方位偶极声波远探测技术研究与应用

偶极横波远探测测井技术是当前缝洞型和复杂储层油气勘探开发和评价不可缺少的技术手段。常规偶极远探测技术受限于180?方位的不确定性,难以判别缝洞等地质体的真实方位。采用双偶极错位发射多分量阵列接收研究偶极方位识别方法。首先以传统正交偶极模式获得地质体方位探测结果,再以45?错位角发射偶极声波信号,通过多个邻近接收器的波形差的组合以及反射波在仪器孔径上的时间延迟来区分方位,进一步压制伪像干扰获得地质体真实的方位成像结果。针对弱反射信号,在硬件上,研究了多分量有源接收器阵列声系,有效提升了偶极声波信号信噪比,结合动态增益控制提升反射波幅度;研究了双偶极宽频发射器与多模式发射技术,提高偶极发射功率,保证了偶极声波信号在地层中的远距离传播与反射。数值仿真与实际测井数据表明,双偶极方位识别方法可行,有助于偶极横波远探测技术的进一步发展和应用。     

声波测井技术的重要进展——偶极横波远探测测井

近年来单井反射声波远探测技术的一个重要进展是利用偶极声波探测仪器来发射和接收地层深部的反射信号。本文首先介绍了单井反射声波成像技术的研究进展。然后,从偶极横波成像原理、充液井孔中偶极远场辐射指向性、偶极声源激励下的井外声场分布、反射横波幅度和反射系数、偶极横波数据中的反射波分析和现场资料处理实例分析等方面详细论述了偶极声波远探测技术。最后,讨论了这门技术今后改进和发展的方向,通过本文读者可以了解偶极横波远探测技术的原理、方法、效果和应用前景。     

偶极横波远探测典型地质体解释模型研究及应用

偶极横波远探测技术是近年来发展起来的一门重要的地球物理测井技术,它把常规测井技术的测量范围从井周1 m左右提高到几十米,在井旁裂缝和孔洞等地质体的探测中取得了较好的应用效果。本文根据偶极横波辐射声场和接收声场的互易性,提出了一种快速计算井旁地质体反射声场的解析方法——远场渐近解,实现井旁孔洞、裂缝等典型地质体反射声场的快速计算,分析了不同地质体的远探测成像特征,在此基础之上,与已有实际井资料结合建立了偶极横波远探测的解释模型,并将其应用于海上实际井旁地质体评价。应用结果表明,偶极横波远探测解释模型可用于海上缝洞型地层识别、井旁断层或断裂带判断等,效果明显。     

多分量横波远探测成像测井仪研制及应用*

该文成功研制出一种新型的胜利多分量横波远探测成像测井仪。该仪器采用低频偶极声源设计,低频高效隔声体、高保真大数据快速传输技术,实现高信噪比多分量反射横波信号的采集,从而可以对井外远距离、不同走向的地质异常体进行探测;并结合专用成像处理软件,可以较好压制低频斯通利波反射,有效提取弱的反射横波信号,最终实现了远程偶极反射横波成像。该测井仪器理论上可以对井外320 m范围内地质异常体进行探测,在刻度井的测试中清晰探测到80 m内的地质异常体,实际测井中已成功获得井外100 m范围内的成像结果。     

声波远探测测井与地震缝洞精细评价技术研究*

地震勘探探测范围广、空间尺度大,数据采集、处理、解释体系完善,资料运用率高,但纵向分辨率低。声波远探测可实现井周数十米范围内的异常体探测,克服了常规测井方法探测深度浅的局限,具有很高的纵向、周向、径向分辨率,但偶极横波远探测具有180°方位不确定性,径向探测范围不及地震勘探。本研究将两者优势结合,通过对缝洞型地质异常体远探测和地震响应特征进行综合分析,约束远探测方位解释结果,精细刻画地质异常体形态及发育情况,完善远探测测井的横向延伸信息,有效提高远探测解释的精准度,最终形成声波远探测测井与地震一体化缝洞综合评价技术,提升缝洞油气藏钻遇率和开发效率。在塔河等缝洞发育地区进行应用,实现多尺度、全方位和高精度的地质异常体描述与解释,为解决油气勘探过程中由于地震分辨率不足造成的脱靶等现象提供了新的思路。     

横波速度径向层析成像方法及应用研究

近来三维声波成像技术的一个重要进展是利用偶极子弯曲波反演地层径向横波速度剖面。确定地层径向横波速度变化对评价井壁稳定性、估算地应力和优化油藏生产等有着重要的意义。偶极横波测井激发的弯曲波低频探测较深,高频探测较浅,本文根据偶极弯曲波的频散特征,采用约束反演的方法求取地层径向横波速度变化。在实际测井中,经常会遇到偶极子弯曲波的频散曲线在高频时缺失或者不准确的情况,这会使约束反演方法产生误差。针对这一现象,本文提出利用理论频散数据进行高频约束,并通过数值模拟验证了改进后约束反演方法的正确性。本文给出了一个致密气层的横波速度径向剖面综合应用实例,发现地层径向横波速度变化程度与岩石脆性有很好的对应关系,最终的压裂效果由压前、压后正交偶极横波各向异性的变化得到了印证,压裂后油气产量提高。     

随钻单极子声波测井模式优化及远探测

针对非均匀性地层地质力学评价和地质导向钻井的需要,研究了随钻单极子声波的方位特性和反射声场特征,并研制了随钻声波测量装置.建立了不同方向速度模型井和反射声场模型,数值模拟了两个模型的单极子声波传播特征,使用单极子声源发射和偏极子接收器接收的测量模式,分别获得了波速周向变化图和反射波的方位特征.模拟结果表明,纵波对地层方...     

基于邻井反射的偶极横波远探测验证方法

偶极横波远探测技术已成为探测井外地质构造的一种重要测井技术,需要针对偶极横波远探测的验证迫在眉睫。本文利用三维有限差分数值模拟方法,对比和分析了地层界面和相邻充液邻井产生的反射横波幅值的差别,结合现场实例,提出了偶极横波远探测成像测井的验证方法。在此基础之上,进一步分析了不同反射邻井结构时,反射横波幅度的变化情况,结果表明,采用多井联合方式可以有效的增加反射波的幅值,减小非共面产生的散射效应影响。最后,初步建立了两口试验井,测试数据处理结果与理论分析结果吻合,为下一步实验井方案的优选和完善提供了理论和数据支持。     

井外溶洞储层的偶极横波反射特征研究

溶洞型储层是油气田中比较典型的储层之一,其非均质性强,勘探开发难度较大,偶极横波远探测技术是目前探测井外溶洞的有效方法。碳酸盐岩溶洞模型正演模拟对于现场的油气勘探和资料解释具有指导性作用。该文建立了几种比较典型的溶洞模型,并通过有限差分方法对溶洞储层的偶极三维反射声场进行了研究,发现在小源距范围内可以接收到来自溶洞后壁较强的反射波,随着源距的增大,该反射波逐渐减弱至消失;对于缝洞结合体的反射波场,来自裂缝的反射波能量要强于来自溶洞的反射波,且来自裂缝的反射波会掩盖溶洞前壁的反射波信息,这对后期的成像处理带来了困难。最后进一步研究了偶极远探测技术在溶洞方位识别以及尺寸大小估算中的应用。     

圆弧片状声源向地层中辐射声场的有限差分模拟

提出了一种可用于随钻声波测井的非对称的圆弧片状声源,旨在发展一种能够在钻井过程中精确确定反射体位置的三维反射声波远探测方法。研究了在复杂的井孔条件(钻铤偏心、各向异性和不规则井孔形状)下,该声源向地层中辐射的声场的特征,进一步分析了不同井况条件对三维随钻远探测声波测井的影响。数值模拟结果表明,在圆形井孔、钻铤居中条件下,无论快速地层还是慢速地层,圆弧片状声源均能够向地层中定向辐射声波信号,其辐射指向性图主瓣3 dB角宽窄,旁瓣级低,方位分辨率较高,适用于随钻三维反射成像测井;井壁粗糙程度、地层各向异性等因素对声场特征影响不大,说明该方法适用于粗糙井壁和各向异性地层情况;钻铤偏心和井壁一侧的破坏对辐射声场的影响较大。对本文的模型而言,在破坏深度小于3 cm或者偏心距离小于2 cm时,声场仍有较好的方位特征,该方法仍然适用。而当破坏深度大于6 cm,声场指向性图出现多个幅值较大的角瓣,可能无法利用其确定反射体的方位。本文的研究结果为三维随钻反射声波仪的设计和研发提供了必备的理论基础。      

Electroseismic waves excited by vertical magnetic dipole in borenole

Acoustic and electromagnetic fields are coupled in a fluid saturated porous medium due to seismoelectric effect. Seismoelectric well logging method has been proposed to detect deep target formation utilizing such effect. Because of uncoupling of SH waves with P-SV waves, a simple and forthright way to get shear waves information is possible, especially for soft or slow formation whose shear wave velocity is lower than the velocity of borehole fluid. We consider the wave fields excited by a vertical magnetic dipole (VMD) source. Two methods are used to simulate, one is the coupled method based on Pride model and the other is the uncoupled method. For two methods, the frequency wavenumber domain representations of the acoustic field and associated seismoelectric field are formulated. The full waveforms of acoustic waves and electromagnetic wave induced SH waves excited by VMD source in the time domain propagation in borehole are simulated and analyzed.     

A numerical investigation of the acoustic mode waves in a deviated borehole penetrating a transversely isotropic formation

A 2.5-dimensional method in frequency wave-number domain is developed to investigate the mode waves in a deviated borehole penetrating a transversely isotropic formation. The phase velocity dispersion characteristics of the fast and slow flexural mode waves excited by a dipole source are computed accurately at various deviation angles for both hard and soft formations. The sensitivities of the flexural mode waves to all elastic constants in a transversely isotropic formation are calculated. Numerical results show that, for a soft formation, the fast flexural mode wave is dominated by c66 at high deviation angles and low frequencies, while the slow flexural mode wave is dominated by c44 at the same conditions. Waveforms in time domain are also presented to support the conclusions.     

裂纹尖端塑性区非线性超声混频定位表征

基于非共线体波混频的方法,本文对金属材料中裂纹尖端的塑性变形区开展定位表征研究.基于二阶微扰理论和矢量分析方法,理论研究非共线体波混频的共振条件及其定位塑性变形区的机理.有限元仿真表明,两横波混频产生的纵波可用于定位塑性变形区.以Al7075-T6材料为检测对象,通过实验证明两列横波混频定位裂纹尖端塑性区的可行性.实验...     

相控圆弧阵声源在TI地层井孔中产生的声场

研究了相控圆弧阵声源在各向异性地层井孔中产生的声场的特征,重点分析了该声源对于地层横波各向异性的方位敏感性,旨在探索一种新的地层声学各向异性测量方法。结果显示:相控圆弧阵声源在地层中可激发多种方位阶数的声场,主要成分为单极子波场和偶极子波场;在HTI地层竖直井中,方位角不同的圆弧阵声源激发的波动的速度不同,相控圆弧阵声源对于地层横波速度的方位各向异性的敏感性主要是它所激发的弯曲波的贡献。相比于传统的正交偶极子声波测井而言,采用相控圆弧阵声源可以评价井附近地层的周向非均质性,可以提高井周测量覆盖次数,提高反演结果的可靠性。另外,相控圆弧阵声源兼具备多极子声源的功能,优化的相位控制方式可以实现方位各向异性的最佳测量。      

Letter: Nonlinear Gravitational-Electromagnetic Bending of the Rays of Weak Electromagnetic Waves in the Fields of Pulsars and Magnetars

The eikonal equation is constructed for a weak electromagnetic wave that propagates by the laws of parameterized post-Maxwellian electrodynamics of vacuum in the magnetic dipole and gravitational fields of pulsars and magnetars. An approximate solution has been found for the equation for the rays, along which two mutually perpendicular normal modes of electromagnetic wave are propagating. The ray bending angles and time delay of the first normal mode relatively the second normal mode of the electromagnetic waves polarization states are determined as resultant from the nonlinear effect of the gravitational and magnetic dipole fields of neutron stars on the rays.     

Ultrasonic beam profiles and beam propagation in an austenitic weld using a theoretical ray tracing model

A model for ultrasonic wave propagation in anisotropic and inhomogeneous materials is applied to the case of ultrasonic inspection of an austenitic V-butt weld manufactured by the downhand Manual Metal Arc technique. We examine the propagation behaviour of waves within the weld region and, in addition, model beam divergence behaviour. From this work we predict directions of low inspection sensitivity and also identify regions of material to which no ultrasound penetrates. The relative merits of the three different wave modes are examined, showing clearly the advantages of horizontally polarized shear waves for austenitic steel inspection. Vertically polarized shear waves are shown to be the least effective for such inspections. We discuss the relevance of this work to the ultrasonic non-destructive testing of austenitic steel components, concluding that care is needed over the choice of wave modes and angles, to ensure sensitive inspection of the whole weld material.     

Nonlinear acoustic scattering by a partially closed surface-breaking crack

A theoretical model describing the nonlinear scattering of acoustic waves by surface-breaking cracks with faces in partial contact is presented. The nonlinear properties of the crack are accounted for by suitable boundary conditions that are derived from micromechanical models of the dynamics of elastic rough surfaces in contact. Both linear and nonlinear responses of the crack are shown to be largest for a shear vertical wave incident on the surface containing the crack at an angle just above the critical angle for longitudinal waves. These findings question the fitness for the purpose of a conventional inspection method, which utilizes shear vertical waves at 45 degrees of incidence to search for surface-breaking cracks in many engineering components. For angles of incidence proximal to the critical angle of longitudinal waves, the efficiency of the second harmonic's generation appears to be the highest. Thanks to the increased sensitivity to surface-breaking cracks, this configuration seems to offer a solution to the localization problem, a task that has eluded nonlinear techniques operating under other circumstances. Finally, this model suggests a simple interpretation of the highly localized nonlinear response of delaminations in composite materials.     

Correlation between helical surface waves and guided modes of an infinite immersed elastic cylinder

Scattering of obliquely incident plane acoustic waves from immersed infinite solid elastic cylinders is a complex phenomenon that involves generation of various types of surface waves on the body of the cylinder. Mitri [F.G. Mitri, Acoustic backscattering enhancement resulting from the interaction of an obliquely incident plane wave with an infinite cylinder, Ultrasonics 50 (2010) 675-682] recently showed that for a solid aluminum cylinder, there exist acoustic backscattering enhancements at a normalized frequency of ka?0.1. The incidence angle α_c at which these enhancements are observed lies between the first (longitudinal) and second (shear) coupling angles of the cylinder. He also confirmed the observations previously reported by the authors that there exist backscattering enhancements of the dipole mode at large angles of incidence where no wave penetration into the cylinder is expected. In this paper, physical explanations are provided for the aforementioned observations by establishing a correlation between helical surface waves generated by oblique insonification of an immersed infinite solid elastic cylinder and the longitudinal and flexural guided modes that can propagate along the cylinder. In particular, it is shown that the backscattering enhancement observed at ka?0.1 is due to the excitation of the first longitudinal guided mode travelling at the bar velocity along the cylinder. It is also demonstrated that the dipole resonance mode observed at incidence angles larger than the Rayleigh coupling angle is associated with the first flexural guided mode of the cylinder. The correlation established between the scattering and propagation problems can be used in both numerical and experimental studies of interaction of mechanical waves with cylinders.