power plants

Thermal power plant is one of the important thermodynamic devices, which is very common in all kinds of power generation systems. In this paper, we use a new concept, entransy loss, as well as exergy destruction, to analyze the single reheating Rankine cycle unit and the single stage steam extraction regenerative Rankine cycle unit in power plants. This is the first time that the concept of entransy loss is applied to the analysis of the power plant Rankine cycles with reheating and steam extraction regeneration. In order to obtain the maximum output power, the operating conditions under variant vapor mass flow rates are optimized numerically, as well as the combustion temperatures and the off-design flow rates of the flue gas. The relationship between the output power and the exergy destruction rate and that between the output power and the entransy loss rate are discussed. It is found that both the minimum exergy destruction rate and the maximum entransy loss rate lead to the maximum output power when the combustion temperature and heat capacity flow rate of the flue gas are prescribed. Unlike the minimum exergy destruction rate, the maximum entransy loss rate is related to the maximum output power when the highest temperature and heat capacity flow rate of the flue gas are not prescribed.     

对流换热过程的热力学优化与传热优化

为了进一步明确对流换热过程中热力学优化与传热优化之间的差异,本文分别利用熵产最小原理、(火积)耗散极值原理针对两种边界条件下的对流换热问题进行分析,讨论熵产,(火积)耗散与有用能损失以及对流换热能力之间的关系.结果表明:熵产最小意味着系统的有用能损失最小,但并不反映系统的对流换热能力的强弱;而(火积)耗散取极值意味着系统的对流换热能力最强,但与系统的有用能损失不存在对应关系.因此,对于将降低有用能损失作为优化目标的换热问题应采用熵产最小原理进行分析;而对于需要将提高换热能力作为优化目标的对流换热问题应采用(火积)耗散极值原理进行分析.     

Optimization of fin geometry in heat convection with entransy theory

The entransy theory developed in recent years is used to optimize the aspect ratio of a plate fin in heat convection.Based on a two-dimensional model,the theoretical analysis shows that the minimum thermal resistance defined with the concept of entransy dissipation corresponds to the maximum heat transfer rate when the temperature of the heating surface is fixed.On the other hand,when the heat flux of the heating surface is fixed,the minimum thermal resistance corresponds to the minimum average temperature of the heating surface.The entropy optimization is also given for the heat transfer processes.It is observed that the minimum entropy generation,the minimum entropy generation number,and the minimum revised entropy generation number do not always correspond to the best heat transfer performance.In addition,the influence factors on the optimized aspect ratio of the plate fin are also discussed.The optimized ratio decreases with the enhancement of heat convection,while it increases with fin thermal conductivity increasing.     

Entropy resistance analyses of a two-stream parallel flow heat exchanger with viscous heating

Heat exchangers are widely used in industry, and analyses and optimizations of the performance of heat exchangers are important topics. In this paper, we define the concept of entropy resistance based on the entropy generation analyses of a one-dimensional heat transfer process. With this concept, a two-stream parallel flow heat exchanger with viscous heating is analyzed and discussed. It is found that the minimization of entropy resistance always leads to the maximum heat transfer rate for the discussed two-stream parallel flow heat exchanger, while the minimizations of entropy generation rate, entropy generation numbers, and revised entropy generation number do not always.     

孤立系内热传导过程(火积)耗散的解析解

(火积)耗散与熵增均可以作为传热不可逆性的度量, 当前(火积)理论的反对者认为(火积)是不必要的. 为说明(火积)的必要性, 从有效性的角度进行了论证, 即在描述传热过程不可逆性的变化上, (火积)的严格解析解存在, 而熵的严格解析解难以得到. 本文构建了孤立系内的一维及多维热传导模型, 求解了温度及其梯度的级数型解析解, 将其代入(火积)耗散的求解式, 得到其最初的形式为一多重级数的多重积分, 交换积分与级数计算顺序, 并利用特征函数的正交性, 将(火积)耗散求解式中的积分运算求出, 并使级数的维数降低, 最终将其表示为一稳态项与一瞬态项加和的形式, 其极限与文献中的结果一致. 通过对孤立系内(火积)耗散解析解的求解可以得出: 由于热传导过程熵与(火积)的解析解求解难度不同, 在描述传热过程不可逆性变化上, (火积)更加有效; 对于孤立系内不同维数的热传导问题, 只要温度场解析解存在, (火积)耗散解析解均可以应用特征函数正交性求解得到.     

Role of entropy generation minimization in thermal optimization

Thermal optimization is very important for improving the performances of thermal systems. In engineering, the entropy generation minimization(EGM) has been widely used to optimize and evaluate the performances of thermal systems.However, the consistency between the EGM and the optimization objective should be specified when the EGM is used.In this paper, we discuss the view angle of irreversibility of entropy generation, and show that entropy generation directly reflects the exergy destruction or the ability loss of doing work. As the design objective in a thermal system is not often consistent with the view angle of irreversibility of entropy generation, the EGM may not lead to the optimal value of the design objective. In heat transfer and heat-work conversion, the inconsistence between the design objectives and the EGM is shown with some examples, and the applicability of the EGM is found to be conditional. The "entropy generation paradox" in heat exchanger analyses is also discussed, and it is shown that there is no direct monotonic relation between the minimum entropy generation rate and the best heat transfer performance of heat exchangers.     

冷库预冷流动传热物理场分布研究

冷库预冷是传统的果蔬采后预冷方法,前人研究通过数值模拟使冷库预冷过程的流场和温度场可视化,本文进一步分析空气流速、局部平均空气龄、温度、熵产、(火用)损和(火积)耗散等物理场的分布特性,指出其间存在密切联系。塑料筐周围的空气流速和流向与内部的局部平均空气龄有关,并影响内部的传热速率。传热熵产率、传热(火用)损率和(火积)耗散率的分布特性及其变化趋势相似,局部高值与局部平均空气龄较低的区域均出现在塑料筐的表面。     

(火积)耗散理论在换热器设计中的应用

本文首先说明(火积)耗散理论避免了最小熵产原理和傅里叶定律间的矛盾,显示了其在处理导热问题上的优越性.然后利用热力学(火积)和熵的关系,推出了换热器中由流体阻力引起的(火积)耗散表达式.     

导热优化中的最小传递势容耗散与最小熵产

为了比较分析强化传热中存在的熵产最小化和传递势容耗散最小化两种不同的方法,针对体点问题,根据这两种方法对导热系数分布进行了优化。数值计算和理论分析的结果表明,根据最小传递势容耗散原理得到的结果优于最小熵产原理得到的结果。其原因在于传递势容耗散最小的优化目标是提高热量传递效率,而熵产最小的优化目标实际上是减少可用能损失。     

Analysis of elliptical thermal cloak based on entropy generation and entransy dissipation approach

In this work, we designed the elliptical thermal cloak based on the transformation thermotics. The local entropy generation rate distribution and entransy dissipation rate distribution were obtained, and the total entropy generation and entransy dissipation of different types of elliptical cloaks were evaluated. We used entropy generation approach and entransy dissipation approach to evaluate the performance of the thermal cloak, and heat dissipation analysis was carried out for models with different parameters. Finally, the optimized elliptical thermal cloak with minimum entropy generation and minimum entransy dissipation is found, and some suggestions on optimizing the structure of elliptical thermal cloak were given.     

Ecological optimization for an irreversible magnetic Ericsson refrigeration cycle

An irreversible Ericsson refrigeration cycle model is established, in which multi-irreversibilities such as finite-rate heat transfer, regenerative loss, heat leakage, and the efficiency of the regenerator are taken into account. Expressions for several important performance parameters, such as the cooling rate, coefficient of performance （COP）, power input, exergy output rate, entropy generation rate, and ecological function are derived. The influences of the heat leakage and the time of the regenerative processes on the ecological performance of the refrigerator are analyzed. The optimal regions of the ecological function, cooling rate, and COP are determined and evaluated. Furthermore, some important parameter relations of the refrigerator are revealed and discussed in detail. The results obtained here have general significance and will be helpful in gaining a deep understanding of the magnetic Ericsson refrigeration cycle.     

Applicability of minimum entropy generation methodto optimizing thermodynamic cycles

Entropy generation is often used as a figure of merit in thermodynamic cycle optimizations. In this paper, it is shown that the applicability of the minimum entropy generation method to optimizing output power is conditional. The minimum entropy generation rate and the minimum entropy generation number do not correspond to the maximum output power when the total heat into the system of interest is not prescribed. For the cycles whose working medium is heated or cooled by streams with prescribed inlet temperatures and prescribed heat capacity flow rates, it is theoretically proved that both the minimum entropy generation rate and the minimum entropy generation number correspond to the maximum output power when the virtual entropy generation induced by dumping the used streams into the environment is considered. However, the minimum principle of entropy generation is not tenable in the case that the virtual entropy generation is not included, because the total heat into the system of interest is not fixed. An irreversible Carnot cycle and an irreversible Brayton cycle are analysed. The minimum entropy generation rate and the minimum entropy generation number do not correspond to the maximum output power if the heat into the system of interest is not prescribed.     

Applicability of the minimum entropy generation method for optimizing thermodynamic cycles

Entropy generation is often used as a figure of merit in thermodynamic cycle optimizations. In this paper, it is shown that the applicability of the minimum entropy generation method to optimizing output power is conditional. The minimum entropy generation rate and the minimum entropy generation number do not correspond to the maximum output power when the total heat into the system of interest is not prescribed. For the cycles whose working medium is heated or cooled by streams with prescribed inlet temperatures and prescribed heat capacity flow rates, it is theoretically proved that both the minimum entropy generation rate and the minimum entropy generation number correspond to the maximum output power when the virtual entropy generation induced by dumping the used streams into the environment is considered. However, the minimum principle of entropy generation is not tenable in the case that the virtual entropy generation is not included, because the total heat into the system of interest is not fixed. An irreversible Carnot cycle and an irreversible Brayton cycle are analysed. The minimum entropy generation rate and the minimum entropy generation number do not correspond to the maximum output power if the heat into the system of interest is not prescribed.     

Uniformity principle of temperature difference field in heat transfer optimization

The uniformity principle of temperature difference field is very useful in heat exchanger analyses and optimizations.In this paper, we analyze some other heat transfer optimization problems in the thermal management system of spacecrafts,including the cooling of thermal components, the one-stream series-wound heat exchanger network, the volume-to-point heat conduction problem, and the radiative heat transfer optimization problem, and have found that the uniformity principle of temperature difference field also holds. When the design objectives under the given constraints are achieved, the distributions of the temperature difference fields are uniform. The principle reflects the characteristic of the distribution of potential in the heat transfer optimization problems. It is also shown that the principle is consistent with the entransy theory. Therefore, although the principle is intuitive and phenomenological, the entransy theory can be the physical basis of the principle.     

基于(火积)耗散率最小的“盘点”冷却流道构形优化

基于构形理论, 以(火积)耗散率最小为优化目标, 对冷却流道的“盘点”传热问题进行构形优化, 得到冷却流道的圆盘构造体最优构形. 结果表明: 对于扇形单元体, 在其泵功率给定的条件下, 存在最佳展弦比使得扇形单元体无量纲当量热阻取得最小值; 对于一级树状圆盘, 在其总泵功率给定的条件下, 存在一级与单元级最佳流道宽度比和扇形单元体最佳无量纲半径使 得一级树状圆盘无量纲当量热阻取得最小值, 且一级与单元级最佳流道宽度比仅与单元体分支数有关. 当中心圆盘半径等于0时, 一级树状圆盘最终退化成辐射状圆盘, 此时一级树状圆盘半径为临界半径. 当一级树状圆盘半径大于临界半径时, 需对圆盘冷却流道采用树状布置, 反之则采用辐射状布置. 存在最佳单元体分支数使得无量纲当量热阻取得最小值, 这与高导热材料通道的“盘点”导热构形优化结果有明显区别. (火积)耗散率最小和最大温差最小的一级树状冷却流 道圆盘构造体最优构形是不同的. 与最大温差最小的冷却流道圆盘构造体相比, (火积)耗散率最小的冷却流道圆盘构造体当量热阻得到极大降低, 其整体传热性能得到明显提高. 因此, (火积)耗散极值原理与对流构形优化相结合, 有助于进一步揭示(火积)耗散极值原理在传热优化方面的优越性. 关键词： 构形理论 (火积)耗散率 冷却流道 广义热力学优化     

Ecological optimization of an irreversible harmonic oscillators Carnot heat engine

A model of an irreversible quantum Carnot heat engine with heat resistance, internal irreversibility and heat leakage and many non-interacting harmonic oscillators is established in this paper. Based on the quantum master equation and semi-group approach, equations of some important performance parameters, such as power output, efficiency, exergy loss rate and ecological function for the irreversible quantum Carnot heat engine are derived. The optimal ecological performance of the heat engine in the classical limit is analyzed with numerical examples. Effects of internal irreversibility and heat leakage on the ecological performance are discussed. A performance comparison of the quantum heat engine under maximum ecological function and maximum power conditions is also performed.