Compensating for frequency shifts in modulation transfer spectroscopy caused by residual amplitude modulation

Residual amplitude modulation (RAM) distorts saturated absorption signals, limiting the accuracy of optical frequency references based on modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS). Described here are two independent means by which RAM is produced in these references: (1) by the modulator and (2) when the overlap of the optical fields in the saturable absorber is asymmetric. Methods to vary RAM generated by either mechanism will be outlined and these will be used to show how RAM arising from one effect can be cancelled by the other. A theoretical treatment of MTS signals in references containing RAM is given and used to evaluate the level of signal distortion allowing the conditions for RAM cancellation to be determined. This technique is applied to improve the frequency accuracy of a reference by an order of magnitude.     

卫星平台复杂振动引起的光谱成像退化仿真研究

卫星平台不稳定性将严重影响光谱成像质量, 针对干涉型和色散型成像光谱仪受平台振动而产生的成像质量退化影响进行机理研究和仿真, 建立了两类成像光谱的退化模型. 提出的光谱微分动态成像退化仿真方法, 考虑了复杂振动的综合影响. 通过提出平均掺杂比的概念, 建立起卫星平台运动参数与光谱成像影响之间的桥梁, 详细推导了这两者间的定量关系. 并以典型光谱和模拟地物光谱为例进行了退化仿真, 退化结果表明平台振动中俯仰和侧滚的影响比偏航大, 而且不仅会影响空间分辨率, 还会带来光谱失真, 而影响较大的是地物种类较丰富的区域.     

Collisional spreading of small amplitude nuclear vibrations

We present a microscopic treatment of the spreading widths of giant resonances — a collisional RPA (with complex frequencies,z=iω+γ) which turns out to have a very simple analytical form. Its essential ingredients are:a) The usual mean field contribution, which reproduces the frequencies of the collisionless RPA andb) non-unitary (collision) contributions which arise from the inclusion of quantum correlation effects in the weak coupling approximation. This collisional RPA equation can be easily put to quantitative use in realistic nuclear structure problems.     

Large amplitude vibrations and damage detection of rectangular plates

In this work, geometrically nonlinear vibrations of fully clamped rectangular plates are used to study the sensitivity of some nonlinear vibration response parameters to the presence of damage. The geometrically nonlinear version of the Mindlin plate theory is used to model the plate behaviour. Damage is represented as a stiffness reduction in a small area of the plate. The plate is subjected to harmonic loading with a frequency of excitation close to the first natural frequency leading to large amplitude vibrations. The plate vibration response is obtained by a pseudo-load mode superposition method. The main results are focussed on establishing the influence of damage on the vibration response of the plate and the change in the time-history diagrams and the Poincaré maps caused by the damage. Finally, a criterion and a damage index for detecting the presence and the location of the damage is proposed. The criterion is based on analysing the points in the Poincaré sections of the damaged and healthy plate. Numerical results for large amplitude vibrations of damaged and healthy rectangular and square plates are presented and the proposed damage index for the considered cases is calculated. The criterion demonstrates quite good abilities to detect and localize damage.     

A note on the damping of large amplitude beam vibrations

This paper presents a new series-type method for solving the eigenvalue problems of irregularly shaped plates clamped at all edges. An irregularly shaped plate is formed on a simply supported rectangular plate by rigidly fixing several segments. With the reaction forces and moments acting on all edges of an actual plate of irregular shape regarded as unknown harmonic loads, the stationary response of the plate to these loads is expressed by the use of the Green function. The force and moment distributions along the edges are expanded into Fourier series with unknown coefficients, and the homogeneous equations for the coefficients are derived by restraint conditions on the edges. The natural frequencies and the mode shapes of the actual plate are determined by calculating the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the equations. The method is applied to a cross-shaped, an I-shaped and an L-shaped plate clamped at all edges, the natural frequencies and the mode shapes of the plates are calculated numerically and the effect of the shape is discussed.     

Measurement of image sensor tilt based on amplitude and phase of image

Optical Review - In this study, we present a new method for measuring the tilt of an image sensor to the lens. The assembly accuracy of the lens and image sensor units has a significant influence...     

Effects of large amplitude and transverse shear on vibrations of triangular plates

In this paper an analytical investigation of large amplitude free flexural vibrations of isotropic and orthotropic moderately thick triangular plates is carried out. The governing equations are expressed in terms of the lateral displacement, w, and the stress function, F, and are based on an improved non-linear vibration theory which accounts for the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotatory inertia. Solutions to the governing equations are obtained by using a single-mode approximation for w, Galerkin's method and a numerical integration procedure. Numerical results are presented in terms of variations of non-linear frequency ratios with amplitudes of vibrations. The effects of transverse shear, rotatory inertia, material properties, aspect ratios, and thickness parameters are studied and compared with available solutions wherever possible. Present results are in close agreement with those reported for thin plates. It is believed that all of the results reported here that are applicable for moderately thick plates are new and therefore, no comparison is possible.     

Sleep disturbances caused by vibrations from heavy road traffic

The influence of whole-body vibrations, noise, and a combination of the two, caused by heavy road traffic (150 events/night) on sleep, subjectively experienced sleep quality, and performance was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions for male and female subjects 20-35 years of age. A room was built above a vibrator table, with the legs of the bed mounted directly on the table through holes in the floor. Vertical vibrations were found to be attenuated by the mattress with 20-40 dB for frequencies greater than 10 Hz, whereas horizontal vibrations were slightly amplified. It could be concluded that when traffic noise [50-dB (A) peak level] is accompanied by vibrations with peak levels of 0.24 m/s2 vertically and 0.17 m/s2 horizontally as measured on the frame of the bed (stimulus duration approximately 2 s, dominant frequency approximately 12 Hz), sleep is more disturbed than is the case when noise alone occurs. The amount of REM sleep, which was significantly reduced for the vibration level mentioned above, was even more disturbed when a higher exposure level, 0.34 m/s2 vertically and 0.24 m/s2 horizontally, was applied. The subjectively rated sleep quality was lower for the higher than for the lower vibration level. Performance in the morning was only influenced for the higher vibration level. It could be concluded that vibration exposure levels near the recommendation made in ISO-standard 2631 for the awake state disturb sleep in man.     

Large amplitude vibrations of circular plates with varying thickness

A simple finite element formulation is presented to evaluate the large amplitude vibration frequencies of orthotropic circular plates with linearly varying thicknesses. Period ratios are presented in tables and figures for different values of the orthotropy and taper parameters.     

Large amplitude axisymmetric vibrations of geometrically imperfect circular plates

This paper deals with the effects of geometric imperfections on the large amplitude vibrations of circular plates. It is found that geometric imperfections of the order of a fraction of the plate thickness may significantly raise the linear vibration frequencies. Furthermore, such imperfections may even change the inherent non-linear hard-spring character of the circular plates and cause them to exhibit soft-spring behavior. The effects of various boundary conditions are examined.     

Audio signal modulation caused by self-excited vibrations of magnetic tape

The longitudinal vibrations of a magnetic tape can cause distortion of a reproduced signal. The dependence of the distortion on the various system parameters has been investigated. The self-excited vibrations of a tape, caused by friction against the heads and guides, have been analyzed. It can be stated on the basis of the relationships obtained both when the self-excited vibrations can be generated and what parameters the amplitude of these vibrations depends on. The tape path can be optimized on this basis. The amplitude of vibration is inversely proportional to the natural frequency. The fundamental natural mode is the most important because of the frequency range of a tape recorder. Stability of multi-frequency cycles has been tested. The internal loss limits the amplitude of the vibrations and prevents generation of higher natural modes. The tests have been made on a high fidelity reel tape recorder. Sidebands caused by vibrations of the tape have been observed. An additional scrape flutter idler does not eliminate these vibrations. The self-excited vibrations are still generated but with lower frequency and higher amplitude. The sidebands become closer to the carrier signal and because of this are better masked by the carrier frequency.     

Detection of quasitrapezoidal frequency and amplitude modulation

It has been proposed that the detection of frequency modulation (FM) of sinusoidal carriers can be mediated by two mechanisms; a place mechanism based on FM-induced amplitude modulation (AM) in the excitation pattern, and a temporal mechanism based on phase locking in the auditory nerve. The temporal mechanism appears to be "sluggish" and does not play a role for FM rates above about 10 Hz. It also does not play a role for high carrier frequencies (above about 5 kHz). This experiment provided a further test of the hypothesis that the effectiveness of the temporal mechanism depends upon the time spent close to frequency extremes during the modulation cycle. Psychometric functions for the detection of AM and FM were measured for two carrier frequencies, 1 and 6 kHz. The modulation waveform was quasitrapezoidal. Within each modulation period, P, a time Tss was spent at each extreme of frequency or amplitude. The transitions between the extremes, with duration Ttrans had the form of a half-cycle of a cosine function. The modulation rate was 2, 5, 10, or 20 Hz, giving values of P of 500, 200, 100, and 50 ms. TSS varied from 0 ms (sinusoidal modulation) up to 160, 80, 40, or 20 ms, for rates of 2, 5, 10, and 20 Hz, respectively. The detectability of AM was not greatly affected by modulation rate or by the value of TSS, except for a slight improvement with increasing TSS for the lowest modulation rates; this was true for both carrier frequencies. For FM of the 6-kHz carrier, the pattern of results was similar to that found for AM, which is consistent with an excitation-pattern model of FM detection. For FM of the 1-kHz carrier, performance improved markedly with increasing TSS, especially for the lower FM rates; there was no change in performance with TSS for the 20-Hz modulation rate. The results are consistent with the idea that detection of FM of a 1-kHz carrier is partly mediated by a sluggish temporal mechanism. That mechanism benefits from greater time spent at frequency extremes of the modulation cycle for rates up to 10 Hz.     

Low frequency vibrations of macro molecules

The predicted and now experimentally confirmed low frequency vibrations of proteins could on further investigation yield important information on their conformation.     

激光脉宽对谐波频移和振幅强度的影响

数值研究了激光脉宽对H_2~+和T_2~+谐波辐射的影响.计算结果表明:(i)对于谐波频移现象:在少周期激光场下,H_2~+和T_2~+谐波辐射呈现红移.随着激光脉宽增大,H_2~+谐波辐射呈现蓝移; T_2~+谐波辐射红移减弱.(ii)对于谐波振幅强度:H_2~+和T_2~+谐波辐射强度会随着激光脉宽增大而增强.但是,在少周期激光场下,H_2~+谐波截至能量附近的强度要大于T_2~+.在多周期激光场下,T_2~+谐波截至能量附近的强度要大于H_2~+.     

一种卫星平台振动光谱成像数据分块校正方法

卫星平台的振动会降低光谱成像数据的质量.以星载色散型成像光谱仪为例,介绍了其运动成像的退化机理.针对传统二维反卷积算法存在的问题以及推扫机理的特殊性,提出了一种光谱成像数据分块校正方法.该方法将分块处理、升维运算以及灰度渐变拼接相结合,将基于自然景物统计规律的图像去模糊算法运用于降质成像光谱数据的校正中.分别进行了不同目标的光谱成像退化校正仿真实验,实验结果表明,光谱成像数据质量在空间维和光谱维都有了明显提高,校正效果优于传统二维反卷积算法.