On a new class of hyperbolic functions

This article presents the results of some new research on a new class of hyperbolic functions that unite the characteristics of the classical hyperbolic functions and the recurring Fibonacci and Lucas series. The hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas functions, which are the being extension of Binet's formulas for the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers in continuous domain, transform the Fibonacci numbers theory into “continuous” theory because every identity for the hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas functions has its discrete analogy in the framework of the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers. Taking into consideration a great role played by the hyperbolic functions in geometry and physics, (“Lobatchevski's hyperbolic geometry”, “Four-dimensional Minkowski's world”, etc.), it is possible to expect that the new theory of the hyperbolic functions will bring to new results and interpretations on mathematics, biology, physics, and cosmology. In particular, the result is vital for understanding the relation between transfinitness i.e. fractal geometry and the hyperbolic symmetrical character of the disintegration of the neural vacuum, as pointed out by El Naschie [Chaos Solitons & Fractals 17 (2003) 631].     

New identities involving generalized Fibonacci and generalized Lucas numbers

This paper presents two new identities involving generalized Fibonacci and generalized Lucas numbers. One of these identities generalize the two well-known identities of Sury and Marques which are recently developed. Some other interesting identities involving the famous numbers of Fibonacci, Lucas, Pell and Pell-Lucas numbers are also deduced as special cases of the two derived identities. Performing some mathematical operations on the introduced identities yield some other new identities involving generalized Fibonacci and generalized Lucas numbers.     

Split Fibonacci Quaternions

Starting from ideas given by Horadam in [5] , in this paper, we will define the split Fibonacci quaternion, the split Lucas quaternion and the split generalized Fibonacci quaternion. We used the well-known identities related to the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers to obtain the relations between the split Fibonacci, split Lucas and the split generalized Fibonacci quaternions. Moreover, we give Binet formulas and Cassini identities for these quaternions.     

The “golden” algebraic equations

The special case of the (p + 1)th degree algebraic equations of the kind x^p+1 = x^p + 1 (p = 1, 2, 3, …) is researched in the present article. For the case p = 1, the given equation is reduced to the well-known Golden Proportion equation x² = x + 1. These equations are called the golden algebraic equations because the golden p-proportions τ_p, special irrational numbers that follow from Pascal’s triangle, are their roots. A research on the general properties of the roots of the golden algebraic equations is carried out in this article. In particular, formulas are derived for the golden algebraic equations that have degree greater than p + 1. There is reason to suppose that algebraic equations derived by the authors in the present article will interest theoretical physicists. For example, these algebraic equations could be found in the research of the energy relationships within the structures of many compounds and physical particles. For the case of butadiene (C₄H₆), this fact is proved by the famous physicist Richard Feynman.     

Cube Polynomial of Fibonacci and Lucas Cubes

The cube polynomial of a graph is the counting polynomial for the number of induced k-dimensional hypercubes (k≥0). We determine the cube polynomial of Fibonacci cubes and Lucas cubes, as well as the generating functions for the sequences of these cubes. Several explicit formulas for the coefficients of these polynomials are obtained, in particular they can be expressed with convolved Fibonacci numbers. Zeros of the studied cube polynomials are explicitly determined. Consequently, the coefficients sequences of cube polynomials of Fibonacci and Lucas cubes are unimodal.     

The Dempster–Shafer calculus for statisticians

The Dempster–Shafer (DS) theory of probabilistic reasoning is presented in terms of a semantics whereby every meaningful formal assertion is associated with a triple (p, q, r) where p is the probability “for” the assertion, q is the probability “against” the assertion, and r is the probability of “don’t know”. Arguments are presented for the necessity of “don’t know”. Elements of the calculus are sketched, including the extension of a DS model from a margin to a full state space, and DS combination of independent DS uncertainty assessments on the full space. The methodology is applied to inference and prediction from Poisson counts, including an introduction to the use of join-tree model structure to simplify and shorten computation. The relation of DS theory to statistical significance testing is elaborated, introducing along the way the new concept of “dull” null hypothesis.     

A generalization of generalized Fibonacci and generalized Pell numbers

This paper is concerned with developing a new class of generalized numbers. The main advantage of this class is that it generalizes the two classes of generalized Fibonacci numbers and generalized Pell numbers. Some new identities involving these generalized numbers are obtained. In addition, the two well-known identities of Sury and Marques which are recently developed are deduced as special cases. Moreover, some other interesting identities involving the celebrated Fibonacci, Lucas, Pell and Pell–Lucas numbers are also deduced.     

Introduction to Fibonacci and Lucas hybrinomials

ABSTRACT

The hybrid numbers are generalization of complex, hyperbolic and dual numbers. In this paper, we introduce and study the Fibonacci and Lucas hybrinomials, i.e. polynomials, which are a generalization of the Fibonacci hybrid numbers and the Lucas hybrid numbers, respectively.     

Continued fractions,the group GL(2, ℤ), and Pisot numbers

The properties of continued fractions, generalized golden sections, and generalized Fibonacci and Lucas numbers are proved on the ground of the properties of subsemigroups of the group of invertible integer matrices. Some properties of special recurrent sequences are studied. A new proof of the Pisot-Vijayaraghavan theorem is given. Some connections between continued fractions and Pisot numbers are considered. Some unsolved problems are stated.     

Lacunary Polynomial Sums

Lacunary sums of multinomial coefficients from homogeneous polynomials are examined by explicit equations and recursive formulas. We also determine the special relationship between certain lacunary sums and the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers.     

Complex Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers,Continued Fractions,and the Square Root of the Golden Ratio (Condensed Version)

The connections between the Golden Ratio namely (1 + √5)/2, a simple continued fraction, and Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, are familiar. The Fibonacci and Lucas numbers have many fascinating properties. We now point out that the square root of the Golden Ratio is the real part of a simple periodic continued fraction but using (complex) Gaussian integers a + ib instead of the natural integers. This fact provokes a definition and a study of complex Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, and the study again turns out to have a rich theoretic structure. A fuller account will appear in The Fibonacci Quarterly.     

On a new type of distance Fibonacci numbers

In this paper, we define a new kind of Fibonacci numbers generalized in the distance sense. This generalization is related to distance Fibonacci numbers and distance Lucas numbers, introduced quite recently. We also study distinct properties of these numbers for negative integers. Their representations and interpretations in graphs are also studied.     

Bivariate fibonacci like p-polynomials

In this article, we study the bivariate Fibonacci and Lucas p-polynomials (p ? 0 is integer) from which, specifying x, y and p, bivariate Fibonacci and Lucas polynomials, bivariate Pell and Pell-Lucas polynomials, Jacobsthal and Jacobsthal-Lucas polynomials, Fibonacci and Lucas p-polynomials, Fibonacci and Lucas p-numbers, Pell and Pell-Lucas p-numbers and Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second kind, are obtained. Afterwards, we obtain some properties of the bivariate Fibonacci and Lucas p-polynomials.     

Generating functions of the incomplete Fibonacci and Lucas numbers

For the incomplete Fibonacci and incomplete Lucas numbers, which were introduced and studied recently by P. Filliponi [Rend. Circ. Math. Palermo (2)45 (1996), 37–56], the authors derive two classes of generating functions in terms of the familiar Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, respectively.     

On factorization of the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers using tridiagonal determinants

The aim of this paper is to give new results about factorizations of the Fibonacci numbers F _n and the Lucas numbers L _n . These numbers are defined by the second order recurrence relation a _n+2 = a _n+1+a _n with the initial terms F ₀ = 0, F ₁ = 1 and L ₀ = 2, L ₁ = 1, respectively. Proofs of theorems are done with the help of connections between determinants of tridiagonal matrices and the Fibonacci and the Lucas numbers using the Chebyshev polynomials. This method extends the approach used in [CAHILL, N. D.—D’ERRICO, J. R.—SPENCE, J. P.: Complex factorizations of the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, Fibonacci Quart. 41 (2003), 13–19], and CAHILL, N. D.—NARAYAN, D. A.: Fibonacci and Lucas numbers as tridiagonal matrix determinants, Fibonacci Quart. 42 (2004), 216–221].     

n-Colour self-inverse compositions

MacMahon’s definition of self-inverse composition is extended ton-colour self-inverse composition. This introduces four new sequences which satisfy the same recurrence relation with different initial conditions like the famous Fibonacci and Lucas sequences. For these new sequences explicit formulas, recurrence relations, generating functions and a summation formula are obtained. Two new binomial identities with combinatorial meaning are also given.     

On the properties of Lucas numbers with binomial coefficients

In this study, some new properties of Lucas numbers with binomial coefficients have been obtained to write Lucas sequences in a new direct way. In addition, some important consequences of these results related to the Fibonacci numbers have been given.     

Bivariate Fibonacci polynomials of order <Emphasis Type="Italic">k</Emphasis> with statistical applications

In the present article, we investigate the properties of bivariate Fibonacci polynomials of order k in terms of the generating functions. For k and ℓ (1 ≤ ℓ ≤ k − 1), the relationship between the bivariate Fibonacci polynomials of order k and the bivariate Fibonacci polynomials of order ℓ is elucidated. Lucas polynomials of order k are considered. We also reveal the relationship between Lucas polynomials of order k and Lucas polynomials of order ℓ. The present work extends several properties of Fibonacci and Lucas polynomials of order k, which will lead us a new type of geneses of these polynomials. We point out that Fibonacci and Lucas polynomials of order k are closely related to distributions of order k and show that the distributions possess properties analogous to the bivariate Fibonacci and Lucas polynomials of order k.     

Some new Fibonacci and Lucas identities by matrix methods

The aim of this article is to characterize the 2 × 2 matrices X satisfying X ² = X + I and obtain some new identities concerning with Fibonacci and Lucas numbers.