Hyperbranched polymers – their application in printing inks

Urania^® flexographic printing ink was modified with the commercially available hyperbranched polymer Boltorn H2004. The surface tension of the printing inks was measured and the rheology behaviour of the printing inks was assessed. The flow curves (shear stress vs. shear rate) for the printing inks exhibited pseudoplastic behaviour. Modified flexographic inks were laboratory printed on three different plastic films: polyethylene, polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate. The impact of a small amount of hyperbranched polymer on printing ink colour was examined by optical density, total colour difference ΔE ^? (CIE L ^?, a ^?, b ^?) and the gloss of the printed film. In general, the addition of the hyperbranched polymer improved the colour fastness and hardness resistance. The influence of the hyperbranched polymer on the rheological properties, optical density, CIE LAB coordinates and colour fastness is discussed.     

The past and the future of chromogenic colour photographs: lifetime modelling using near-infrared spectroscopy &; enhancement using hypoxia

Chromogenic colour prints are amongst the most unstable materials found in heritage collections as the information-carrying dyes fade appreciably even in the dark. However, image stability is just one of the numerous properties that photographic companies aspire for in their products, along with constant improvements in colour balance and image development.     

彩色负片的颗粒性能研究-印片颗粒指数

彩色负片的颗粒性能是一个重要的质量指标。以往颗粒性能的度量采用均方根颗粒度的方法。均方根颗粒度建立在只对彩色负片进行灰密度(白光调制)采样的基础之上,难以保证所测数值与实际扩印照片效果相符合。采用对彩色负片进行红、绿、蓝三色光调制密度采样的方法,从三色均方根颗粒度出发,结合扩印过程中颗粒性能的传递特性以及观察照片时人眼的视觉生理和心理特性等诸多因素,形成一个代表最终照片颗粒效果的知觉颗粒度,称为彩色负片的印片颗粒指数(PGI)。实际测试和观测比较表明,所测彩色负片印片颗粒指数数值与其扩印效果相符合,印片颗粒指数方法能够反应彩色负片颗粒性的实用效果。     

Sensor for the detection of local contrast gloss of products

We introduce a sensor for providing information on the local contrast gloss (or luster) of products. The sensor also provides information of the local specular gloss of the object. The signals of this sensor are produced by diffractive optical elements from fields that are scattered in the diffuse and specular directions from the object. We present specular gloss, diffuse-reflectance factor related to the contrast gloss, and visibility maps measured from black prints on paper. High variation can be observed in the relevant gloss parameters obtained from the printed area. In addition, borders of the print can be clearly detected from the diffuse-reflectance-factor maps. The sensor also allows detection of raster points of a print. This sensor opens up entirely new means to study prints and other substances.     

喷墨打印和旋涂法制备有机电致发光显示器件中空穴注入及发光层的比较研究

比较了喷墨印刷和旋涂PEDOT:PSS薄膜的表面性能,发现喷涂PEDOT:PSS薄膜上印有发射层油墨后,其表面性能有很大差异。在喷墨打印PEDOT:PSS膜的表面上只发现了大量的和类山状的聚合物颗粒。进一步的研究表明,形态的差异源于润湿性的不同。揭示了喷墨打印和旋涂对膜性能的不同影响,从而在喷墨打印PEDOT:PSS膜上构建了更精细的结构。     

Assessment of a simplified experimental procedure to evaluate impact sound reduction of floor coverings

The impact noise reduction provided by floor coverings is usually obtained in laboratory, using the methodology described in the standard EN ISO 140-8, which requires the use of standard acoustic chambers. The construction of such chambers, following the requirements described in the EN ISO 140-1, implies a significant investment, and therefore only a limited number exists in each country. Alternatives to these standard methodologies, that allow a sufficiently accurate evaluation and require lower resources, have been interesting many researchers and manufacturers. In this paper, one such strategy is discussed, where a reduced sized slab is used to determine the noise reduction provided by floor coverings, following the procedure described in the ISO/CD 16251-1 technical document. Several resilient coverings, floating floors and floating slabs are tested and the results are compared with those obtained using the procedures described in the standards EN ISO 140-8 and EN ISO 717-2.     

Fabrication of three-dimensional electrical patterns by swollen-off process: An evolution of the lift-off process

We present a novel process to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) metallic patterns from 3D printed polymeric structures utilizing different hygroscopic swelling behavior of two different polymeric materials. 3D patterns are printed with two different polymers as cube shape. The surface of the 3D printed polymeric structures is plated with nickel by an electroless plating method. The nickel patterns on the surface of the 3D printed cube shape structure are formed by removing sacrificial layers using the difference in the rate of hygroscopic swelling between two printing polymer materials. The hygroscopic behavior on the interfaced structure was modeled with COMSOL Multiphysics. The surface and electrical properties of the fabricated three-dimensional patterns were analyzed and characterized.     

Simple colorimetric detection of doxycycline and oxytetracycline using unmodified gold nanoparticles

The interaction between tetracycline antibiotics and gold nanoparticles was studied. With citrate-coated gold nanoparticles as colorimetric probe, a simple and rapid detection method for doxycycline and oxytetracycline has been developed. This method relies on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles. In weakly acidic buffer medium, doxycycline and oxytetracycline could rapidly induce the aggregation of gold nanoparticles, resulting in red-to-blue (or purple) colour change. The experimental parameters were optimized with regard to pH, the concentration of the gold nanoparticles and the reaction time. Under optimal experimental conditions, the linear range of the colorimetric sensor for doxycycline/oxytetracycline was 0.06–0.66 and 0.59–8.85 μg mL^?1, respectively. The corresponding limit of detection for doxycycline and oxytetracycline was 0.0086 and 0.0838 μg mL^?1, respectively. This assay was sensitive, selective, simple and readily used to detect tetracycline antibiotics in food products.     

Triboelectrification of paper in the offset printing process

In offset printing, the printouts experience various complicated processes and operations before the final product is ready to be sent forward. In addition to the actual printing, these unit operations involve cutting, folding, stacking, labelling and various other operations which all include some kind of frictional contact either between the printed sheets themselves, or between the sheets and the machinery. In these contacts, charge exchange takes place which often leads to problems in the handling of lightweight prints. Machine speeds are ever increasing which has increased the importance of electrostatic problems. In this study, we present various measurements which have been performed on coating powders and coated papers both in a laboratory and in a pilot-scale facility.     

BaTiO3晶体中光束自陷的理论研究

对聚焦光束通过有一定外加电场ＢａＴｉＯ３晶体时的自陷现象进行了理论分析，发现在正切割晶体中观察空间孤子是不合适的，因仅利用了很微小的电光系数γ３３。对异型切割情况进行了讨论，给出了维持光束自陷的外加电场范围和实际观察的最佳角度。     

Optical properties of lustred ceramics: complete modelling of the actual structure

Lustres are a kind of ceramics from the Mediterranean basin dating from Middle Age and Renaissance times that display astonishing colorimetric properties: their colour changes with respect to the direction under which they are observed. These properties are related with the structure containing nanoparticles of noble metal produced by the potters. In fact, various effects play a role in the aspect of these ceramics: plasmon absorption, interferences and diffusion. Interferences occur in the specular direction, as is commonly seen, but also in diffuse directions. In this paper, a model able to simulate these interferential effects in the diffuse directions is developed in order to understand the optical properties of the lustres. The model integrates all the phenomena mentioned above and leads to good results in reproducing the colour effects observed. The results obtained here give some clues in order to understand the reasons that may have pushed the potters to improve and control the difficult process they were using at that time to produce those ceramics.     

Illumination system for photo-processing by the proximity printing method

In recent years the microcircuit industry has been searching for a method of printing the various layers of silicon-based microcircuits with improved yield and minimum mask damage. During this period the demand for smaller features has influenced the choice of methods. Proximity printing offers a means of reducing the incidence of mask damage but, when practised with the usual collimated light source, is unsuitable for copying features less than 5 μm wide owing to the enhancement of diffraction effects. An illumination system that modifies the diffraction patterns and enables smaller features to be printed has been designed.     

彩色套印色标光电扫描式探测系统的研制

彩色套印过程中必须检测出套色偏差并予以纠正,而彩色套印偏差的检测是通过检测邻色标的间隔从而获得的.本文报道了一种用于塑料薄膜多色套印中套色偏差检测的光电扫描式探测系统的研制.给出了其测量原理、系统构成及结果.     

激光共聚焦扫描显微镜对激光打印文件墨粉厚度的分析研究

使用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜,对六种品牌和型号的激光打印机分别在打印纸和高光相纸上打印的图文墨粉厚度进行测量。结果表明,测量普通打印纸张上激光打印形成墨粉厚度时,测量数据因纸张纤维凹凸不平的影响有一定波动,相纸上激光打印形成的墨粉厚度测量数据相对稳定,并总结出随着打印文件图文线条宽度与墨粉厚度的变化规律。实验表明激光打印文件墨粉厚度的数据测量具有可行性,同一台激光打印机的打印文件墨粉厚度相对稳定,该指标作为一种重要参数可以为激光打印文件检验提供量化依据,并为打印机的同一认定提供依据。     

Study of archaeological underwater finds: deterioration and conservation

This study is aimed at an assessment of the methodologies, instruments and new applications for underwater archaeology. Research focused on study of the various kinds of degradation affecting underwater finds and stone materials aged in underwater environment, efficiency evaluation of various surface cleaning methods and study and mixing of protective products with consolidating resins and antimicrobial biocides to be applied to restored underwater finds. Transmitted light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study surface biofilms and the interactions with samples of different stone materials such as brick, marble and granite immersed in the submarine archaeological area of Crotone (South of Italy). Surface cleaning tests were performed with application of ion exchange resins, EDTA, hydrogen peroxide and ultrasound techniques. Capillary water absorption, simulated solar ageing and colourimetric measurements were carried out to evaluate hydrophobic and consolidant properties; to assess biocidal efficacy, heterotrophic micro-organisms (Aspergillus niger) were inoculated on agar plates and growth inhibition was measured.     

Ink‐Jet Printed Nanoparticle Alignment Layers: Easy Design and Fabrication of Patterned Alignment Layers for Nematic Liquid Crystals

Ink‐jet printing of monolayer‐capped gold nanoparticles is introduced as a versatile and highly efficient means to pattern the alignment of nematic liquid crystals. Any homeotropic alignment patterns can be created quickly ranging in size from 30 μm (850 dpi) to several square inches, with high accuracy that does not deteriorate with time. Depending on the alignment underlayer, intermediate configurations between homeotropic and homogeneous are also feasible. Nematic liquid crystals with both positive and negative dielectric anisotropy can be switched by applying a DC or AC electric field in the printed vertical domains with the substrate configuration determining the electro‐optic response.     

荧光实地印刷品Kubelka-Munk色彩预测模型

荧光油墨防伪印刷的色彩预测是防伪印刷质量控制领域十分关心的课题。本文通过分析光在荧光油墨层中的散射、吸收及荧光辐射规律,把光在印品中的传播分成紫外线和可见光两部分分别分析研究,针对多重内反射现象进行Saunderson校正,最终建立了荧光油墨实地印刷品的Kubelka-Munk模型。     

双随机相位加密同轴傅里叶全息水印防伪技术

提出了一种制作加密的傅里叶变换全息图像的方法,通过光学系统或计算机系统将原始数字图像经过双随机相位模板调制并与参考光干涉生成加密的傅里叶变换全息图像.将加密的傅里叶变换全息图像作为水印可以叠加隐藏在载体数字图像中,用于证明载体数字图像的版权.通过打印和扫描实验证明了含水印数字图像,可以通过普通的印刷技术印制在证件中;印刷品中的含水印载体数字图像,可以通过扫描输入计算机变换生成数字图像,通过盲检测技术可以从中提取所含数字水印,从而证明印刷品的真实性,提高了防伪能力.     

Printing of polymer microlenses by a pyroelectrohydrodynamic dispensing approach

The investigation of a method for fabricating microlenses by a nozzle-free inkjet printing approach is reported. The new method, based on a pyroelectrohydrodynamic mechanism, is also able to dispense viscous liquids and to draw liquid phase drops directly from the reservoir. Specifically, by dispensing optical grade polymer dissolved in different solvent mixtures, microlenses were printed with a pattern defined directly through this deposition method. The reliability of the microlenses and the tunability of their focal properties were demonstrated through profilometric and inteferometric analyses.