4-羟基联苯-4′-甲酸-L-2-甲基丁醇酯的合成

以4-羟基联苯,4-羟基-4′-氰基联苯和手性L-2-甲基丁醇为原料,通过三条路线合成了铁电性液晶中间体4-羟基联苯-4′-甲酸-L-2-甲基丁醇酯.5步法(醚化、酰化、溴仿、水解和酯化)总收率35.6%;3步法(酰化、溴仿和酯化)总收率50.7%;而以4-羟基-4′-氰基联苯为原料的一步合成法收率64.4%.中间体和目标产物的结构经1H NMR和IR确证.     

(R)-3-乙酸奎宁环基酯的合成

分别以(R)-3-奎宁环醇与乙酸乙酯的酯交换法和(R)-3-奎宁环醇与乙酸酐的乙酸酐法合成了(R)-3-乙酸奎宁环基酯。通过考察原料摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间对产品收率的影响探索了合适的合成工艺。结果表明,乙酸酐法得到的产品收率远远高于酯交换法得到的产品收率,收率最高可达86.1%。     

6-三氟甲基烟酸的合成研究

6-三氟甲基烟酸是合成含氟药物关键中间体,本文以氰基乙酸和三氟乙酸为原料,经过加成-消除、Stork烷基化、缩合成环、水解等多步反应得到目标化合物。经优化反应条件,该路线的总收率达到45%。该路线原料易得、收率高、操作简单且重复性好。     

氯化锆催化芳胺和正丁醛合成喹啉衍生物

以ZrCl4为催化剂,芳胺和醛为原料,采用"一锅法"合成了喹啉衍生物;考察了空气、催化剂用量、原料比例以及芳胺的取代基等因素对反应收率的影响;利用高分辨质谱和核磁共振谱(1 H NMR、13 C NMR)表征了产物的分子结构.结果表明,以苯胺和正丁醛为原料时,3-乙基-2-丙基喹啉的收率可达65%,同时生成27%的N-丁基苯胺;工艺经改进后,反应条件温和、操作简便、催化剂用量少、产物收率高.     

巴格列酮的合成新方法

以4-羟基苯甲醛和2,4-噻唑烷二酮为起始原料,经Knoevenagel反应、催化氢化、醚化共三步反应得到目标物巴格列酮,总收率为76.1%。产物结构经MS、1H-NMR等确证。该方法原料易得,反应条件温和,危险性小,后处理简单,收率较高,生产成本降低,有利于工业化大生产。     

4-碘-2-甲基吡啶的合成工艺研究

4-碘-2-甲基吡啶是一个重要的医药化工中间体。本文以2-甲基-4-硝基吡啶-N-氧化物为起始原料,经还原和Sandmeyer反应得到目标化合物,总收率为73.5%。目标化合物的结构经~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR和MS确证。经优化后的工艺具有原料廉价易得、操作简便、制备周期短且收率较高等优点,适合工业化生产。     

2-羟基-4-甲基苯磺酸的合成工艺

2-羟基-4-甲基苯磺酸是合成内皮素拮抗剂UK-350,926的重要中间体。本文以4-氯-3-甲基苯酚为起始原料,经磺化和氢解两步反应得到目标化合物,并对其单晶结构进行了研究,其结构经1H NMR、13C NMR和X-ray单晶衍射确证。经优化后的工艺原料易得、操作简单、反应时间短且收率较高,适合工业化生产,反应总收率80.1%。     

甲酰基-8-羟基喹啉的合成

以8-羟基喹啉为原料,通过Reimer-Tiemann反应合成了5-甲酰基-8-羟基喹啉(收率15.0%)和7-甲酰基-8-羟基喹啉(收率21.5%),其结构经1HNMR和IR表征。     

微波辅助二苯并-18-冠-6的合成

以邻苯二酚与二甘醇二取代物为原料,氢氧化钾为碱和模板剂,在微波辅助下,采用“一锅煮”法合成二苯并-18-冠-6。 经单因素及正交实验考察了原料、溶剂、时间、温度和功率对反应收率的影响,获得了最佳的工艺条件：以邻苯二酚与二氯乙醚为原料,二甲亚砜为溶剂,反应温度70 ℃,时间60 min,功率500 W,收率可达46.3%。     

4-羟基联苯4’-甲酸-L-2-甲基丁醇酯的合成

以4-羟基联苯，4-羟基4’-氰基联苯和手性L-2-甲基丁醇为原料，通过三条路线合成了铁电性液晶中间体4-羟基联苯4’-甲酸-L-2-甲基丁醇酯。5步法（醚化、酰化、溴仿、水解和酯化）总收率35．6％；3步法（酰化、溴仿和酯化）总收率50．7％；而以4-羟基-4＇-氰基联苯为原料的一步合成法收率64．4％。中间体和目标产物的结构经^1H NNR和IR确证。     

Methane coupling in microwave plasma under atmospheric pressure

Methane coupling in microwave plasma under atmospheric pressure has been investigated.The effects of molar ratio n(CH4)/n(H2),flow rate and microwave power on the reaction have been studied.(1)With the decrease of n(CH4)/n(H2)ratio,methane conversion,C2 hydrocarbon yield,energy yield and space-time yield of acetylene increased,but the yield of carbon deposit decreased.(2)With the increase of microwave power,energy yield of acetylene decreased,but space-time yield of acetylene increased.(3)With the increase of flow rate,energy yield and space-time yield of acetylene increased first and then decreased.Finally,under the reaction conditions of CH4 flow rate of 700 mL/min,n(CH4)/n(H2)ratio of 1/4 and microwave power of 400 W,the energy yield and space-time yield of acetylene could reach 0.337 mmol/kJ and 12.3 mol/(s m3),respectively.The reaction mechanism of methane coupling in microwave plasma has been investigated based on the thermodynamics of chemical reaction.Interestingly,the acetylene yield of methane coupling in microwave plasma was much higher than the maximum thermodynamic yield of acetylene.This phenomenon was tentatively explained from non-expansion work in the microwave plasma system.     

Synthetic transformation of ptychantin into forskolin and 1,9-dideoxyforskolin

Forskolin (1), a highly oxygenated labdane diterpenoid and an activator of adenylate cyclase, has been synthesized in 12 steps and 12% overall yield from ptychantin A (4), which has been isolated from liverwort Ptychanthus striatus in good yield. The 1alpha-hydroxy group was furnished by stereoselective reduction of the corresponding carbonyl group by sodium in t-BuOH. The 9alpha-hydroxy group was introduced stereoselectively by epoxidation of delta(9.11)-enolether. 1,9-Dideoxyforskolin (2), an inhibitor of glucose transporter, has been synthesized in 8 steps and 37% overall yield. The hydroxy group at C-1 was removed by solid-state thicarbonylimidazolation and subsequent radical cleavage.     

Gamma-ray yield dependence on bulk density and moisture content of a sample of a PGNAA setup: A Monte Carlo study

Monte Carlo calculations were carried out to study the dependence of γ-ray yield on the bulk density and moisture content of a sample in a thermal-neutron capture-based prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) setup. The results of the study showed a strong dependence of the γ-ray yield upon the sample bulk density. An order of magnitude increase in yield of 1.94 and 6.42 MeV prompt γ-rays from calcium in a Portland cement sample was observed for a corresponding order of magnitude increase in the sample bulk density. On the contrary the γ-ray yield has a weak dependence on sample moisture content and an increase of only 20% in yield of 1.94 and 6.42 MeV prompt γ-rays from calcium in the Portland cement sample was observed for an order of magnitude increase in the moisture content of the Portland cement sample. A similar effect of moisture content has been observed on the yield of 1.167 MeV prompt γ-rays from chlorine contaminants in Portland cement samples. For an order of magnitude increase in the moisture content of the sample, a 7 to 12% increase in the yield of the 1.167 MeV chlorine γ-ray was observed for the Portland cement samples containing 1 to 5 wt.% chlorine contaminants. This study has shown that effects of sample moisture content on prompt γ-ray yield from constituents of a Portland cement sample are insignificant in a thermal-neutrons capture-based PGNAA setup.     

Dispersion of alumina-coated TiO2 slurries in the presence of poly(acrylic) acid influence of monovalent counterions

The rheological behavior of concentrated alumina-coated TiO2 slurries has been investigated in connection with the type of surface counterions (monovalent cations: X = Li+, Na+, TMA+) in the absence and in the presence of polyacrylic acid (PAA). The study has been conducted in a pH range of 4-10 and with ionic strengths lower than 0.01 M. The pH and ionic strength were adjusted with XOH and XCl, respectively. The surface properties have been investigated by titration of surface counterions and the apparent yield stress has been measured using a dynamic stress rheometer. It appears from the results that the pH at the maximum yield stress and the magnitude of the yield stress depend on the nature of the counterion. The yield stress measurements were also conducted in the presence of PAA (0.5 segment/nm2) adsorbed on the particle surface. In that case, the mineral surface and adsorbed polymer were neutralized with XOH. The results show that the dispersion efficiency depends on the polymer counterion. In general, it is found that the maximum yield stress and the corresponding counterion surface density both follow the sequence TMA+ < Na+ < Li+. The adsorption of PAA apparently amplifies the effects observed with the corresponding cation. An electrostriction effect of the hydration layer at the interface is suggested in order to explain the increasing yield stress as the surface density of Li+ increases. The so-called structure-making/structure-breaking model explains the yield stress reduction with the TMA+ surface density.     

生物质三组分热裂解行为的对比研究

在热天平上对比研究了生物质中的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三种主要组分的热失重规律。结果表明，作为半纤维素模型化合物的木聚糖热稳定性差，在217℃～390℃发生明显分解；纤维素热裂解起始温度最高，且主要失重发生在较窄温度区域，固体残留物仅为6.5%；木质素表现出较宽的失重温度区域，最终固体残留物高达42%。在红外辐射机理试验台上对比研究了三组分热裂解产物随温度的变化规律。三组分热裂解生物油产量随温度变化先升后降。纤维素生物油产量在峰值上最高，但纤维素生物油热稳定性差，高温时挥发分的二次分解最明显；木聚糖和木质素生物油产量较低，表现出较好的热稳定性。三组分热裂解焦炭产量随温度升高而降低，最终纤维素热裂解焦炭产量为1.5%，而木聚糖和木质素分别为22%和26%。三组分热裂解气体产物随温度升高而增长，但在气体组成分布上因三组分的结构上的差异而不同。     

固相多肽合成中王树脂和Fmoc/tBu酪氨酸成酯反应的研究

以Fmoc/tBu酪氨酸和王树脂为原料,分别探讨了对称酸酐法、活化酯法和2,6-二氯苯甲酰氯(DCB)法中各种因素对氨基酸与树脂成酯反应的影响。实验表明:对称酸酐法连接率低,而其它两种方法,通过筛选合适的反应介质,均能取得良好结果。在活化酯法中,使用强极性溶剂DMA,弱极性溶剂THF/DCM和混合溶剂45%DMF/THF,反应5h,连接率均可提高到90%以上;在DCB法中,使用弱极性溶剂THF时,反应3h,连接率可达99%。总之,DCB方法是酪氨酸和王树脂成酯反应的最好方法。     

Gamma radiation induced graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto EPDM blended with PE

Gamma radiation induced grafting of acrylamide (AAm) onto vulcanized strips of EPDM and EPDM/PE blends has been carried out. The effects of different parameters on the graft yield have been investigated. These parameters include: radiation dose, monomer concentration, diluent composition and types of inhibitors. It has been found that water is the most appropriate solvent. The preswelling of crosslinked rubber samples in cyclohexane prior to grafting enhances the grafting and the addition of methanol to water as binary diluent in the ratio (1 : 1) decreases the graft yield. The presence of Mohr's salt and copper sulfate in the reaction mixture in the molar ratio (2.1 : 0.5) markedly increases the graft yield. Evidence of grafting have been conducted using thermal analysis as well as swelling measurements in water. Also, it has been found that the mechanical properties of the blends decrease at graft yield 13%. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transient Characteristics of the Yield Surface of Electrorheological Clutch

The characteristic of transient yield surface in electrorheological clutch has been studied. It shows that the characteristics of clutch are dependent on the parameterβ, which is in the yield stress formula of ERF, when extra electric field was applied suddenly. In the case ofβ>2, the yield surface generates from the inner cylinder. In the case ofβ<2, the yield surface generates from the outer cylinder. The direct numerical results deriving from the Crank-Nicoson finite difference method with the regulation parameter model are also presented.     

Preparation of Silver Nanofluids with High Electrical Conductivity

Silver nanofluids have been prepared by single-step chemical reduction method starting with silver nitrate metal precursor. Electrical conductivity of nanofluids has been investigated, as it has largely been overlooked despite immense technological importance. Extremely low yield nanofluid (0.013 wt%) is found to give high electrical conductivity attributed to smaller size monodisperse nanoparticles obtained (16.3 nm). Increased precursor concentration has lead to high yield and high electrical conductivity. Larger particle sizes obtained are optimized by reducing the yield at high concentration, as well as by dilution. The stability is exceptionally higher than the reported results for copper nanofluids.     

Eco-friendly synthesis of 2-substituted-2,3-dihydro-4(1H)-quinazolinones in water

2-Substituted-2,3-dihydro-4(1H)-quinazolinones were synthesized in high yield by condensation of 2-anthranilamide with aromatic aldehydes or ketones in refluxing water without catalyst.This protocol has advantages of high yield,simple work-up and environmental friendly procedure.