Sequential over-barrier ionization of multi-electron atoms in the tens-to-hundreds keV/u energy range

Our previous work on the classical over-barrier ionization model for helium double ionization is extended to the complex multi-electron system of Ne.The total and q-fold ionization cross sections are calculated at energies ranging from a few tens to several hundred keV/u.The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental data,and the energy dependence of the cross sections suggests that the multi-ionization of a strong perturbated complex atom is probably the sequential over-barrier ionization process.     

Multiple ionization of argon accompanied by electron loss and capture of 0.22-6.35 MeV C^q＋ ions

In this paper a projectile ions recoil ions coincidence technique is employed to investigate the target ionization and projectile charge state changing processes in the collision of 0.22-6.35 MeV Cq^＋ （q = 1 - 4） ions with argon atoms. The partial cross section ratios of the double, triple, quadruplicate ionization to the single ionization （or the single capture） of argon associated with single electron loss （or single electron capture） by the projectile are measured and compared with the previous experimental results. In the present experiment, it is observed that the ratios of ionization cross sections R associated with single loss and single capture depend strongly on the projectile charge state and vary significantly with different reaction channels as impact energy increases. In addition, this paper gets empirical scaling laws for the ionization cross section ratios R corresponding to the projectile single loss and finds that the ratios of the double ionization to the single ionization associated with single electron capture remain constant in the present energy range.     

L-Shell X-Ray Production Cross Sections of Ta and Tm by Electron Impact near the Threshold Region

We present experimental measurements of L-shell production cross sections Lα, Lβ and Lγ for tantalum and thulium by electron impact at incident electron energies from about one to three times the threshold energy. From the experimental data, the total production cross section and mean ionization cross section are deduced. The influence of electrons reflected from the substrate is corrected by the electron transport bipartition model. Tile measured cross sections are compared with the theoretical predictions.     

MEASUREMENT OF L-SHELL IONIZATION CROSS SECTIONS FOR NIOBIUM BY ELECTRON IMPACT

L-shell ionization cross sections of Nb by electron impact in the energy range from 3 to 40 keV have been determined with a Si(Li) X-ray detector. Influence of reflected electrons from backing on the measurement was corrected using an electron transport model. The experimental results are compared with theoretical calculations of Gryzinski and McGuire.     

Ionization and single electron capture in collision of highly charged Ar16+ ions with helium

This paper uses the two-centre atomic orbital close-coupling method to study the ionization and the single electron capture in collision of highly charged Ar^16＋ ions with He atoms in the velocity range of 1.2-1.9 a.u.. The relative importance of single ionization （SI） to single capture （SC） is explored. The comparison between the calculation and experimental data shows that the SI/SC cross section ratios from this work are in good agreement with experimental data. The total single electron ionization cross sections and the total single electron capture cross sections are also given for this collision. The investigation of the partial electron capture cross section shows a general tendency of capture to larger n and l with increasing velocity from 1.2 to 1.9 a.u..     

Interference effects on the photoionization cross sections between two neighbouring atoms: nitrogen as an example

Interference effects on the photoionization cross sections between two neighbouring atoms are considered based on the coherent scattering of the ionized electrons by the two nuclei when their separation is less than or comparable to the de Broglie wave length of the ionized electrons. As an example, the single atomic nitrogen ionization cross section and the total cross sections of two nitrogen atoms with coherently added photoionization amplitudes are calculated from the threshold to about 60~\AA (1~\AA=0.1~nm) of the photon energy. The photoionization cross sections of atomic nitrogen are obtained by using the close-coupling R-matrix method. In the calculation 19 states are included. The ionization energy of the atomic nitrogen and the photoionization cross sections agree well with the experimental results. Based on the R-matrix results of atomic nitrogen, the interference effects between two neighbouring nitrogen atoms are obtained. It is shown that the interference effects are considerable when electrons are ionized just above the threshold, even for the separations between the two atoms are larger than two times of the bond length of N₂ molecules. Therefore, in hot and dense samples, effects caused by the coherent interference between the neighbours are expected to be observable for the total photoionization cross sections.     

Ionization for Hf- and W-L-shell by electron impact

Electron-induced Hf-, W-L-shell partial, total production cross sections, mean ionization cross sections and Hf-L_3-shell ionization cross sections (at two energies) have been measured as functions of electron energies (from near threshold to 36keV). The influence of electrons reflected from the backing of the thin targets on measured results was corrected using a model to relate to the electron transport process. The mean paths of electron multi-scattered in the target itself (including forward and backward scattering) were calculated by means of Monte Carlo program (EGS4) and they were used to correct measured results. A comparison with both theoretical predictions was given.     

Ionization of Hafnium L—Shell by Electron Impact

A lower-energy electron beam has been directed on to a hafnium thin target with thick backing to investigate the process of L-shell ionization.By using a Si(Li) detector to count the x-rays from the L-subshell,the partial and total production cross sections and mean ionization cross sections versus electron energies have been deduced simultaneously (from threshold to 36keV),The influence of the electron reflected from the backing on measurements has been corrected.The path of the electron multi-scattered in the target itself has also been calculated by using the Monte Carlo programme(EGS4).A comparison with both theoretical predictions is given.     

THE MULTIPLE IONIZATION OF ARGON INDUCED BY PARTIALLY STRIPPED CARBON IONS

The cross section ratios of the double, triple and quadruplicate ionization to the single ionization of argon by 1.5-7.5 MeV partially stripped carbon ions are measured by using time-of-flight technique. The Auger transition and the charge exchange process in the multiple ionization of argon are studied. The ratios of cross sections of the direct multiple ionization to those of the direct single ionization are obtained by subtracting the parts of the Auger transition and the charge exchange process from the measured data. It is found that the cross section ratios of the direct multiple ionization to those of the direct single ionization are in good agreement with the predicted mniti-step (ν/q_eff)^-2n+2 law.     

Multiple ionization of Ne induced by 10keV/u-500keV/u C~(q+)(q=13)ions

The values of cross-section ratio Rk1 of direct k-fold ionization cross section(σk) to direct single ionization cross section(qσ1) of Ne impacted by C+(q = 1–3) ions in an energy range of 10 ke V/u–500 ke V/u are measured in this work.The experimental data are compared with the results from our multi-electron classical over-barrier ionization(ME-COBI)model,showing that the model can give a good estimate to the experimental data.     

Effects of temperature and input energy on a quasi-three-level emission cross section of Nd3＋：yAG pumped by a flashlamp

The influence of temperature and input energy on the fluorescence emission cross section of Nd 3+ :YAG crystal is studied. The stimulated emission cross sections of quasi-three-level systems are determined in a temperature range from 30 to 60℃ and an input energy range from 18 to 75 J. The cross section is found to be decreased when the temperature and the input energy are increased. This is attributed to the thermal broadening mechanism of the emission line. This study is relevant for the development of laser design.     

Classical Study of Transfer and Ionization in A^2＋＋He Collisions

A simple model for the direct ionization and transfer ionization probabilities in A^2＋＋He collisions in a wide projectile energy range is proposed based on the Bohr-Lindhard model and the classical statistical model. The calculated cross sections are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data available.     

Electron-impact ionization cross section calculations for lithium-like ions

The electron-impact ionization of lithium-like ions C³⁺,N⁴⁺,O⁵⁺,Ne⁷⁺,and Fe2³⁺is studied using a combination of two-potential distorted-wave and R-matrix methods with a relativistic correction.Total cross sections are computed for incident energies from 1 to 10 times of ionization energy and better agreements with the experimental results are obtained in comparison with the theoretical data available.It is found that the indirect ionization processes become significant for the incident energy larger than about four times of the ionization energy.Contributions from the exchange effects along the isoelectronic sequence are also discussed and found to be important.The present method can be used to obtain systematic ionization cross sections for highly charged ions across a wide incident energy range.     

Multi-Configuration Distorted-Wave Approximation in Electron-Impact Ionization of Ar^2＋

A quasi-relativistic distorted-wave approximation is developed to investigate the direct electron-impact ionization processes, in which the configuration interactions are considered in the initial and final states of target. As an example, the direct detailed-level electron-impact ionization cross sections for the ground and low excited states of Ar^6＋ （3s^2, 3p^2, 3s3d） are calculated in the energy range from 1.02 to 15Ith （ Ith the ionization threshold）. Comparison with the available data demonstrates that our results are reasonable. The effects of configuration interactions are discussed, and the validity of transformation principles by statistical weights between configuration-averaged and detailed-level electron-impact ionization cross sections is analysed.     

A New Semi-Empirical Method for Total Cross Sections of Electron Scattering from Spherical Polyatomic Molecules at 30-5000 eV

Electron scattering from spherical polyatomic molecules in the intermediate and high energy range is studied by employing the developed semi-empirical formula for electron scattering from simple diatomic molecules. The total cross sections of electron scattering from CF4 and CC14 are obtained over the incident energy range 30-5000 eV. The quantitative total cross sections are compared with the measurements and with the other calculations wherever available including the results derived from the additivity rule model and the correlated optical potential [Chin. Phys. Left. 21 (2004) 474], and good agreement is obtained over the incident energy range 30-5000eV. It is shown that the calculations derived from the semi-empirical formula are much closer to the measurements than other calculations. Finally, some quantitative information of the single Yukawa potential is also obtained.     

Positron scattering and ionization of neon atoms—theoretical investigations

Although positron scattering with inert gas atoms has been studied in theory as well as in experiment, there are discrepancies. The present work reports all the major total cross sections of e+-neon scattering at incident energies above ionization threshold, originating from a complex potential formalism. Elastic and cumulative inelastic scatterings are treated in the complex spherical e+-atom potential. Our total inelastic cross section includes positronium formation together with ionization and excitation channels in Ne. Because of the Ps formation channel it is difficult to separate out ionization cross sections from the total inelastic cross sections. An approximate method similar to electron-atom scattering has been applied to bifurcate ionization and cumulative excitation cross sections at energies from threshold to 2000 eV. Comparisons of present results with available data are made. An important outcome of this work is the relative contribution of different scattering processes, which we have shown by a bar-chart at the ionization peak.     

Cross Sections of Barium Isotopes in Interaction of 60 MeV／u ^18O with Natural Uranium

The reactions induced by heavy ions lower than 10 MeV/u have been studied widely. Their reaction mechanism has been also understood in more detail. The contribution to the reaction cross sections in the low energy reactions comes mainly from complex nuclei and deep inelastic process. Early studies mainly focused on the nuclear collisions of low and high energies. In the recent years, great attention has been paid on the intermediate energy heavy ion collisions. Among them measurements of the cross sections and recoiling properties for the target fragmentation products have been applied widely to study the mechanism of the nuclear reactions induced by the intermediate energy heavy ions. But there are a few papers on raodioehemieal studies in the intermediate energy region up to now.     

Cross section of reaction 181Ta(p,nγ)181W and the influence of the spin cut-off parameter on the cross section

In this work, the program Cindy was modified to calculate the formation cross section of each energy level of residual nucleus ¹⁸¹W resulting from the reaction ¹⁸¹Ta(p,nγ)¹⁸¹W. The concerned cross sections calculated at proton energy E_p=4.5-8.5 MeV agreed well with experimental results. The influence of the spin cut-off parameter in the energy level density model on the cross section was studied. The obtained results show that the influence of spin cut-off is obvious for lower energy levels.     

Fragmentation of stable and neutron-rich 12-16C into boron fragments at approximately 240 MeV/nucleon

The elemental fragmentation cross sections of boron fragments produced by stable and neutron-rich^12-16C beams with a carbon target were systematically measured at an incident beam energy of approximately 240 MeV/nucleon.The measured cross sections were found to increase as the projectile mass number increases.The observed feature is explained qualitatively based on the abrasion-ablation two-stage reaction model and is compared quantitatively with predictions from various reaction models,including empirical and statistical models.All models agree with the measured cross sections within a factor of 2.     

Measurements of total absolute collision cross section of ultracold Rb atom using magneto-optic and pure magnetic traps

The implementation of a technique to measure total collision cross sections using laser-cooled rubidium atoms along with the introduction of room-temperature background gases, confined in both magnetooptic and magnetic traps, is proposed. Atom loss from the trap and total collision cross section can be inferred from the knowledge of the density of background gases. The measured cross sections from the magneto-optic and magnetic traps are represented, compared, and found to be significantly different. The measurements using this technique have a very small error in the range of approximately 2%-7%.