用于乙醛酸电合成的高效表面合金电催化剂研究

运用电化学方法，研制了三种表面合金（Ｐｂ－Ｓｂ－Ｐｔ／ＧＣ，Ｓｂ－Ｐｔ／ＧＣ，Ｐｂ－Ｐｔ／ＧＣ）电催化剂，发现在草酸还原生成乙醛酸的电有机合成中这些表面合金电催化有较高的活性，其起始还原电位分别比在Ｐｂ阴极上（－１．１Ｖ）提前了０．４８～０．７０Ｖ，这三种表面合金电催化剂的活性次序为：Ｐｂ－Ｓｂ－Ｐｔ／ＧＣ〉Ｓｂ－Ｐｔ／ＧＣ〉Ｐｂ－Ｐｔ／ＧＣ。红外光谱结果表明，在这些表面合金电极上草酸还原产物主要     

高分散度双金属催化剂的表面结构和反应性能

高分散度双金属催化剂的表面结构和反应性能林励吾（中国科学院大连化学物理研究所，大连１１６０２３）高分散度担载型金属催化剂已被广泛地应用于工业催化过程，各国学者对这类催化剂的表面结构进行了大量的研究。８０年代，双金属重整催化剂出现后，更多的研究集中在双...     

球形分枝结构Pt纳米催化剂的合成、纯化及电催化性能

以非离子型表面活性剂Brij-35为稳定剂,以水为溶剂,在常温、常压条件下利用抗坏血酸还原K2PtCl4制备了Pt纳米催化剂,采用透射电子显微镜、能量弥散X射线谱、X射线粉末衍射、热重及循环伏安扫描对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,所制Pt纳米催化剂为尺寸均一的球形分枝结构,平均粒径为36.9nm,其中每一个Pt分枝的直径为2～4nm,长度为4～6nm.为去除表面活性剂Brij-35和副产物,开发了一种简单的多次水洗法以纯化所制Pt纳米催化剂.表征结果证明,该法可有效去除表面活性剂和副产物,所得催化剂纯度与商业Pt黑(99.9%)相当,且电化学活性比表面积更高,在氧还原反应和甲醇氧化反应中表现出更高的电催化活性.     

碳载Pt-TiO2复合催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

报道了通过化学还原和溶胶-凝胶法制备不同组成的Pt-TiO₂/C催化剂及其对甲醇的氧化反应.结果表明,该催化剂具有很好的电催化活性和稳定性.催化剂中的Ti和Pt的原子比为1/2时,催化剂的性能最好.在500℃下热处理后,催化剂的性能得到进一步的改善.这种催化剂有望能在DMFC中获得实际使用.     

碳纳米管结构对碳纳米管载Pt催化剂电催化性能的影响

在制备单、双壁及不同管径的多壁碳纳米管(CNTs)的基础上, 用液相还原法把Pt沉积到单、双壁和管径不同的多壁CNTs上. 发现制得的CNTs载Pt(Pt/CNTs)催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化活性随CNTs管径减小而增加. 这归结于管径小的CNTs的比表面积较大, 含氧基团多, 有利于提高Pt粒子分散度, 加上管径小的单壁CNTs具有更高的导电性, 这些因素都有利于提高Pt/CNTs催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化活性.     

利用表面模板调控低维有机纳米材料的拓扑结构

The future of nanotechnology lies in the "bottom up" approach, which aims at building nanostructures at an atomic or molecular level so as to minimize the sizes of chips and other nano-devices. However, one of the long-term unresolved issues for "bottom up" nanotechnology is the precise control of the topologies of fabricated nanostructures. In this contibution, we review recent studies with regard to the control of the topologies of nanostructures formed via the on-surface Ullmann reaction of haloarenes. This includes three aspects:control of the shape of the organometallic chain via lattice matching between the adsorbate nanostructure and the substrate; tailoring the chains by employing super-gratings or supramolecular templates; and steering the covalent ring-chain competition in the reaction of precursors towards ring formation through adsorbate-substrate symmetry matching. Further, we present future directions for the development of more general templates for the regulation of the topologies of a broader range of nanostructures.     

电沉积条件对非晶态Fe—Mo合金结构及表面性质的影响

利用ＸＲＤ、ＳＥＭ和ＸＰＳ等手段研究了电解液中ｘ（Ｍｏ）、（Ｍｏ在Ｍｏ＋Ｆｅ中的摩尔分数）、电流密度及温度变化对电沉积非晶态Ｆｅ－Ｍｏ合金的结构和表面性质的影响。溶液中主要含有ＦｅＳＯ４、Ｎａ２ＭｏＯ４、Ｈ３Ｃｉｔ，ＰＨ值３－５，当ｘ（Ｍｏ）大于５０％，电流密度高于２５ｍＡ／ｃｍ＾２，温度低于４０℃时有利于形成非晶态结构，合金沉积层的表面呈粒状且有微裂纹，表面的化学性质很活泼，容易形成含低价Ｍｏ的     

Au-Pt催化剂的控制合成及其对乙醇电氧化性能

乙醇电氧化（EOR）是直接乙醇燃料电池和电解乙醇制氢共有的阳极反应.Au@Pt核壳和AuPt合金是广泛使用的两种电催化材料,迄今尚无两者对EOR性能的对比研究.以CO作为还原剂和淬灭剂合成了近似Pt单层的Au@Pt/C催化剂,作为对照,以NaBH₄还原法合成了相同Au∶Pt物质的量比和金属载量的AuPt/C催化剂;运用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、扫描透射电子显微镜-能谱仪（STEM-EDS）、X射线粉末衍射（XRD）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段综合表征了两者结构之差异,同时以电化学循环伏安法和计时电流法测试了在碱性体系中其对EOR的电催化性能.结果表明,相比于商业化的Pt/C和Au/C,Au@Pt/C和AuPt/C对EOR的活性和稳定性均有着显著提升;Au@Pt/C对EOR的电催化活性和对C-C键断裂能力略优于AuPt/C.双金属催化剂中Au与Pt之间的晶格应力和部分电荷转移等效应可能是其性能提升的主要原因.     

基于限域特性的电催化剂调控

The development of highly efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts is important for both hydrogen- and carbon-based energy technologies. The electronic structure and coordination features, particularly the coordination environment and the amount of low-coordination atoms, of the catalyst are key factors that determine their catalytic activity and stability in a particular reaction. The regulation and rational design of catalytic materials at the molecular and atomic levels are crucial to achieving precise chemical synthesis at the atomic scale. Recently, significant efforts have been made to engineer coordination features and electronic structures by reducing the particle size, tuning the composition of the edges, and exposing specific planes of crystals. Among these representative strategies, the methods based on the confinement effect are most effective for achieving precise chemical synthesis with atomic precision at the molecular and atomic levels. Under molecular or atomic scale confinement, the physicochemical properties are largely altered, and the chemical reactions as well as the catalytic process are completely changed. The unique spatial and dimensional properties of the confinement regulate the molecular structure, atomic arrangement, electron transfer, and other properties of matter in space. It not only adjusts the coordination environments to control the formation mechanism of active centers, but also influences the structural and electronic properties of electrocatalysts. Therefore, the adsorption of catalytic intermediates is altered, and consequently, the catalytic activity and selectivity are changed. In a confined reaction, usually in suitable nano-reactors, the physicochemical properties of reaction products, such as the state of matter, solubility, dielectric constant, and molecular orbital, are finely modulated. Thus, the catalysts produced by confinement significantly differ from those produced in an open system. For example, atomic-layered metals with low coordination can be produced in a two-dimensional confined space. The nitrogen configurations of nitrogen-doped graphene can also be regulated in two-dimensional or three-dimensional confined systems. Herein, the confinement-induced methods, specifically the method used for atomic regulation, are reviewed, such as the control of molecular configuration, the modification of the coordination structure, and the alteration of charge transfer. Applications in the field of fuel cells and material energy conversion are also reviewed. In the next stage, it is important to conduct in-depth investigations of the constructed confinement environment by selecting different substrates for the regulation and rational design of confined catalytic materials. The investigation of the derived properties of the catalyst after release from the confinement is crucial for the development of uncommon catalytic properties.     

Ni/AC电催化剂在中性溶液中的析氢电催化性能

The Ni/active carbon (AC) electro-catalyst was prepared by chemical reduction method using coconut carbon as the support. Morphologies and structures of Ni/AC were measured and characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The activity of the Ni/AC membrane electrodes were studied in the neutral electrolyte using Tafel polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the average size of nickel particles on the active carbon were in nano-size range. The exchange current density of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of Ni/AC electro-catalysts was seventy-five times more than pure nickel, so Ni/AC electro-catalysts had better electro-catalytic activity. In 1 mol·L^-1 NaCl electrolyte, the Tafelian behavior′s hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of Ni/AC electro-catalyst at high over-potential existed in two Tefal regions. These two regions were named as “regionⅠ:0.318～0.456 V” and “regionⅡ: 0.120～0.288 V”. The rate step of regionⅠ was electron transference step. The rate step of region Ⅱ was concentration polarization.     

甲烷氧化偶联MgO／BaCO3催化剂的表面结构与催化活性

用ＣＯ２－ＴＰＤ，ＣＯ，ＣＨ４脉冲以及ＥＰＲ，ＸＰＳ等方法对ＭｇＯ／ＢａＣＯ３的表面结构及催化活性进行研究，结果表明，催化剂的碱性，氧扩散速率等对催化剂的活性均有影响。ＢａＣＯ３和ＭｇＯ的共同作用可以增强催化剂的碱性强度?增加强碱中心的量，调变晶格氧的移动性，提高Ｃ２烃的收率和选择性。ＥＰＲ和ＸＰＳ测试结果表明，表面吸附态的氧物种Ｏ＾－２作为甲烷氧化偶联活性氧物种的前驱态在反应反应条件下可转化为活     

红外光谱研究Pt-Re/Al2O3重整催化剂的表面结构

CO和NO吸附或两者竞争吸附在Pt／Al2O3，Re／Al2O3和Pt－Re／Al2O3催化剂上的红外光谱可以给出Pt和Re的表面结构信息．本文研究的催化剂为低金属载量的Pt／Al2O3，Re／Al2O3和工业型Pt－Re／Al2O3，其中Pt含量0．22％，Re含量0．43％（质量分数）．实验结果表明，用NO与CO双分子竞争吸附的红外光谱实验方法可分别表征还原态Pt－Re／Al2O3重整催化剂上Pt表面和Re表面，并视需要可对Pt表面和Re表面进行半定量分析．在还原态工业型Pt－Re／Al2O3重整催化剂表面上，没有明显迹象表明有Pt－Re合金形成．     

制备过程中缓冲溶液对Pt-Ru/C电催化剂性能的影响

 采用浸渍还原法制备了Pt-Ru/C直接甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂. 为了提高催化剂的活性,使用乙酸钠和氢氧化钠缓冲溶液来调节反应溶液的pH值,考察了缓冲溶液对催化剂性能的影响; 通过XRD和TEM技术对催化剂的晶体结构及微观形貌进行了分析; 并利用玻碳电极测试了催化剂在0.5 mol/L CH3OH和0.5 mol/L H2SO4混合溶液中的循环伏安曲线和阶跃电位曲线,考察了催化剂对甲醇阳极催化氧化活性的影响. 结果表明,用乙酸钠和氢氧化钠缓冲溶液调节反应溶液pH值所得催化剂的性能优于用NaOH调节反应溶液pH值所得的催化剂. 缓冲溶液pH值对催化剂性能有较大影响,使用pH值为12的缓冲溶液所制备的催化剂性能最佳, Pt-Ru颗粒在碳载体上分散均匀,其最小粒径为4.2 nm. 还原温度对缓冲溶液作用的发挥有一定影响,还原温度升高会使溶液的pH值下降,不利于缓冲溶液作用的发挥.     

科学家确定三种电催化剂活性位结构

<正>近期,中科院金属所沈阳材料科学国家(联合)实验室催化材料研究部研究员苏党生、博士研究生朱延松等,成功合成了三种有代表性的Fe/N/C催化剂,利用高分辨电镜、穆斯堡尔谱等表征技术首次确定了Fe/N/C催化剂中催化活性位的结构是一种铁的配合物,并排除了此前认为活性位是铁的一些晶态物质的可能,这对于研究氧化还原反应中替代贵金属铂催化剂具有重要意义。该工作以快讯形式在《应用化学国际版》在线发表。燃料电池作为21世纪清洁、高效的动力源之一,是当前科学研究的热点。而氧气还原反应是燃料     

功能纳米材料的化学控制合成、组装、结构与性能

维度限制使得纳米材料具有独特的物理和化学性质,如何对纳米构造单元的结构进行调控,并最终将纳米效应在宏观尺度上体现是当今纳米科技面临的挑战性问题,纳米材料的化学控制合成方法学、组装、结构与性能的研究是解决上述问题的基础．这篇综述文章从四个方面,分别介绍了单分散纳米晶以及纳米管、纳米线、空心纳米微球等系列低维纳米结构在合成方法与技术、“自下而上”的组装、基于微结构的性能表征与应用探索等领域取得的研究进展,试图总结出其中的规律性,同时也展现了纳米科学与技术的魅力和广阔的发展前景．     

Pd-Mo-K/Al2O3催化剂的结构及合成醇性能

采用 XRD、EXAFS 技术研究了不同Pd含量的 Pd-Mo-K/Al2O3 催化剂结构,并关联其合成低碳混合醇性能。结果表明,在氧化态 Mo-K/Al2O3 催化剂体系中添加 Pd后,“K-Mo”物相晶粒变小,分散度提高,说明钯可能和钾钼物种发生了较强的相互作用。经硫化还原处理后,发生了氧硫交换,钼主要以MoS2物种形式存在,其粒度随着Pd含量的增加而明显减小。尺寸的显著变化可能导致MoS2与载体作用形式的改变,从而影响CO加氢催化反应的性能。在硫化态催化剂中,Pd的添加不仅能提高CO加氢合成醇的收率和选择性,而且有利于改善产物的分布。基于以上结果,认为“K-Mo”作用物种和Pd物种均为合成醇的催化活性组份,它们间的相互协同作用使催化剂性能得到显著改善。