Ergodical time evolution of a Gaussian wave packet in quantum dots

The time evolution of a Gaussian wave packet (GWP) confined in a quantum dot is numerically studied. The quantum dots are modelled by a two-dimensional square box and by the potential x⁴ + y⁴. For the case of an incommensurate energy spectrum the time evolution of observables has no global period. As a result this leads to ergodic phase portraits with a finite phase volume. For the spatially wide GWP the distribution function of quantum observables may be approximated as a Gaussian one. For the case of commensurate transition frequencies in the quantum well the time evolution of observables is periodical and the phase portraits have a zero phase volume.     

Laser-induced crystalline phase transition from rutile to anatase of niobium doped TiO2

The investigation of the laser-induced crystalline phase transition of niobium doped TiO₂ single crystal is discussed in this paper. The TiO₂ single crystal was studied by using Raman spectroscopy and electron backscatter diffraction before and after irradiation by 266?nm?ns laser at the threshold intensity of 56?MW/cm². Experimental results show an evidence of anatase phase formation from rutile single crystal. Moreover, the analysis of the experimentally obtained and calculated crystallographic texture indicates that the converted TiO₂ layer has a polycrystalline structure with the preferred orientations. According to the Raman spectroscopy the amount of anatase phase increases with the number of laser pulses indicating the dose-dependent conversion process.     

Influence of ambient pressure on the hole formation in laser deep drilling

We investigate the temporal evolution of the hole depth and shape for percussion drilling at different ambient pressure conditions. Deep drilling is performed in silicon as target material by ultrashort laser pulses at 1030 nm and a duration of 8 ps. Simultaneously, the backlit silhouette of the hole is imaged perpendicular to the drilling direction. While typical process phases like depth development and shape evolution are very similar for atmospheric pressure down to vacuum conditions (10^?2 mbar), the ablation rate in the initial process phase is significantly increased for reduced pressure. The number of pulses till the stop of the drilling process also increases by a pressure reduction and exceeds drilling at atmospheric conditions by two orders of magnitude for a pressure of ca. 10^?2 mbar. Accordingly, the maximum achievable hole depth is more than doubled. We attribute this behavior to an enlarged mean free path for ablation products at reduced pressure and therefore lower or no deposition of particles inside the hole capillary under vacuum conditions while debris fills the hole already after a few thousand pulses at atmospheric pressure. This is supported by scanning electron cross section images of the holes.     

Time-dependent density-matrix theory

The mass fluctuations in damped reactions of¹⁶O+¹⁶O are studied in an extended time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory. The theory determines the time evolution of a two-body density matrix as well as that of a one-body density matrix, providing us with a microscopic way to calculate the fluctuations of one-body quantities. The results of the theory are compared with those obtained in a transport model. It is found that the dispersions in fragment mass calculated in the two models are of the same order of magnitude and much larger than those calculated in the time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory. The differences between the microscopic theory and the transport model are also discussed.     

Thermal multifragmentation of hot nuclei and liquid-fog phase transition

Multiple emission of intermediate-mass fragments (IMF) in the collisions of protons (up to 8.1 GeV), ⁴He (4 and 14.6 GeV), and ¹²C (22.4 GeV) on Au has been studied with the 4π setup FASA. In all the cases, thermal multifragmentation of the hot and diluted target spectator takes place. The fragment multiplicity and charge distributions are well described by the combined model including the modified intranuclear cascade followed by the statistical multibody decay of the hot system. IMF-IMF-correlation study supports this picture, giving a very short time scale of the process (≤70 fm/c). This decay process can be interpreted as the first-order nuclear “liquid-fog” phase transition inside the spinodal region. The evolution of the mechanism of thermal multifragmentation with increasing projectile mass was investigated. The onset of the radial collective flow was observed for heavier projectiles. The analysis reveals information on the fragment space distribution inside the breakup volume: heavier IMFs are formed predominantly in the interior of the fragmenting nucleus possibly due to the density gradient.     

大气中Pd-H(D)系中H(D)的释放及其表面附近H的分布

将经过950℃热处理后缓慢冷却及淬火处理的Pd样品,分别作为阴极在重水(D₂O)和轻水(H₂O)中进行150h电解,以引入H和D。用X射线衍射方法测量Pd-H(D)系存放于大气中经过不同时间后的衍射图及β相晶格常数的变化,并用¹H(¹⁹F,αγ)¹⁶O核反应测量H在各Pd-H(D)系表面层中的分布。淬火Pd与退火Pd相对比,在电解吸H(D)后,前者初始含H(D)百分比较高而H(D)的释放速度较快。H的浓度在Pd-H合金的表面处达到极大值而在离表面深度为数百埃处达到极小值。 关键词：     

Effect of large neutron excess on the dipole response in the region of the giant dipole resonance

The evolution of the dipole response in nuclei with strong neutron excess is studied in the Hartree-Fock plus random phase approximation with Skyrme forces. We find that the neutron excess increases the fragmentation of the isovector giant dipole resonance, while pushing the centroid of the distribution to lower energies beyond the mass dependence predicted by the collective models. The radial separation of proton and neutron densities associated with a large neutron excess leads to non-vanishing isoscalar transition densities to the GDR states, which are therefore predicted to be excited also by isoscalar nuclear probes. The evolution of the isoscalar compression dipole mode as a function of the neutron excess is finally studied. We find that the large neutron excess leads to a strong concentration of the strength associated with the isoscalar dipole operator ∑_ir_i³Y₁₀, that mainly originates from uncorrelated excitations of the neutrons of the skin.     

Description of the two-humped mass distribution of fission fragments of mercury isotopes on the basis of the multidimensional stochastic model

The dynamical model proposed earlier for describing fusion-fission reactions is applied to describing the two-humped mass distribution of fission fragments of mercury isotopes. In this model, the calculation of the time evolution of collective coordinates of the system is broken down into two stages. The first stage is that within which the projectile approaches the target nucleus, while the second is that of the evolution of the system formed after the touching of the projectile and target nuclei. The dynamical evolution of the system within both stages of the calculation is described on the basis of Langevin equations. The shell structure of colliding nuclei is taken into account at either stage of the calculation. Mass distributions are calculated for fragments originating from the fission of the mercury isotopes ^{190, 184}Hg formed in the fusion-fission reactions ⁴⁸Ca + ¹⁴²Nd → ¹⁹⁰Hg and ⁴⁰Ar + ¹⁴⁴Sm → ¹⁸⁴Hg. The process in which the isotope ¹⁸⁰Hg undergoes fission from the ground state is also calculated. The results obtained in this way are compared with the results of previous theoretical calculations and with available experimental data.     

Fast fission mechanism and duality of the diffusion process

The reaction of ²³⁸U with ¹²C was studied radiochemically with the purpose of elucidating fast fission characteristics. From the difference in the mass distribution below and above the critical energy where fast fission is predicted to set in, fast fission component was extracted in far-asymmetric mass region and interpreted as the mass diffusion following the Fokker-Planck equation. Anomalous charge dispersion widths in the corresponding mass region and a sudden increase of the whole mass distribution width at the critical energy were also observed to support the above result. The reaction time of fast fission deduced from the width and position of the mass distribution was 5×10⁻²¹s as well by taking into account the effect of neutron emission during the diffusion process, which turned out to be more than one order of magnitude longer than the corresponding life time of typical deep inelastic scattering but substantially short compared to ordinary fusion-fission life time. Evaluation of the driving potential for mass drift required dinuclear configuration be of an elongated or deformed form for fast fission in contrast to a more compact form for the deep-inelastic process. Received: 11 November 1997     

High repetition rate laser pulse induced damage in KTP crystal: Gray-tracking and catastrophic damage

The evolution of gray-tracking damage due to high repetition rate laser pulses was experimentally studied. “Dark track” owing to Ti³⁺ + O²⁻ centers induced by multi-photon absorption was found on the damaged KTP crystal. Moreover, the accumulative process of gray-tracking was simulated through iterating the equation of the number of color centers produced during an arbitrary laser pulse and the method for decreasing gray-tracking based on the simulated results is proposed. The color center model in combination with broken bonds model successfully explains the catastrophic damage, and the hole-like damage pattern can be interpreted by the pressure distribution of laser-supported detonation wave (LSDW).     

Cosmological quark-hadron phase transition and formation of isothermal density fluctuations

The dynamical process of the cosmological quark-hadron phase transition is investigated under the assumption of a weakly first-order phase transition. In particular the characteristic mass of these nuggets is determined to be smaller than 10¹⁹ g, using a spatial correlation function of the trapped quark phase. Furthermore, the possibility of these nuggets being left as isothermal baryonic clouds with very high density (δϱ_b/ϱ_b ∼ 5.0×10¹²) after evaporation is pointed out, and its cosmological implications are discussed.     

A possible mechanism in heavy ion induced reactions: “Fast fission process”

The influence of the orbital angular momentuml on the mass distribution of fission fragments is studied, both on previously available data on heavy ion induced fission and in new specifically planned experiments: systems⁴⁰Ar+¹⁶⁵Ho and²⁴Mg+¹⁸¹Ta at bombarding energies ranging from 180 up to 391 MeV and leading to the same fissioning nucleus²⁰⁵At with differentl distributions. Whenl values corresponding to a vanished fission barrier are reached, the mass distribution broadens. This suggest the existence of a specific process, “fast fission”, atl-values intermediate betweenl-values leading to compound nucleus formation and deep inelastic collisions, respectively. This process and its conditions of occurence are discussed; of special interest are the correlated differences between the limitations to the fusion cross-section and the fission mass distributions broadenings, respectively, for the Ar+Ho and Mg+Ta systems.     

Baryon asymmetry of the universe from evaporation of primordial black holes

The process of baryogenesis through evaporation of black holes formed at the end of the inflation phase is considered. The increase in black hole mass due to accretion from the surrounding radiation after reheating is taken into account. It is shown that the influence of the accretion on the baryogenesis is important only in the case where the initial values of black hole mass are larger than ～10⁴ g. The behavior of the calculated baryon asymmetry as a function of model parameters is studied.     

压缩态光场在双光子吸收介质中的演化

采用生成函数方法,由光场密度算符主方程,求得光场压缩度s,二阶相干度g^(x)和光子统计分布的严格解析表达式,同时讨论它们随标度时间τ的演化。计算表明,在双光子吸收过程中,虽然压缩度s逐渐减弱,但相当长的时间内光场仍呈现压缩特性;该过程有利于呈现和增强光子反聚束效应和光子亚泊松分布特性;光子分布的振荡特征维持较短一段时间后很快消失。 关键词：     

Hydrodynamic-flow-driven phase evolution in a polymer blend film modified by diblock copolymers

We have studied surface-directed phase separation in thin films of deuterated polystyrene and poly(bromostyrene) (with 22.7% of monomers brominated) using ³He nuclear reaction analysis, dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy combined with preferential dissolution. The crossover from competing to neutral surfaces of the critical blend film (cast onto Au) was commenced: polyisoprene-polystyrene diblock copolymers were added and segregated to both surfaces reducing in a tuneable manner the effective interactions. Two main stages of phase evolution are characterised by i) the growth of two surface layers and by ii) the transition from the four-layer to the final bilayer morphology. For increasing copolymer content the kinetics of the first stage is hardly affected but the amplitude of composition oscillations is reduced indicating more fragmented inner layers. As a result, a faster mass flow to the surfaces and an earlier completion of the second stage were observed. The hydrodynamic flow mechanism, driving both stages, is evidenced by nearly linear growth of the surface layer and by mass flow channels extending from the surface layer into the bulk. The final bilayer structure, formed even for the surfaces covered by strongly overlapped copolymers, is indicative of long-range (antisymmetric) surface forces. Received 15 March 2000 and Received in final form 9 February 2001     

Memory effects in nuclear friction

The status of the problem of describing the dissipative phenomena in nuclear reactions is discussed from experimental and theoretical points of view. Dynamical effects in the initial phase of a fusion reaction are presented showing the evolution of two colliding ¹⁰⁰Mo ions. The role of elastic forces associated with the Fermi surface deformation is shown by comparing the results obtained with and without taking into account the memory effects. The evolution of the unified nuclear system formed after establishing contact between ions is shown to be also strongly influenced by elastic forces associated with the Fermi surface deformations and with related memory effects. Examples are given in which the Fermi surface deformations lead to phenomena usually attributed to the excitation energy and deformation dependence of the friction parameter.     

Cold events in thermal-neutron-induced fission of heavy nuclei

An interpretation of the cold fission events in thermal-neutron-induced fission of heavy nuclei is given. The descent from the saddle point is considered as a dynamical process with reversible coupling between collective and intrinsic degrees of freedom. The distribution function for the collective variables is expressed as a product of two terms: the adiabatical and the dynamical factors. A simple model for symmetric fission to study the mass distribution is presented. As example, the calculations are performed for the nucleus ²⁶⁴Fm. Gross features of the cold fission are discussed as well as the dependence of the theoretical mass distribution on the parameters of the model. Received: 29 April 1998 / Revised version: 11 September 1998     

High-resolution electron microscopy of Si cones formed on Ar+-bombarded Si wafers

Conical Si projections generated on Si wafers bombarded with obliquely incident Ar⁺ ions were studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The cones were composed of an [111]-oriented bulk phase covered with a disordered thin layer, but the bulk phase was not perfectly ordered, containing an amorphous domain underneath the outermost area. Such a multi-phase structure is inexplicable in terms of ion erosion, suggesting interplay of the redeposition of sputtered Si atoms on the bombarded area with the ion-erosion process so as to promote cone evolution. The cones were also characterized by the development of web-like platelets at their acute angles, an indication of a crystal growth process involved in the surface phenomenon observed.     

超新星核中的夸克相变及夸克质量效应

分别基于组夸克质量模型和流夸克质量模型, 讨论了超新星核心区两味夸克物质到更稳定的三味夸克物质的相变过程. 结果表明, 两种质量模型下相变的特征时标都短于10^-8s, 且质量越小的流夸克质量模型的相变速率越快;组分夸克质量模型下所得到的超新星核区的s夸克丰度, 中微子丰度及中微子总能量(除温度)相比前人的结果有轻微的增加, 而流夸克质量模型下所得到的这些参量的增加更为明显, 采用流夸克质量模型更有利于超新星的中微子延迟爆发机理的成功. 关键词： 夸克相变 组分夸克质量 流夸克质量 超新星     

Modified gravity in contemporary universe

Astronomical data in favor of cosmological acceleration and possible explanations of accelerated expansion of the universe are discussed. Main attention is paid to gravity modifications at small curvature which could induce accelerated cosmological expansion. It is shown that gravitating systems with mass density rising with time evolve to a singular state with infinite curvature scalar. The universe evolution during the radiation-dominated epoch is studied in the R ²-extended gravity theory. Particle production rate by the oscillating curvature and the back reaction of particle production on the evolution of R are calculated in one-loop approximation. Possible implications of the model for cosmological creation of non-thermal dark matter are discussed.