活性炭吸附对硝基苯酚的动力学和热力学研究

以生物质废弃物枣核为原料,通过Zn Cl2活化法制备了活性炭,采用低温N2吸附、FT-IR等对活性炭性能进行了表征。将该活性炭用于吸附对硝基苯酚,考察了吸附温度、溶液初始浓度等因素对吸附的影响,并对吸附动力学、热力学及吸附机理进行了研究。研究表明,枣核活性炭主要为微孔兼有一定中孔结构,比表面积为1096m2/g,平均孔径为2.2nm。该活性炭吸附对硝基苯酚的过程是一个快速吸附的过程,20min内吸附达平衡,符合准二级动力学模型;采用Toth和Redlich-Peterson模型描述对硝基苯酚在活性炭上的吸附更合适;热力学研究表明,该吸附过程为自发、吸热且体系混乱度减小的过程。利用生物质废弃物枣核制备活性炭并用于对硝基苯酚的吸附,具有一定的经济价值,实现以废治废的目的。     

TiO2/柚子皮生物质活性炭复合材料的制备和吸附光降解性研究

本文以自制柚子皮生物质活性炭为原料,采用凝胶-溶胶法合成TiO2/柚子皮生物质活性炭复合材料(TiO2/BAC)。对复合材料进行SEM、FTIR、XRD等表征,并研究该复合材料对中性红、亚甲基蓝染料及甲醛的吸附降解性能。结果表明,在复合材料中柚子皮生物质活性炭的添加量为7 g、预吸附时间为2 h时,对染料具有最佳的吸附降解效果,复合材料在循环使用5次后对染料的吸附降解率仍达到了80 %以上。当活性炭的添加量为6 g、复合材料的添加量为2 g时,复合材料对甲醛的吸附降解达到最大,可达61%。表明该复合材料对中性红、亚甲基蓝染料及甲醛具有良好的吸附降解效果,有望用于废水染料的去除和家居甲醛净化。     

富氧条件下生物质基活性炭负载钾催化剂高选择性还原氮氧化物

研究了富氧环境中生物质基活性炭负载钾催化剂选择性还原氮氧化物的性能。结果表明,与煤基（褐煤）活性炭负载钾催化剂相比,生物质基（木屑）活性炭负载钾催化剂表现出高选择性还原NO能力,在2 h恒温稳态实验过程中能够保持80%的NO还原效率,而C-O₂反应活性仅为18%。X射线衍射、比表面积、X射线光电子能谱以及程序升温脱附实验表征结果显示,生物质基活性炭负载钾催化剂优异的选择性还原NO性能应归因于炭表面钾物种的高度分散性,这与催化剂的高比表面积以及大量的表面氧基团有关。另外,生物质基炭材料还原NO反应产物中具有较高的CO₂选择性。     

生物质基碳量子点的合成及传感成像研究进展

作为一种碳基发光纳米材料,碳量子点因其毒性低、光学性质可调、成本低廉、优异的光稳定性以及良好的生物相容性等优点,被广泛用于生物传感和生物成像等领域。目前,已经开发了众多的合成碳量子点的方法,其中,采用生物质基天然原料的绿色合成方法,可以利用天然原料或者将低价值废弃物转化为高价值生物质基碳量子点,是未来实现能源可持续发展的趋势。本文主要介绍了生物质基碳量子点的合成方法以及在传感成像领域应用的最新进展,并对生物质基碳量子点在传感成像领域的应用前景和发展方向进行了展望。     

功能化碳质材料的制备及其对水中重金属的去除

重金属污染是目前最为严峻的环境问题之一,我国的重金属污染问题尤为突出。活性炭、纳米碳管和石墨烯等环境友好型碳质材料由于其比表面积大,吸附能力强等优点而被应用于水中重金属的去除,而进行官能团功能化改性后其吸附效果可以明显提高。本文重点阐述了活性炭、纳米碳管、石墨烯及生物质炭等碳质材料的巯基化(-SH)、氨基化(-NH₂)等功能化改性方法及其应用,考察了功能化碳质复合材料对水中重金属离子的去除效果和影响因素,最后展望了功能化碳质复合材料对水中重金属污染物去除研究的发展方向。     

基于电化学特性优化芦苇基活性炭制备工艺

生物质活性炭在制备过程中受焙烧工艺影响,本文以芦苇作为活性炭原料,通过电化学特性对其碳化和活化工艺进行了探讨,结果表明:芦苇基活性炭采取两步法制备时,其碳化温度600℃,升温速率20℃·min-1,碳化料与KOH、K2CO3的最佳质量比为2:1. 5:3时,芦苇基活性炭的比电容达到169 F·g-1。     

KOH活化木屑生物炭制备活性炭及其表征

以木屑热裂解的生物质炭为原料,氢氧化钾为活化剂,采用化学活化法制备活性炭,探讨了碱炭比、活化温度和活化时间对活性炭吸附亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。 利用N2吸附实验、XRD和FTIR等实验技术,对原料与制备活性炭的结构与性能进行了表征。 结果表明,在碱炭质量比为1.5、活化温度750 ℃、活化时间2 h的条件下,所制备的活性炭对亚甲基蓝吸附值为255 mg/g,BET总比表面积为1514 m2/g,中孔比表面积为110 m2/g,吸附总孔容为0.821 cm3/g,中孔孔容为0.117 cm3/g,吸附平均孔径为2.170 nm。     

可再生资源基生物质材料的研究进展

近年来随着经济发展,化石资源持续消耗,科技工作者和工业界共同关注可再生资源的有效利用问题,特别是在可再生资源基生物质材料的制备及性能改性方面取得了一定的进展。本文介绍几种典型的可再生生物质单体,如糖类、植物油、萜类、呋喃等的结构特点,以及近年来基于这些生物质单体的新型生物质材料的制备、性能改性及其在相关领域的应用。     

生物质炭的制备、改性以及在挥发性有机物吸附方面的应用

挥发性有机物（VOCs）是大气中重要的污染源之一,对环境和人类健康产生严重的危害。吸附法是工业中最常用的去除VOCs的方法,吸附剂是吸附技术的关键,生物质炭是一种由生物质基材料在高温下热解活化等工艺制得的炭材料,具有较高的比表面积、丰富的孔隙结构和化学活性表面,在环境污染控制领域具有广泛应用。基于最近的研究,本文系统地综述了常用于去除VOCs的生物质炭的制备和改性方法,以及生物质炭在吸附VOCs的应用研究。本文首要目标是评估生物质炭去除VOCs的能力,特别是经过各种改性和活化工艺后,评价生物质炭作为吸附剂去除VOCs的适用性;确定改性和活化后对VOCs吸附能力的影响;揭示生物质炭对VOCs可能存在的吸附机理。最后,文章也对生物质炭的再生提出了建议和展望。     

生物质基氮掺杂碳材料的研究进展

氮掺杂碳材料是近年来新兴的一种多孔材料,具有高比表面积、高导电性、高活性和良好的稳定性,但制备过程繁琐,成本较高.本文简要介绍了采用廉价生物质制备氮掺杂碳材料的方法,生物质来源广泛、安全无毒且成本低廉,虾壳、藻类、果壳和毛发等生物废弃物中所含木质素、蛋白质和氨基酸等提供了丰富的N、P、C等元素,既可作为氮源也可以作为碳源.生物质经过活化可制成生物质基氮掺杂碳材料,由于N元素改变了碳材料的电荷密度和表面理化性质,提供更多活性位点,使材料不但具有优异的电化学性能,又可作为载体均匀负载金属催化各类反应,能够得到比商业催化剂更好的催化性能.重点介绍生物质基氮掺杂碳材料在燃料电池和超级电容器领域的应用,讨论了生物质基氮掺杂碳材料的制备和应用存在的问题,展望其未来的发展趋势.     

Investigating parameters on the preparation of mesoporous activated carbons by the combination of chemical and physical activations using the Taguchi method

Mesoporous activated carbons were prepared from coconut shell by the combination of chemical and physical activation methods. Zinc chloride and CO₂ were used as chemical and physical agents, respectively. Optimum parameters were obtained from investigating the effect of various factors at different levels on the methane storage of wet activated carbons using the Taguchi experimental design method. Soaking time, carbonization temperature, and carbonization time were found as effective parameters in the methane storage. Finally, after achieving optimum levels for each factors based on the enhancement of methane storage, a confirmation experiment was conducted. Methane uptakes of the activated carbons were measured at temperature of 2?^°C up to the pressure of 80 bar and it turned out that the maximum amount of methane storage (241?V/V) had a good agreement with the predicted result from the Taguchi method.     

The physical and surface chemical characteristics of activated carbons and the adsorption of methylene blue from wastewater

Adsorption of a basic dye, methylene blue, from aqueous solutions onto as-received activated carbons and acid-treated carbons was investigated. The physical and surface chemical properties of the activated carbons were characterized using BET-N(2) adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and mass titration. It was found that acid treatment had little effect on carbon textural characteristics but significantly changed the surface chemical properties, resulting in an adverse effect on dye adsorption. The physical properties of activated carbon, such as surface area and pore volume, have little effect on dye adsorption, while the pore size distribution and the surface chemical characteristics play important roles in dye adsorption. The pH value of the solution also influences the adsorption capacity significantly. For methylene blue, a higher pH of solution favors the adsorption capacity. The kinetic adsorption of methylene blue on all carbons follows a pseudo-second-order equation.     

Chemical Activation of Lignocellulosic Precursors and Residues: What Else to Consider?

This paper provides the basis for understanding the preparation and properties of an old, but advanced material: activated carbon. The activated carbons discussed herein are obtained from “green” precursors: biomass residues. Accordingly, the present study starts analyzing the components of biomass residues, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and the features that make them suitable raw materials for preparing activated carbons. The physicochemical transformations of these components during their heat treatment that lead to the development of a carbonized material, a biochar, are also considered. The influence of the chemical activation experimental conditions on the yield and porosity development of the final activated carbons are revised as well, and compared with those for physical activation, highlighting the physicochemical interactions between the activating agents and the lignocellulosic components. This review incorporates a comprehensive discussion about the surface chemistry that can be developed as a result of chemical activation and compiles some results related to the mechanical properties and conformation of activated carbons, scarcely analyzed in most published papers. Finally, economic, and environmental issues involved in the large-scale preparation of activated carbons by chemical activation of lignocellulosic precursors are commented on as well.     

Characterization of Microporous Activated Carbon Electrodes for Electric Double-layer Capacitors

IntroductionElectric double layer capacitors( EDLCs) witha high power density can be used as memory back-up devices or electric vehicles.EDLCs store energyin the electric double layer by charge accumulationon the interface between the electrode and the elec-trolyte. In order to obtain reasonable energies andpower densities,the more suitable material forEDLCs musthave a high surface area with a signif-icant value of specific double layer capacitance,better pore size distribution and electro…     

Charge storage performance of doped carbons prepared from polyaniline for supercapacitors

Doped carbons have been prepared from polyaniline for supercapacitors. The morphology of samples has been characterized by scanning electron microscope, the surface chemical composition of samples has been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the surface area of samples has been calculated by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurement. Electrochemical properties have been studied by cyclic voltammograms, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements in 6 mol L⁻¹ potassium hydroxide. Their charge storage performance has been evaluated, and the effect of nitrogen atomic functionalities on the pseudocapacitive property has been studied. The experimental results have proved two mechanisms of energy storage in doped carbons: double-layer formation and pseudocapacitance. The overall specific capacitance of doped unactivated carbon is mainly attributed to pseudocapacitance, that of doped activated carbon prepared by physical activation is attributed to the synergic effect of pseudocapacitance and double-layer capacitance, but that of doped activated carbon prepared by chemical activation is mainly attributed to double-layer capacitance.     

杂多酸在活性炭上的固载化──Ⅰ．几种国产活性炭的表面性质

本文研究了作为杂多酸载体的几种国产活性炭的表面性质，实验证明，活性炭表面的化学特性是由表面含氧基团的化学结构以及这些基因的数目决定的。为了得到适当表面化学特性的活性炭，对它们进行了不同的化学改性处理，并使用ＸＰＳ，ＩＲ，ＳＦＭ，Ｂｏｅｈｍ酸－碱滴定以及ｐＨ滴定等手段研究了活性炭的表面性质。     

Importance of structural and chemical heterogeneity of activated carbon surfaces for adsorption of dibenzothiophene

The performance of various activated carbons obtained from different carbon precursors (i.e., plastic waste, coal, and wood) as adsorbents for the desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels was evaluated. To increase surface heterogeneity, the carbon surface was modified by oxidation with ammonium persulfate. The results showed the importance of activated carbon pore sizes and surface chemistry for the adsorption of dibenzothiophene (DBT) from liquid phase. Adsorption of DBT on activated carbons is governed by two types of contributions: physical and chemical interactions. The former include dispersive interactions in the microporous network of the carbons. While the volume of micropores governs the amount physisorbed, mesopores control the kinetics of the process. On the other hand, introduction of surface functional groups enhances the performance of the activated carbons as a result of specific interactions between the acidic centers of the carbon and the basic structure of DBT molecule as well as sulfur-sulfur interactions.     

Water vapor adsorption and microporous structure of carbon adsorbents. 18. Effect of surface chemistry of activated carbons on water vapor adsorption

This investigation has been devoted to a study of the chemical composition of the surfaces of activated carbons. A study has been made of the way in which changes in the surface chemistry of a series of carbons, as a result of heat treatment, affects the nature of their adsorption of water vapor. A differentiation has been made between oxygen-containing groups found on the surface of activated carbons before and after their heat treatment. It has been established that the original adsorption centers, which play a determining role in water vapor adsorption by activated carbons, comprise functional groups like strongly acidic free hydrogen ions, carboxylic and phenolic groups, situated on on the pore surface of the activated carbons. The number of these functional groups on the pore surface of the activated carbons has been correlated with the parametera ₀ (the number of original adsorption centers) in the isotherm equation for water vapor adsorption. The relative pressure corresponding to the formation of an adsorption layer on the surface of the activated carbons has been shown to depend on the number of original adsorption centers, the acidic functional groups.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 35–40, January, 1991.     

Comparisons of porous and adsorption properties of carbons activated by steam and KOH

In this work, fir woods and pistachio shells were used as source materials to prepare porous carbons, which were activated by physical (steam) and chemical (KOH) methods. Pore properties of these activated carbons including the BET surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and pore diameter were first characterized by a t-plot method based on N(2) adsorption isotherms. Highly porous activated carbons with BET surface area up to 1009-1096 m(2)/g were obtained. The steam and KOH activation methods produced carbons with mesopore content in the range 9-15 and 33-49%, respectively. The adsorption equilibria and kinetics of tannic acid, methylene blue, 4-chlorophenol, and phenol from water on such carbons at 30 degrees C were then investigated to check their chemical characteristics. The Freundlich equation gave a better fit to all adsorption isotherms than the Langmuir equation. On the other hand, the intraparticle diffusion model could best follow all adsorption processes. In comparison with KOH-activated carbons, it was shown that the rate of external surface adsorption with steam-activated carbons was significantly higher but the rate of intraparticle diffusion was much lower.     

Understanding phenol adsorption mechanisms on activated carbons

The interactions between phenol molecules and activated carbons were investigated in order to understand the adsorption mechanism of this aromatic compound. A series of activated carbons with varied chemical composition but similar porous features were synthesized and submitted to phenol exposure from aqueous phase, followed by thermogravimetric analysis and identification of the desorbed species by temperature programmed desorption coupled with mass spectrometry. Based on these experiments, both physi- and chemisorption sites for phenol were identified on the activated carbons. Our results demonstrate that physisorption of phenol depends strictly on the porosity of the activated carbons, whereas chemisorption depends on the availability of the basal planes in the activated carbons. Thus, oxidation of the carbon can suppress the fraction of chemisorbed phenol since the surface functionalities incorporate to the edges of the basal planes; notwithstanding, hydrophilic carbons may present a small but not negligible contribution of chemisorbed phenol depending on the extent of the functionalization. Moreover, these adsorption sites (chemi-) are recovered by simply removal of the surface functionalities after thermal annealing.