Generation of intense directional radiation during the fast motion of a liquid jet through a narrow dielectric channel

The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the cavitation phenomena in the volume of a moving liquid jet after its passing through thin and long oriented channels in dielectrics are considered. It is shown that the stationary generation of intense directional radiation in the optical range occurs in the moving jet volume as a threshold pressure is reached in the liquid (pure spindle oil). The parameters of radiation are close to those of laser radiation. The effective temperature of the generation region was estimated as corresponding to 50–100 eV. In some cases, optical radiation is accompanied by the pulsed generation of directional gamma radiation. These processes are accompanied by a sequence of high-voltage electric discharges of a great length in the liquid bulk and at the surface, corresponding to potential differences of 50–100 kV. One of the causes of the observed phenomena can be energetically favorable nuclear fusion reactions involving light nuclei in the liquid jet volume. It was shown that such processes can be efficiently stimulated by multibubble cavitation.     

可压缩液体中气泡的声空化特性

利用新提出的Gilmore-NASG模型,在考虑液体可压缩效应的边界条件下,研究了可压缩液体中气泡的声空化特性,并与利用原有KM-Vd W模型计算得到的结果进行了比较.结果表明,相比于KM-Vd W模型,由于Gilmore-NASG模型采用新的状态方程来描述气体、液体以及由可压缩性引起的液体密度变化及声速变化,所以用Gilmore-NASG模型得到的空化气泡的压缩比更大、崩溃深度更深、温度和压力峰值更高.随着驱动声压幅值的增大,两种模型给出的结果差别愈加明显,而随着驱动频率的增大,两种模型给出的结果差别逐渐减小.这表明,在充分考虑泡内气体、周围液体在不同温度和压强下共体积的变化所导致的介质可压缩特性下,气泡内的温度和压强可能达到更高值.同时, Gilmore-NASG模型还预测出了气泡壁处液体的密度变化、压力变化、温度变化以及液体中的声速变化.因此, Gilmore-NASG模型在研究高压状态下气泡的空化特性以及周围液体对气泡空化特性的影响方面具有优点.     

Rayleigh decay of a highly charged bubble in a dielectric liquid

Proceeding from the Onsager principle of minimum energy dissipation, we find the dimensions, charges, and total number of daughter bubbles emitted during an instability of a highly charged bubble in a dielectric liquid. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 11–15 (February 1999)     

Stability of a bubble in a dielectric liquid in an external electrostatic field

Critical instability conditions are found for a gas bubble in a liquid dielectric in a uniform external electrostatic field E ₀. It is shown that they depend both on the magnitude of E ₀ and on the properties of the liquid, as well as on the gas pressure in the bubble. In a linear approximation with respect to the square of the eccentricity of an equilibrium spheroidal form, the equilibrium eccentricity of the bubble exceeds the equilibrium eccentricity of a drop in the field E ₀. The gas pressure in the bubble lowers the critical electric field E ₀ for development of an instability in the bubble. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 43–48 (August 1999)     

Instability of a bubble in a liquid dielectric in an external electrostatic field

The sizes, charges, and number of daughter bubbles emitted during the development of instability with respect to the polarization charge in a uniform electrostatic field of a gas bubble in a liquid dielectric are found on the basis of the Onsager principle of minimum energy dissipation for nonequilibrium processes. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 10–13 (November 1999)     

Stability of the equilibrium states of a charged bubble in a dielectric liquid

The stability of equilibrium states of a charged spherical bubble in dielectric fluid with respect to centrally symmetric variations of its volume is studied by analyzing a nonlinear equation describing radial oscillations of the bubble in the neighborhoods of its singularities. It is shown that only one of the two possible equilibrium states of the bubble is stable. The boundaries separating the domains in the physical parameter space are found that correspond to stable and unstable states. It is found that when the bubble carries an electric charge, the domains of physical parameters corresponding to equilibrium states of the bubble expand.     

Oscillation characteristics of a laser-induced cavitation bubble in water at different temperatures

Comprehensive numerical and experimental analyses of the effect of temperature on cavitation oscillations are performed. In the experimental study, the oscillation of a laser-generated single cavitation bubble near a rigid boundary is obtained using a fiber-optic diagnostic technique based on optical beam detection (OBD). The maximum and minimum bubble radii as well as the oscillation times for each oscillation cycle are determined according to the characteristic signals. And cavitation bubble tests are performed using water at different temperatures, and its temperature ranges from freezing point (0 °C) to near boiling. Furthermore, a modified Rayleigh-Plesset equation is derived for calculating the temporal development of the bubble radius at different temperatures. Both the experimental and the numerical results show that the maximum bubble radius and bubble lifetime both increase as temperature increases. The mechanism behind it has also been discussed.     

Nonlinear capillary vibration of a charged bubble in an ideal dielectric liquid

The problem of nonlinear radial pulsations and surface vibrations of a charged bubble placed in an ideal incompressible dielectric liquid is asymptotically solved up to the second order of smallness by the method of many scales. It is shown that, in the case of nonlinear vibrations, resonance energy exchange may take place not only between surface modes but also between the radial mode and a surface mode. A new type of instability (other than Rayleigh instability against the self-charge), instability against the excess vapor pressure in the bubble, is discovered. The new type of instability shows up as energy transfer from the centrosymmetric pulsation mode to all initially excited surface vibration modes simultaneously.     

含气量对液体中空泡声波频谱特性的影响

通过压电陶瓷（PZT）水听器获取了液体中激光空泡脉动辐射的声波,并计算了激光空泡在第1次脉动过程中泡内的含气量,结合空泡含气量对空泡最大半径及脉动周期影响的分析,进而分析了含气量对空泡声波频谱特性的影响。分析结果表明：激光空泡第1次脉动过程中泡内的含气量随着作用激光能量的增加而增加,含气量的多少将直接影响空泡运动的剧烈程度;含气量越多,空泡脉动越缓慢,脉动周期越长,空泡脉动辐射声波的峰值频率有向低频移动的趋势。     

含气量对液体中空泡声波频谱特性的影响

通过压电陶瓷（PZT）水听器获取了液体中激光空泡脉动辐射的声波,并计算了激光空泡在第1次脉动过程中泡内的含气量,结合空泡含气量对空泡最大半径及脉动周期影响的分析,进而分析了含气量对空泡声波频谱特性的影响。分析结果表明:激光空泡第1次脉动过程中泡内的含气量随着作用激光能量的增加而增加,含气量的多少将直接影响空泡运动的剧烈程度;含气量越多,空泡脉动越缓慢,脉动周期越长,空泡脉动辐射声波的峰值频率有向低频移动的趋势。     

Sonoluminescence quenching and cavitation bubble temperature measurements in an ionic liquid

A comparison between the temperatures within imploding acoustic cavitation bubbles and the extent of sonoluminescence (SL) quenching by C₁–C₅ aliphatic alcohols in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([EMIM][EtSO₄], a well known imidazolium based room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL)), has been made at an ultrasound frequency of 213 kHz. The temperatures obtained ranged from 3500 ± 200 K, in neat [EMIM][EtSO₄], to about 3200 ± 200 K in RTIL-alcohol containing solutions. It was also found that the SL intensity decreased with increasing concentration (up to 1 M) of the alcohols to a greater extent compared with the relative changes to the bubble temperatures. Both the extent of the reduction in the bubble temperatures and the SL quenching were much smaller than those obtained in comparable aqueous solutions containing aliphatic alcohols. Possible reasons for the differences in the observed trends between water/alcohol and [EMIM][EtSO₄]/alcohol systems under sonication at 213 kHz are discussed.     

Dispersion of a charged gas bubble in a liquid dielectric in an electric field

Onsager’s principle of minimum energy dissipation in nonequilibrium processes is applied to calculate the characteristics of a surface-conducting charged bubble breakup in a liquid dielectric in a uniform electrostatic field. The domains of physical parameters are determined in which daughter bubbles are ejected from both apexes and are not ejected from only one apex.     

Evidence for liquid phase reactions during single bubble acoustic cavitation

We extended the recent experiment by Lepoint et al. [Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence, NATO ASI Series, Series C 524, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1999, p. 285], involving a so-called single bubble sonochemistry process, to a three-phase system. We have found experimental evidence that a single cavitating bubble can activate the oxidation of I- ions after the injection of a CCl4 liquid drop in the bubble trapping apparatus. The solvent drop (CCl4 is almost water insoluble) is pushed towards the bubble position and forms a thin film on the bubble surface. When the acoustic pressure drive is increased above 100 kPa, the three-phase system gives rise to a dark filament, indicating the complexation reaction between starch (added to the water phase) and I2. I2 species is the product of surface reactions involving bubble-induced decomposition of CCl4. Further increase of the acoustic drive causes the thin CCl4 film to separate from the bubble and stops I2 production. The study of the chemical activity of this three-phase system could give new advances on dynamics of the bubble collapse.     

On the capillary vibration and stability of a charged bubble in a dielectric liquid

The capillary vibration and stability of a charged bubble against infinitesimal volume and shape perturbations when the bubble is immersed in a viscous incompressible dielectric liquid are studied. The range of physical parameters where the noncentrosymmetric radial and axisymmetric surface motions of the bubble are unstable is found. Asymptotic analytical expressions for the damping constant of the axisymmetric capillary vibration in the low-and high-viscosity approximations are derived.     

Study on the spatial distribution of the liquid temperature near a cavitation bubble wall

A simple new model of the spatial distribution of the liquid temperature near a cavitation bubble wall (T_li) is employed to numerically calculate T_li. The result shows that T_li is almost same with the ambient liquid temperature (T₀) during the bubble oscillations except at strong collapse. At strong collapse, T_li can increase to about 1510 K, the same order of magnitude with that of the maximum temperature inside the bubble, which means that the chemical reactions occur not only in gas-phase inside the collapsing bubble but also in liquid-phase just outside the collapsing bubble. Four factors (ultrasonic vibration amplitude, ultrasonic frequency, the surface tension and the viscosity) are considered to study their effects for the thin liquid layer. The results show that for the thin layer, the thickness and the temperature increase as the ultrasonic vibration amplitude rise; conversely, the thickness and the temperature decrease with the increase of the ultrasonic frequency, the surface tension or the viscosity.     

水下强声波脉冲负压的产生和空化气泡运动

首先利用高速摄影和压力传感器测量的方法, 对曲面反射式水下强声波脉冲的传播和聚焦过程进行了实验研究.实验研究发现, 椭球面反射罩在起到汇聚声能的作用的同时也将使得强声波脉冲在传播过程中形成负压区, 并由此而引发近场声传播通道上空化气泡群的产生. 在实验结果的基础上, 进一步利用基于Kirchhoff衍射定理的声传播模型和大振幅条件下的QX气泡运动方程, 对强声波脉冲负压区的形成原因及空化气泡的运动过程进行了数值计算和分析. 研究结果表明, 在焦前区, 源于反射罩内表面的"尾波"和出口处的"边缘波"在传播过程中将形成反射波中的负压区; 在焦后区, 源于反射罩顶点的"中心波"在传播过程中将形成反射波中的负压区. 在反射波作用下, 空化气泡体现出了"正压区受压缩并振荡, 负压区膨胀"的运动特点. 在反射波之后, 空化气泡将出现成长、坍缩和回弹等典型的物理过程. 研究结果对曲面反射式水下强声波传播物理规律的认识具有实际意义.     

Particle removal by a single cavitation bubble

In the paper,the behavior of the particle acted by the oscillating bubble is studied using a high-speed video camera.The bubble is generated using a very low voltage of 55 V.Images are captured at a speed of 15000 fps(frames per second).It is found that the velocity of the particle is dependent on the liquid viscosity,particle size,and tube diameter.Particle velocity decreases with the increase of the glycron-water mixture viscosity.A model is presented to predict the velocity and verified by experimental results.These observations may be beneficial for the application in medical treatment.     

空化单气泡外围压强分布

关键词：     

Characterization of an acoustic cavitation bubble structure at 230 kHz

A generic bubble structure in a 230 kHz ultrasonic field is observed in a partly developed standing wave field in water. It is characterized by high-speed imaging, sonoluminescence recordings, and surface cleaning tests. The structure has two distinct bubble populations. Bigger bubbles (much larger than linear resonance size) group on rings in planes parallel to the transducer surface, apparently in locations of driving pressure minima. They slowly rise in a jittering, but synchronous way, and they can have smaller satellite bubbles, thus resembling the arrays of bubbles observed by Miller [D. Miller, Stable arrays of resonant bubbles in a 1-MHz standing-wave acoustic field, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62 (1977) 12]. Smaller bubbles (below and near linear resonance size) show a fast "streamer" motion perpendicular to and away from the transducer surface. While the bigger bubbles do not emit light, the smaller bubbles in the streamers show sonoluminescence when they pass the planes of high driving pressure. Both bubble populations exhibit cleaning potential with respect to micro-particles attached to a glass substrate. The respective mechanisms of particle removal, though, might be different.