Analysis of three-dimensional edge cracks under tensile loading

Three-dimensional edge cracks are analyzed using the Self-Similar Crack Expansion (SSCE) method with a boundary integral equation technique. The boundary integral equations for surface cracks in a half space are presented based on a half space Green's function (Mindlin, 1936). By using the SSCE method, the stress intensity factors are determined by the crack-opening displacement over the crack surface. In discrete boundary integral equations, the regular and singular integrals on the crack surface elements are evaluated by an analytical method, and the closed form expressions of the integrals are given for subsurface cracks and edge crakcs. This globally numerical and locally analytical method improves the solution accuracy and computational effort. Numerical results for edge cracks under tensile loading with various geometries, such as rectangular cracks, elliptical cracks, and semi-circular cracks, are presented using the SSCE method. Results for stress intensity factors of those surface breaking cracks are in good agreement with other numerical and analytical solutions.     

SELF-SIMILAR CRACK EXPANSION METHOD FOR THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR ANALYSIS

The Self-Similar Crack Expansion (SSCE) method is proposed to evaluate stress intensi-ty factors at crack tips, whereby stress intensity factors of a crack can be determined by the crackopening displacement over the crack, not just by the local displacement around the crack tip. The crackexpansion rate is estimated by taking advantage of the crack self-similarity. Therefore, the accuracy ofthe calculation is improved. The singular integrals on crack tip elements are also analyzed and are pre-cisely evaluated in terms of a special integral analysis. Combination of these two techniques greatly in-creases the accuracy in estimating the stress distribution around the crack tip. A variety of two-dimen-sional cracks, such as subsurface cracks, edge cracks, and their interactions are calculated in terms ofthe self-similar expansion rate. Solutions are satisfied with errors less than 0.5% as compared with theanalytical solutions. Based on the calculations of the crack interactions, a theory for crack interactionsis proposed such that for a group of aligned cracks the summation of the square of SIFs at the right tipsof cracks is always equal to that at the left tips of cracks. This theory was proved by the mehtod ofSelf-Similar Crack Expansion in this paper.     

焊接残余应力平板多个共面表面裂纹的应力强度因子

采用线弹簧模型求解含焊接残余应力平板多个共面任意分布表面裂纹的应力强度因子.利用边裂纹权函数给出了裂纹表面上沿厚度非线性分布的残余应力向线性分布的转化公式.基于Reissner板理论和连续分布位错思想,将含多个共面任意分布表面裂纹的无限平板问题归结为一组Cauchy型奇异积分方程,并采用Gauss-Chebyshev方法获得了奇异积分方程的数值解.以三共面表面裂纹为例,计算了表面裂纹的应力强度因子,并讨论了裂纹间距、裂纹几何形状等因素对应力强度因子的影响.     

A Self-Similar Crack Expansion method for three-dimensional cracks in an infinite or semi-infinite medium

The Self-Similar Crack Expansion (SSCE) method is used to calculate stress intensity factors for three-dimensional cracks in an infinite medium or semi-infinite medium by the boundary integral element technique, whereby, the stress intensity factors at crack tips are determined by calculating the crack-opening displacements over the crack surface. For elements on the crack surface, regular integrals and singular integrals are precisely evaluated based on closed form expressions, which improves the accuracy. Examples show that this method yields very accurate results for stress intensity factors of penny-shaped cracks and elliptical cracks in the full space, with errors of less than 1% as compared with analytical solutions. The stress intensity factors of subsurface cracks are in good agreement with other analytical solutions.     

微小缺口/孔洞的激光衍射无损检测

基于裂纹和孔洞的小尺寸特征,提出了微小缺口/孔洞的激光衍射无损探测技术,给出了解析表达式.通过这一技术,对单向拉伸试件中所含单边缺口和中心孔洞在外载作用下的演化过程进行了实时原位检测,获得了缺口/孔洞孔径随载荷的变化曲线及模拟裂纹时裂纹的张开位移、裂纹开裂长度及应力强度因子等一系列断裂参数.     

用裂纹张开位移全场拟合法求应力强度因子-边裂纹问题

从一组给定的的裂纹张开位移（COD）资料求应力强度因子（SIF）的好方法应具有以下特征：（1）这个方法应最大限度地利用已知的COD信息；（2）数值计算只包含位移量；（3）后处理简单；（4）所得到的SIF的误差可由COD资料本身的误差来估计。该文将求内裂纹SIF的COD全场拟合法扩充应用到边裂纹问题，该方法具有上述优点。对几种典型的边裂纹用边界元法得到的COD资料，用这种方法得到了可靠性高、一致性好的SIF，其计算精度与所用的COD资料的平均精度具有相同的量级。     

Determination of through crack opening using geometric function

A procedure is described that determines the crack opening displacement field from geometric function. It is applied to internal and edge cracks. The results are compared with handbook solutions for different loadings. In situations where the geometric functions are not available, the weight function method is used.     

Experimental investigation on the propagation of fatigue cracks emanating from sharp notches

The effect of notch geometry on the propagation of fatigue cracks emanating from sharp V-shaped notches is investigated by means of an experimental campaign performed on Al-7075-T651 specimens carrying notches with opening angles of 45°, 90°, and 135°. The samples were tested using a servohydraulic machine under different loading directions and at several loading levels. The crack deflection induced by the variation in loading direction was determined my measuring the kinking angle and by studying the crack propagation plane through fractographic analysis. A linear elastic fracture mechanics approach was adopted for the analysis of experimental results. Stress intensity factors were calculated using an appropriate weight function set up for studying inclined edge cracks emanating from sharp V-notches. The influence of K _II on the crack propagation was discussed on the basis of theoretical and semi empirical models.     

Closed form solution of stress intensity factors for cracks emanating from surface semi-spherical cavity in finite body with energy release rate method

In this paper, a new semi-analytical and semi-engineering method of the closed form solution of stress intensity factors (SIFs) of cracks emanating from a surface semi-spherical cavity in a finite body is derived using the energy release rate theory. A mode of crack opening displacements of a normal slice is established, and the normal slice relevant functions are introduced. The proposed method is both effective and accurate for the problem of three-dimensional cracks emanating from a surface cavity. A series of useful results of SIFs are obtained.     

Boundary element weight function analysis of a strip yield crack in a rotating disk

The boundary element method combined with subtration of Bueckner singular fields are used to obtain weight functions for an internal edge crack in a rotating annular disk. A previously developed, general representation of the weight function is used which leads to integrals that can be evaluated analytically to obtain the stress intensity factor and surface displacements of the crack. The determination of crack tip opening displacements for the strip yield crack is reduced to a non-singular integral which can be evaluated in closed form. The strip yield zone length and crack tip opening displacement are determined for an internal radial crack in a rotating annular disk for a range of crack lengths and rotational speeds.     

一种表面裂纹高温断裂韧性测试方法

提出了一种表面裂纹高温断裂韧性测试方法，包括试样加热、温控和裂纹嘴张开位移测试方法．该方法适合于在相对简单的条件下测试表面裂纹高温断裂韧性．最后给出了铝合金焊缝表面裂纹高温断裂韧性的测试结果．     

Quasi-brittle fracture diagram of structured bodies in the presence of edge cracks

The Neuber-Novozhilov approach is used to obtain necessary and sufficient fracture criteria. Using a modified Leonov-Panasyuk-Dugdale model, simple relations for the critical fracture parameters are derived for opening mode edge cracks for the case where the diameter of the prefracture zone coincides with the diameter of the plasticity zone. These relations are suitable for studying fracture where the crack length is negligibly small. A fracture diagram using critical stresses under both criteria is proposed for a wide range of crack length. At a certain level of loading, three regions are identified, in the first of which the crack is stable, in the second, the crack extends but remains stable, and in the third, the crack is unstable. Experimental data on the fracture of specimens with edge cracks are obtained. It is established that the theoretical critical fracture curves are in good agreement with the obtained critical parameters for flat tensile specimens with two collinear edge cracks.     

STUDY ON THE SURFACE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR IN 14MnNbq BRIDGE STEEL

Three-dimensional crack closure correction methods are investigated in this paper.The fatigue crack growth tests of surface cracks in 14MnNbq steel for bridge plate subjected to tensile and bending loadings are systematically conducted.The experimentally measured fatigue crack growth rates of surface cracks are compared with those of through-thickness cracks in detail.It is found that the crack growth rates of surface cracks are lower than those of through-thickness cracks.In order to correct their differences in fatigue crack growth rates, a dimensionless crack closure correction model is proposed.Although this correction model is determined only by the experimental data of surface cracks under tensile loading with a constant ratio R=0.05, it can correlate the surface crack growth rates with reasonable accuracy under tensile and bending loadings with various stress ratios ranging from 0 to 0.5.Furthermore, predictions of fatigue life and crack aspect ratio for surface cracks are discussed, and the predicted results are also compared with those obtained from other prediction approaches.Comparison results show that the proposed crack closure correction model gives better prediction of fatigue life than other models.     

EXPERIMENT STUDY OF I TYPE CRACK BLUNT EXTENSION INDUCED BY WEAK PLANE1)

天然裂缝或层理等弱界面的剪切破坏是体积压裂裂缝网络形成的关键因素。利用数字散斑相关技术,通过三点弯曲构建了I型裂缝经过弱界面时的扩展特性实验,获得了试件表面位移场和应变场的变化规律。实验结果表明：I型裂缝扩展至弱界面层后,裂缝发生短暂停滞扩展,裂缝尖端张开位移迅速增加,I型裂缝尖端钝化,弱界面剪切应变迅速增加,裂缝由I型裂缝转变为I-II复合型裂缝并转向扩展。     

Dynamic behavior of two parallel symmetric permeable cracks in a piezoelectric strip

The dynamic behavior of two parallel symmetric cracks in a piezoelectric strip under harmonic anti-plane shear waves is studied using the Schmidt method for permeable crack surface conditions. The cracks are parallel to the edge of the strip. By means of the Fourier transform, the problem can be solved with the help of two pairs of dual integral equations. These equations are solved using the schmidt method. The results show that the stress and the electric displacement intensity factors depend on the geometry of the cracks, the frequency of incident waves, the distance between cracks and the thickness of the strip. It is also found that the electric displacement intensity factors for the permeable crack surface conditions are much smaller than those for the impermeable crack surface conditions. Project supported by the Post Doctoral Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province, the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province, the National Science Foundation with the Excellent Young Investigator Award (No. 19725209) and the Scientific Research Foundation of Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT.2000.30).     

梯度材料中矩形裂纹的对偶边界元方法分析

采用对偶边界元方法分析了梯度材料中的矩形裂纹. 该方法基于层状材料基本解,以非裂纹边界的位移和面力以及裂纹面的间断位移作为未知量. 位移边界积分方程的源点配置在非裂纹边界上,面力边界积分方程的源点配置在裂纹面上. 发展了边界积分方程中不同类型奇异积分的数值方法. 借助层状材料基本解,采用分层方法逼近梯度材料夹层沿厚度方向力学参数的变化. 与均匀介质中矩形裂纹的数值解对比,建议方法可以获得高精度的计算结果. 最后,分析了梯度材料中均匀张应力作用下矩形裂纹的应力强度因子,讨论了梯度材料非均匀参数、夹层厚度和裂纹与夹层之间相对位置对应力强度因子的影响.      

岩体交叉裂隙水流分配特性研究

岩体交叉裂隙的水流分配特性对揭示水体运移规律、人工疏导地下水、优化水力压裂方案等具有指导作用。文章利用自制裂隙渗流实验装置测试了常见"一进两出""人"字裂隙开度、交叉角度变化时的流量分配特性。利用交叉控制体模型和雷诺输运方程分析了产生流量差异的原因。结果表明,偏流来自惯性力与裂隙壁面法向力作用产生的漩涡;流量分配只受进口和旁路裂隙开度的影响,与交角和水力梯度无关;旁路流量比(旁路流量与进口流量之比)与裂隙开度间存在实验幂次定量关系。     

Multiple cracks subjected to guided waves

The interaction of time harmonic antiplane shear waves and multiple cracks embedded in a plate is studied by using the dislocation model and images method. The effect of the wave number, incident angle and relative positions of the cracks and free surface are presented. Resonance vibrations and the relaxation phenomenon of the layer between the cracks and the free surface are discussed in detail. With the approach, the strain energy density factors (SEDFs) of edge cracks can also be derived by assuming one of the crack tips to be nearly in contact with the free surface.     

开裂孔隙材料渗透率的细观力学模型研究

采用细观力学方法对含随机裂纹网络的孔隙材料渗透性进行研究.开裂孔隙材料渗透性的影响因素包括裂纹网络的密度、连通度、裂纹的开度以及孔隙材料基体渗透性.对于不连通的裂纹网络,该文采用已有的相互作用直推法(interaction direct derivative,IDD)的理论框架,引入裂纹的密度$\rho$和裂纹开度比$b$,提出了裂纹夹杂$\!$-$\!$-$\!$基体两相复合材料渗透率的IDD理论解.对于部分连通裂纹网络,考虑局部裂纹团内部各个裂纹对有效渗透率的相互放大作用,引入裂纹网络的连通度$f$,定义与连通度相关的水平裂纹密度$\rho^{h}$,按照增量法将表征连通特征的水平裂纹嵌入有效基体中,以此方式来考虑裂纹夹杂间的相互搭接,提出了考虑裂纹连通特征的扩展IDD理论解,分别考虑了基体材料渗透率$K_{m}$、裂纹密度$\rho $、裂纹开度比$b$以及与连通度$f$相关的$\rho ^{\rm h}$.最后通过对有限区域内含随机裂纹网络孔隙材料渗透过程的有限元模拟分别验证了不连通和部分连通裂纹网络扩展IDD模型的适用性:(1)当裂纹不连通时,由于基体对流体渗透的阻隔作用,裂纹的开度对有效渗透率影响不大;(2)当裂纹部分连通时,裂纹密度分别小于1.1(无关联裂纹网络,分形维数为2.0)、1.2(关联裂纹网络,分形维数为1.75)时,扩展IDD模型能够很好地估计开裂孔隙材料的有效渗透率,但是随着裂纹进一步扩展,最大裂纹团主导作用凸显,扩展IDD模型不再适用.      

A novel method for residual strength prediction for sheets with multiple site damage: Methodology and experimental validation

A unified method for solving the strip yield model for collinear cracks in finite and infinite sheet is proposed. The method is based on the weight function of a single crack. Two collinear cracks in finite and infinite sheets are used to apply and verify this method. The plastic zone size, crack opening displacement and stress distribution along the ligament between cracks obtained by using the present method are extensively compared with existing available results and finite element solutions, and very good agreements are observed. Combined with the Crack Tip Opening Angle (CTOA) criterion, the unified method is used to predict the crack growth behavior and residual strength for 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet with Multiple Site Damage (MSD). Thirty-two sheets with four types of MSD are designed and tested to verify this method. It is shown that the present method is able to predict various crack growth behaviors observed in experiment. The predicted residual strengths are within 9% of the corresponding test results. Compared to the elastic–plastic finite element method, the present method is much more efficient.