Search for 10TeV Gamma-Ray Bursts

A search for gamma-ray bursts at 1OTeV energy region was made using data of Yangbajing air shower experiment in Tibet.About 4×10⁸ events were analysed to search for shower clusters appearing in a given time interval and a given small sky bin. An equal-zenith angle method is adopted to estimate the background. Some clusters show excesses over the background but with less significance as the evidence of gamma-ray bursts.The much higher sensitivity of the Yangbajing second phase array to the detection of 1OTeV gamma-ray bursts is discussed.     

Small shower CORSIKA simulations

Extensive Air Showers (EAS) induced by cosmic ray particles of very low energies, owing to the significantly steep cosmic ray energy spectrum, dominate the secondary particle flux measured by single detectors and small shower arrays. Such arrays connected in extended networks can be used to determine potentially interesting spatial correlations between showers, which may shed new light on the nature of ultra high-energy cosmic rays. The quantitative interpretation of showers recorded by small local arrays requires a methodology that differs from that used by ordinary large EAS arrays operating in the "knee" region and above. We present "small EAS generator," a semi-analytical method for integrating cosmic ray spectra over energies of interest and summing over the mass spectra of primary nuclei in arbitrary detector configurations. Furthermore, we provide results on the EAS electron and muon fluxes and particle density spectra.     

Study of ψ(2S)Decays into pπ and KK

From a study of(2S)decays into vector-pseudoscalar final states,ρπ and KK*,based on a sample of 1.27×10⁶ produced (2S) events,we have set upper limits at 90% confidence level on the branching fractions into ρπof 3.6×10^－5, into K⁺K^*+c.c.of 2.5×10^－5,and into K⁰K^*0+c.c.of 1.2×10^－4.We find that all these decays are substantially suppressed relative to the corresponding J/ψ decays in comparison with PQCD predictions.Our results confirm the MARK Ⅱ measurements at an improved sensitivity level.     

First evidence of ψ(2S)→Ω-Ω+

The decay ψ(2S)→Ω^-Ω⁺ is analyzed using 14×10⁶ ψ(2S) events recorded by the Beijing Spectrometer Ⅱ (BESⅡ) at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC). Based upon events with no missing charged tracks and a satisfactory four-constraint kinematic t, we determine the upper limit for the branching fraction of ψ(2S)→Ω^-Ω⁺ to be 1.5×10⁴ at a 90% confidence level. By including events with one missing charged track, we are able to report the first evidence of an Ω⁺ signal with a statistical signi cance of 3.1|σ. The branching fraction of ψ(2S)Ω⁺ is determined to be (4.80±1.56(stat)±1.30(sys))10⁵.     

Measurement of J/ψ decays into ΛΛ π+π-

Based on 58 million J/ψ events collected by the BESⅡ detector at the BEPC, J/ψ→ΛΛ π⁺π^- is observed for the first time. The branching fraction is measured to be Br(J/ψ→ΛΛ π⁺π^-)=(4.30±0.13±0.99)×10^-3, excluding the decays to intermediate states, namely J/ψ→Ξ^-Ξ⁺, J/ψ→Σ(1385)^-Σ(1385)⁺, and J/ψ→Σ(1385)⁺Σ(1385)^-. The branching fractions for these intermediate resonance channels are measured to be:Br(J/ψ→Ξ^-Ξ⁺)=（0.90±0.03±0.18）×10^-3, Br(J/ψ→Σ(1385)^-Σ(1385)⁺)=(1.23±0.07±0.30)×10^-3,and Br(J/ψ→Σ(1385)⁺Σ(1385)^-)=(1.50±0.08±0.38)×10^-3, respectively. The angular distribution is of the form dN/d(cosθ)α(1+αcos²θ) with α=(0.35±0.29±0.06) for J/ψ→Ξ^-Ξ⁺, α=(-0.54±0.22±0.10) for J/ψ→Σ(1385)^-Σ(1385)⁺, and α=(-0.35±0.29±0.06) for J/ψ→Σ(1385)⁺Σ(1385)^-.     

EMMA—a new underground cosmic-ray experiment

An experiment observing underground muons originating from cosmic-ray air showers is under preparation in the Pyhäsalmi mine, Finland. The aim is to cover an area of about 200–300 m², and the detector setup is capable of measuring the muon multiplicity and their lateral distribution. The detector is placed at a depth of about 85 m (corresponding about 240 m w.e.), which gives a threshold energy of muons of about 45 GeV. The detection of the multimuon events is motivated by partly unknown composition of the primary cosmic rays in the energy region of 10¹⁵–10¹⁶ eV, i.e., the knee region. In addition, by measuring only the higher energy muons of the air shower, the lowest energy muons being filtered out by the rock overburden, the data is sensitive also to the studies of the upper parts of the air shower. The experiment will be constructed mainly using drift chambers used previously in LEP detectors at CERN, but it can also be expanded using plastic scintillator detectors. The prototype detector is expected to be running in the beginning of 2006, and the full-size detector by the end of 2007.     

MONTE-CARLO CALCULATION ON ACHIEVABLE ACCURACY OF TAU LIFETIME MEASUREMENT BY USING TEC TYPE VERTEX CHAMBER IN e+e－ INTERACTION AT CENTER OF MASS ENERGY √s =40GeV

The most accurate tau lifetime measurement in e⁺e^－ experiments by now is reported by MARK Ⅱ with the value (3.20±0.41±0.35)×10^－13 sec. wherein the second and the third terms are statistical and systematic errors respectively. By using TEC (Time Expansion Chamber) type vertex chamber with position resolution 40μ in r-φ plane at similar experimental condition (∫Ldt=40pb^－1), MONTE-CARLO calculation shows: at center of mass energy √s =40GeV the statistical error of tau lifetime can be decreased to 0.13×10^－13 sec. and the systematic error is in a comparable value.     

Capabilities of the Gamma-400 Gamma-ray Telescope for Observation of Electrons and Positrons in the TeV Energy Range

The space-based GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope will measure the fluxes of gamma rays in the energy range from ∼20 MeV to several TeV and cosmic-ray electrons and positrons in the energy range from several GeV to several TeV to investigate the origin of gamma-ray sources, sources and propagation of the Galactic cosmic rays and signatures of dark matter. The instrument consists of an anticoincidence system, a converter-tracker (thickness one radiation length, 1 X₀), a time-of-flight system, an imaging calorimeter (2 X₀) with tracker, a top shower scintillator detector, an electromagnetic calorimeter from CsI(Tl) crystals (16 X₀) with four lateral scintillation detectors and a bottom shower scintillator detector. In this paper, the capability of the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope for electron and positron measurements is analyzed. The bulk of cosmic rays are protons, whereas the contribution of the leptonic component to the total flux is ∼10⁻³ at high energy. The special methods for Monte Carlo simulations are proposed to distinguish electrons and positrons from proton background in the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope. The contribution to the proton rejection from each detector system of the instrument is studied separately. The use of the combined information from all detectors allows us to reach a proton rejection of up to ∼1 × 10⁴.

     

Branching ratio and CP asymmetry of Bs→K0*(1430)η(') decays in the PQCD approach

In the two-quark model supposition for K₀^*(1430), which can be viewed as either the first excited state (Scenario Ⅰ) or the lowest lying state (Scenario Ⅱ), the branching ratios and the direct CP-violating asymmetries for decays B_s⁰→K₀^*0(1430)η^(') are studied by employing the perturbative QCD factorization approach. We find the following results: (a) The CP averaged branching ratios of B_s⁰→K₀^*0(1430)η and B_s⁰→K₀^*0(1430)η' are small and both in the order of 10^-7. If one views K₀^*(1430) as the lowest lying state, B (B_s⁰→K₀^*0(1430)η)≈3.9×10^-7 and B (B_s⁰→K₀^*0(1430)η')≈7.8×10^-7. (b) While the direct CP-violating asymmetries of these two decays are not small: if we still take the parameters of K₀^*(1430) in scenario Ⅱ, A_CP^dir (B_s⁰→K₀^*0(1430)η)≈56.2% and A_CP^dir (B_s⁰→K₀^*0(1430)η')≈2.4%. (c) The annihilation contributions will play an important role in accounting for future data, because both the branching ratios and the direct CP asymmetries of these two decays are sensitive to the annihilation type contributions.     

SOME CONJECTURES ON THE MASS FORMULA OF CHARGED LEPTONS

In this note we propose that the electromagnetic self energy of lepton may beconnected with quantum number n by（ （δm）/m）=（1/（2π））n^-b ,in which b is a constant.Wefnrther propose that the cut-off value of momentum M is connected with gravitationalconstant κ and fine structure constant α by M=（1/√κ）αe^-1-b.So we obtainthe mass formula of charged leptons M=（1/√κ）α exp{-3/4-b-(1/3α)n^-b}.By using the masses of e^- and μ^- and the value of a as in put,we get the calculatedvalues of κ=（6.67231±0.00026）×10^-8cm³g^-1sec^-2and m_r=（1782.306±0.078）MeVwhich agree very well with experimental values κ=（6.6720±0.0041）×10^-8cm³g^-1sec^-2 and m_τ=(1782_-4⁺³)MeV respectively.The mass of the fourth charged leptonpredicted by the formula should be m=（11725.47±0.51）MeV,which can be checkedby experiments in the near future.We also discuss briefly the proposed formula andthe obtained results.     

APPROXIMATE B.S. WAVE FUNCTIONS FOR AN ELECTROMAGNETIC BOUND SYSTEM OF SPINS (1/2, 1/2) OR (1/2, 1/2) WITH UNEQUAL MASSES

The Bethe-Salpeter equation for an electromagnetic bound system of spins (1/2—1/2) or (1/2—1/2) with unequal masses are solved in this paper. The approximate B.S. wave functions for these systems are given. Utilising these wave functions, the decay rate and branching ratio for Ξ⁰→(Σ⁺μ^－)+v_μ are calculated with accuracy up to order O(α). The results are wΞ⁰→(Σ⁺μ^－)+v_μ1.12(1/sec) and R=[wΞ⁰→(Σ⁺μ^－)+v_μ]/[wΞ⁰→(Σ⁺μ^－)+v_μ]4.7×10^-7. Similarly, the process Λ→(pμ^－)+v_μ is also discussed.     

Level sructure in 206At

The high-spin states of ²⁰⁶At have been studied in the reaction ¹⁹⁷Au (¹²C,3n) ²⁰⁶At at ¹²C energies from 60 to 80 MeV. In-beam measurements of %-ray excitation functions, %-%-t coincidences, and %-ray angular distributions were carried out with seven BGO(AC)HPGe detectors and one intrinsic Ge planar detector. A level scheme for ²⁰⁶At with 25 % rays was established for the first time, including a 10^m isomer with a measured half-life of 410 - 80 ns. The level scheme of ²⁰⁶At consists of two disconnected cascades, probably corresponding to the proton excitations and the neutron-hole excitations, respectively.     

Pure annihilation type decays B0→Ds- K2*+ and Bs→Da2 in perturbative QCD approach

We calculate the branching ratios of pure annihilation type decays B⁰→D_s^- K₂^*+ and B_s→Da₂ using the perturbative QCD approach based on k_T factorization. The branching ratios are predicted to be (60.6_{-16.5-10.4-2.1}^{+17.3+4.3+3.2} )× 10^-6 for B⁰→D_s^- K₂^*+, (1.1_-0.4-0.2-0.1^+0.4+0.1+0.1)×10^-6 for B_s→D⁰a₂⁰ and (2.3_-0.8-0.4-0.1^+0.8+0.2+0.1)×10^-6 for B_s→D^-a₂⁺. They are large enough to be measured in the ongoing experiment. Due to the shortage of contributions from penguin operators, there are no direct CP asymmetries for these decays in the Standard Model. We also derive simple relations among these decay channels to reduce theoretical uncertainties for the experiments to test the accuracy of theory and search of new physics signal.     

An Approach to Study the Cosmic Ray ‘Knee’Composition From Underground Multimuon Events at a Shallower Depth

The observation of underground multimuon phenomena is an important way for the study of the cosmic ray composition in the 'knee' region (1015-1016 eV). It is noticed that the existing underground detectors are not very ideal for the composihon study because they were originally designed mainly for other aims. A new approach having higher sensitivity for this study by observing multimuon events using a detector array in a shallower depth underground is presented.     

Estimate of the mass composition of cosmic rays with E 0 ≤ 1018 eV according to the data from a new muon detector at the Yakutsk EAS array

The lateral distribution function of muons with the threshold E _μ ≈ 0.5secθ GeV (θ is the zenith angle) in extensive air showers with energy E ₀ ≥ 10¹⁷ eV has been examined using a new detector located at a distance of 180 m from the center of the Yakutsk array. This detector has been operating since autumn 2012 and consists of 27 autonomous scintillator counters with an area of 2 m². The experimental data have been compared to the calculations within the QGSJET-01 model with the CORSIKA air shower simulator. Agreement between the experimental data and calculations is achieved for the mixed composition of cosmic rays with the average atomic number satisfying the condition 〈lnA〉 ≈ 2.84 ± 0.08.     

Energy spectrum of cosmic protons and helium nuclei by ahybrid measurement at 4300 m a.s.l.

The energy spectrum of cosmic Hydrogen and Helium nuclei has been measured below the so-called "knee" by using a hybrid experiment with a wide field-of-view Cherenkov telescope and the Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) array of the ARGO-YBJ experiment at 4300 m above sea level. The Hydrogen and Helium nuclei have been well separated from other cosmic ray components by using a multi-parameter technique. A highly uniform energy resolution of about 25% is achieved throughout the whole energy range (100-700 TeV). The observed energy spectrum is compatible with a single power law with index γ=-2.63±0.06.     

Angular resolution of an array of tracking-chamber detectors for use in high-energy gamma-ray astronomy

Summary We describe a method of analysis for the reconstruction of the arrival direction of a high-energy photon impacting on the top of the atmosphere by using the directions of the particles on the shower front as measured by a ground-based array of tracking chambers uniformly distributed on a square surface; as an example, an array with enclosed surface of (120×120) m² has been considered. Estimates on the accuracy of reconstruction are given, after application of the method to computer-simulated shower directions as a function of the number of ?smapling? detectors and of their accuracy in the measurement of the ?local? shower direction. Paper presented at the V Cosmic Physics National Conference, S. Miniato, November 27–30, 1990.     

Abnormal Suppression of Vector-Tensor Decays of ψ(2S)

The hadronic decays ψ(2S)→ρα₂ and K^*0K₂^*0+c.c. have been studied in a sample of 3.6×10⁶ ψ(2S) events.Measurements of their branching fractions are presented.Both channels violate the “15% rule” predicted by perturbative QCD compared with the corresponding J/ψ decays.These results serve as new examples of abnormal suppression of ψ(2S) decays into vector-tensor final states that was first observed in ψ(2S)→ωf₂