Effect of α-methylstyrene of the curing behaviour of vinyl ester resins

The curing behaviour of bismethacryloxy derivative of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (vinyl ester resin) containing styrene as the reactive diluent (40% w/w) was studied using gel point determination method and DSC. Seven samples of styrene/-methylstyrene in the ratio 400, 355, 3010, 2515, 2020, 1525 and 040 were studied. Delayed curing was observed in samples containing increasing proportions of -methylstyrene. The energy of activation decreased from 869 kJ mol^–1 to 333 kJ mol^–1 as the concentration of -methylstyrene increased in the formulations. However, no difference in thermal stability was observed by replacement of styrene by -methylstyrene. It was concluded that in vinyl ester resin samples 10–15% -methylstyrene and 30-25% styrene can be used as reactive diluent.

---

Zusammenfassung Mittels DSC und Bestimmung der Gelierungstemperatur wurde das Aushärteverhalften des Bismethakryloxyderivaten des Diglycidyläthers von Bisphenol A (Vinylesterharz) mit 40 Gewichtsprozenten Styrol als reaktives Streckmittel untersucht. Es würden sieben Proben mit einem Styrol/-Methylstyrol Verhältnis von 400, 355, 3010, 2515, 2020, 1525 und 040 untersucht. Mit steigendem Anteil an -Methylstyrol konnte eine Verzögerung der Aushärtung sowie ein Absinken der Aktivierungsenergie von 869 kJ · mol^–1 auf 333 kJ · mol^–1 beobachtet werden. Der Ersatz von Styrol durch -Methylstyrol veränderte jedoch die thermische Stabilität in keiner Weise. Vinylesterharzproben mit 10–15% -Methylstyrol und 30–25% Styrol können als reaktive Streckmittel in Vinylesterharzen verwendet werden.

---

- - , 40 .% . /-, 400, 355, 3010, 2515, 2020, 1525 040. - . - 869 333 · ^–1. , .. , , 10–15% - 30–25% .

     

Kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic hydroformylation of propylene on rhodium-cobalt catalysts. Reaction mechanism

Steady-state kinetics of combined heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation and hydroformylation of propylene on Rh–Co-containing catalysts has been studied at atmospheric pressure and T=140–170 °C. A reaction mechanism is suggested. The kinetic model adequately describes all observations.

---

- Rh–Co- 140–170 °C. . , .

     

Formation of O2? ion-radicals on reduced anatase. Influence of adsorbed CO on the stabilization of O2?

ESR studies of O₂ adsorption on reduced anatase have been performed. The amount of O ₂ ^– species is determined by adsorbed surface oxygen and their parameters are changed by CO adsorption.

---

O₂ . , O ₂ ^– , CO.

     

Pt?Fe2O3 catalytic system for hydrogenation reactions

The effect of Fe₂O₃ additives on crotonaldehyde hydrogenation over group VIII metals has been studied. Iron oxide added to platinum black exerts a modifying effect on the reduction of the carbonyl group of croton-aldehyde inhibiting hydrogenation of the C=C bond conjugated with a C=O group.

---

Fe₂O₃ VIII -. , , - , C=C , C=O-.

     

Properties of highly dispersed supported catalysts in hydrogenation reactions

Pt/sol and Pt/support catalysts with 6–15 Å Pt particles have been established to be low active in the hydrogenation of propargyl alcohol, butyn-l-ol-3 and dimethylethynylcarbinol. The specific catalytic activity significantly rises with increasing d_Pt above 15 Å and after the thermal treatment of highly dispersed catalysts in a hydrogen flow.

---

, -30 -- 6–15 Å , -1, -3 . d_Pt>15 Å .

     

Kinetics of isotopic exchange due to one elementary reaction

Kinetic equations of the isotopic exchange in a system with one elementary reaction have been derived. A principle of quasistationarity in the isotopic kinetics has been formulated.

---

. .

     

Kinetics and mechanism of the permanganate oxidation of trans-crotonic acid

The kinetics and intermediates of the permanganate oxidation of trans-crotonic acid have been investigated in the pH range of 0.5–5.0 using the stoppedflow technique. The formation of manganese(III) as a short-lived intermediate has been established. The reaction is first order with respect to both MnO ₄ ^– and crotonic acid (crotonate). The resolved rate constants at 25°C are 730 and 410 M^–1 sec^–1 for the acid and the anion, respectively. The reaction mechanism is discussed.

---

pH=0,5–5,0, . (III) . MnO ₄ ^– , (). 25°C 730 410 M^{–1 –1} , . .

     

Thermal and thermoxidative decomposition of ternary grafted copolymers of ABS type

The thermal (under high vacuum, 10^–5 mm Hg) and thermoxidative decompositions of ternary grafted copolymers of ABS type were studied, the dependence of the characteristic thermal data on the overall composition being followed over narrow ranges of variation of comonomer content.It was found that the nature of the solid products obtained on thermal decomposition is dependent on the copolymer structure.

---

Zusammenfassung Die thermischen (unter Hochvakuum, 10^–5 mm Hg) und thermooxidativen Zersetzungen ternärer Kopolymere der Typen ABS wurden untersucht, wobei die Abhängigkeit der charakteristischen thermischen Daten von der allgemeinen Zusammensetzung über enge Bereiche der Änderung des Komonomergehaltes verfolgt wurde. Es zeigte sich, daß die Beschaffenheit der bei der thermischen Zersetzung erhaltenen festen Produkte von der Kopolymerstruktur abhängig ist.

---

( 10^–5 Hg) ABC. , . , , , .

     

Strong H2 chemisorption on Al2O3 or SiO2 supported group VIII metals

Following hydrogen treatments at high temperature a decrease in hydrogen chemisorption at room temperature is observed in almost all group VIII elements supported on SiO₂ or Al₂O₃. The effect is attributed to self inhibition by strongly chemisorbed hydrogen on the metals.

---

VIII , SiO₂ Al₂O₃. .

     

On the mechanism of propylene oxidation over gallium-molybdenum oxide catalysts

The products of selective oxidation are shown to be formed via a stepwise mechanism with participation of surface allylic complexes. A successive transformation of -allyl to -allyl and further to acrolein is possible. The products of complete oxidation may be formed through surface carbonate-carboxylate complexes via either a stepwise mechanism involving the catalyst's oxygen, or a concerted mechanism with the participation of molecular oxygen.

---

, . - -, . - , .

     

Some remarks about butene-1 transformations on NaHY zeolite

Comments are given on the paper Alternative Interpretation of Infrared Spectra of the Zeolite NaHY+Butene-1 System of Forster and Seelemann /2/. Our previous paper /1/ was partly revised but the usefulness of comprehensive studies by infrared and temperature-programmed desorption methods has been emphasized.

---

: NaHY+-1. [2]. [1] , - .

     

Effect of carbon support on the hydrogen sorption of platinum

The hydrogen sorption of carbon-supported platinum catalysts, studied by the potentiodynamic method, differs significantly from that of unsupported platinum. The difference depends on the preparation method and on the nature of the support. Possible explanations are suggested as (i) some kind of interaction between metal and support atoms during impregnation, (ii) high dispersity (amorphous structure) and (iii) hydrogen spillover onto the carbon support.

---

Pt/C, . . (I) , (II) ( ), (III) .

     

Monolayer vanadia on titania systems from alkoxide precursors. Part III. Activity in secondary alcohol oxidation

The activity of V⁵⁺ ion monolayer supported on anatase, rutile, and anatase-rutile mixed carrier and of bulk V₂O₅ was examined in isopropyl alcohol and cyclohexanol oxidation. Catalysts exhibited remarkable activity in ketone formation. At higher temperatures benzene was the predominant product of cyclohexanol reaction.

---

V⁵⁺, , - V₂O₅, . . .

     

Benzene activation over high-silica zeolites

The effect of treatment conditions of high-silica zeolites on their oxidation-reduction properties in benzene adsorption has been studied.

---

- - .

     

Some peculiarities in synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds on zeolite catalysts

Acid properties of some zeolite catalysts have been studied using IR spectroscopy and compared with data on the selectivity of their catalytic effect in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds from monoethanolamine.

---

, .

     

Differential scanning calorimetry of chloroquine sulphate exposed to sun,heat and ultraviolet radiation

Chloroquine sulphate, like the phosphate, is an antimalarial formulation widely used in the tropics. The stability of such formulations is therefore of interest in the combat against malaria. A DSC study has been made of the effects of exposure to the sun, heat and UV radiation on the stability of chloroquine sulphate, similarly as performed earlier for chloroquine phosphate. When freshly recrystallized from a water-acetone mixture, chloroquine sulphate exhibits two endothermic peaks, at 169.4° and 204.7°, for the expulsion of crystal water (one molecule) and for the melting process, respectively. The exposure of chloroquine sulphate to the sun, heat and UV radiation leads to splitting of the peak for melting.

---

Zusammenfassung Chloroquine-Sulfat ist ebenso wie das entsprechende Phosphatderivat ein in den Tropen weitverbreitet angewandtes Antimalaria-Präparat. Die Stabilität dieses Präparates hat damit Bedeutung für die Malariabekämpfung. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine Erweiterung einer Untersuchung über den Effekt der Einwirkung.von Sonne, Hitze und UV-Strahlen auf die Stabilität von Chloroquine-Phosphat auf Chloroquine-Sulfat. Aus Wasser-Aceton-Mischungen frisch kristallisiertes Chloroquine-Sulfat zeigt zwei endotherme Peaks bei 169,4 und 204,7 °C, die durch Abgabe von Kristallwasser (ein Molekül) bzw. durch den Schmelzvorgang bedingt sind. Wird Chloroquine-Sulfat der Sonne, Wärme oder UV-Licht ausgesetzt, so wird der dem Schmelzvorgang zuzuscheibende Peak aufgespalten.

---

, -, , . . , . , , 169,4 204,7°, , , . , .

     

Heterogeneous reactions of solid nickel(II) complexes

The influence of different modes of preparation on the stoichiometry of thermal decomposition of isothiocyanatonickel(II) complexes with ammonia was studied. It was found that the complex Ni(NCS)₂(NH₃)₄ (I) prepared by heterogeneous reaction undergoes decomposition in two steps (–2 NH₃, –2 NH₃), while for complex II, of the same composition but prepared by homogeneous reaction from solution, the decomposition proceeds in three steps (–1 NH₃, –1 NH₃, –2NH₃). Electronic and infrared absorption spectra were used for the study of the spectral properties of the starting complex. It was found that the different stoichiometries of thermal decompositions of complexes I and II do not cause differences in the bonding strength of the ammonia molecules (chemical factor); this effect is rather brought about by physical factors such as different imperfections of the crystal lattice.

---

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der Herstellung auf die Stöchiometrie der thermischen Zersetzung von Amin-Komplexen des Isothiocyanatonickels wurde studiert. Der Zerfall des Komplexes Ni(NCS)₂(NH₃)₄ (I), hergestellt durch heterogene Reaktion, verlief in zwei Etappen (–2 NH₃, –2 NH₃). Beim selben Komplex (II), hergestellt durch homogene Reaktion in Lösung, wurden jedoch drei Etappen beobachtet (–1 NH₃, –1 NH₃, –2 NH₃). Die Eigenschaften des Ausgangsproduktes wurden durch Elektronen- und IR-Spektroskopie untersucht. Das unterschiedliche thermische Verhalten ist nicht auf eine verschiedene Bindungsstärke der NH₃ Moleküle, sondern auf physikalische Ursachen, wie z. B. Unregelmässigkeiten im Kristallgitter zurückzuführen.

---

Résumé On a étudié l'influence des diverses méthodes de préparation sur la stoechiométrie de la réaction de décomposition thermique des complexes de l'isothiocyanate de nickel(II) avec l'ammoniac. On a établi que le complexe Ni(SCN)₂(NH₃)₄, (I), préparé rar réaction hétérogène, subit une décomposition en deux étapes (–2NH₃, –2NH₃), tandis que le complexe (II), de même composition, mais préparé par réaction homogène, à partir de solutions, se décompose en trois étapes (–1NH₃,–1NH₃, –2NH₃). Les propriétés spectrales du complexe initial ont été étudiées par absorption électronique et infrarouge. On a trouvé que les différences de stoechiométrie des réactions de décomposition thermique des complexes (I) et (II) n'apportaient pas de différences entre les énergies de liaison des molécules d'ammoniac (facteur chimique). C'est plutôt à des facteurs physiques, comme les différentes imperfections du réseau cristallin, que cet effet serait dû.

---

(II) . , Ni(NCS)₂(NH₃)₄ (I), , (–2NH₃,–2NH₃). , II , , (–1 NH₃,–1 NH₃ –2NH₃). . , I II ( ), , .

     

Influence of Fe?Sb?O catalyst composition on the products accompanying oxidative dehydrogenation of EtPh

Sb₂O₄ in catalysts was found to accelerate oxidation processes, whereas Fe₂O₃ the formation of other hydrocarbons in the oxidative dehydrogenation of EtPh to styrene at 800 K over catalysts of the Fe–Sb–O system.

---

Sb₂O₄ , a Fe₂O₃- EtPh 800° Fe–Sb–O.

     

Catalytic effect of hydroxy groups on reaction of polyamine with tert-butyl acrylate

The reaction of N-cyclohexyl-1,3-propanediamine with tert-butyl acrylate and the catalytic effect of hydroxy groups on the reaction course was investigated by Near Infrared spectroscopy. The reaction was found to be bimolecular and of second order. The dependence of rate constant on catalyst concentration (diols) is linear and the structure of diol used has no effect.

---

N--1,3- -. . . () , .

     

Structural studies of nickel-based Raney catalysts

Electron microscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy studies of nickel-based Raney catalysts have revealed that the catalysts are formed through the successive aggregation of their structural elements. Catalyst particles are covered by a thin layer of nickel oxide.

---

. , . .