An improved injector bunching geometry for ATLAS

The bunching system of the ATLAS positive ion injector (PII) has been improved by relocating the harmonic buncher to a point significantly closer to the second stage sine-wave buncher and the injector LINAC. The longitudinal optics design has also been modified and now employs a virtual waist from the harmonic buncher feeding the second stage sine-wave buncher. This geometry improves the handling of space charge for high-current beams, significantly increases the capture fraction into the primary rf bucket and reduces the capture fraction of the unwanted parasitic rf bucket. Total capture and transport through the PII has been demonstrated as high as 80% of the injected dc beam while the population of the parasitic, unwanted rf bucket is typically less than 3% of the total transported beam. To remove this small residual parasitic component a new traveling-wave transmission-line chopper has been developed reducing both transverse and longitudinal emittance growth from the chopping process. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract W-31-109-ENG-38.     

Frequency-doubling in self-induced waveguides in lithium niobate

Efficient frequency-doubling is experimentally demonstrated in presence of beam self-trapping in congruent lithium niobate crystal. The self-trapping is induced by the generated second harmonic beam via photorefractive effect under an external applied field. The local space charge field distribution, formed by the second harmonic beam, is shown to efficiently trap both wavelengths. The dynamics of self-focusing is studied along with the power evolution of the second harmonic beam. Fast tuning of phase matching conditions in the written waveguide is realized by an externally applied voltage also used for the photorefractive confinement.     

Collective effects for long bunches in dual harmonic RF systems

The storage of long bunches for large time intervals needs flattened stationary buckets with a large bucket height. Collective effects from the space charge and resistive impedance are studied by looking at the incoherent particle motion for the matched and mismatched bunches. Increasing the RF amplitude with particle number provides r.m.s wise matching for modest intensities. The incoherent motion of large amplitude particles depends on the details of the RF system. The resulting debunching process is a combination of the too small full RF acceptance together with the mismatch, enhanced by the collective effects. Irregular single particle motion is not associated with the coherent dipole instability. For the stationary phase space distribution of the Hofmann-Pedersen approach and for the dual harmonic RF system, stability limits are presented, which are too low if using realistic input distributions. For single and dual harmonic RF system with $d$=0.31, the tracking results are shown for intensities, by a factor of 3 above the threshold values. Small resistive impedances lead to coherent oscillations around the equilibrium phase value, as energy loss by resistive impedance is compensated by the energy gain of the RF system.     

Collective effects for long bunches in dual harmonic RF systems

The storage of long bunches for large time intervals needs flattened stationary buckets with a large bucket height.Collective effects from the space charge and resistive impedance are studied by looking at the incoherent particle motion for the matched and mismatched bunches.Increasing the RF amplitude with particle number provides r.m.s wise matching for modest intensities.The incoherent motion of large amplitude particles depends on the details of the RF system.The resulting debunching process is a combination of the too small full RF acceptance together with the mismatch,enhanced by the collective effects.Irregular single particle motion is not associated with the coherent dipole instability.For the stationary phase space distribution of the Hofmann-Pedersen approach and for the dual harmonic RF system,stability limits are presented,which are too low if using realistic input distributions.For single and dual harmonic RF system with d＝0.31,the tracking results are shown for intensities,by a factor of 3 above the threshold values.Small resistive impedances lead to coherent oscillations around the equilibrium phase value,as energy loss by resistive impedance is compensated by the energy gain of the RF system.     

Multislit-Based Emittance Measurement of Electron Beam from a Photocathode Radio-Frequency Gun

Measurement of emittance for a space-charge dominated electron beam from a photocathode rf gun is performed by employing the multislit-based method at Accelerator Laboratory of Tsinghua University. We present the design considerations on the multislit system and the experimental results, with special attention to the study of space charge induced emittance growth. The experimental results are in reasonable agreement with the PARMELA simulations.     

Longitudinal phase-space coating of beam in a storage ring

In this Letter, I report on a novel scheme for beam stacking without any beam emittance dilution using a barrier rf system in synchrotrons. The general principle of the scheme called longitudinal phase-space coating, validation of the concept via multi-particle beam dynamics simulations applied to the Fermilab Recycler, and its experimental demonstration are presented. In addition, it has been shown and illustrated that the rf gymnastics involved in this scheme can be used in measuring the incoherent synchrotron tune spectrum of the beam in barrier buckets and in producing a clean hollow beam in longitudinal phase space. The method of beam stacking in synchrotrons presented here is the first of its kind.     

基于“泵浦-探测”效应的等离子体通道中三次谐波增强与光谱分析

利用“泵浦-探测”非共线双等离子体通道方法实现三次谐波增强。泵浦光与探测光间的耦合作用能有效改善探测光光丝中的饱和效应,克服光强钳制对谐波强度增加的限制。实验中将两束能量分别为4.4和10.2 mJ、中心波长均为810 nm、脉宽均为60 fs的超短脉冲在空气中非共线聚焦,能各自形成光丝且产生微弱三次谐波。当强光在时域上超前于弱光时,强光会预先成丝形成等离子体通道,对后续弱光产生调制,使探测光产生的三次谐波强度明显增强。实验发现270 nm谐波能量增加的显著区域内频谱宽度出现振荡变化,当两光以27.3 mrad小角度相交于几何焦点前约15 mm,且探测光滞后约55 fs时,获得的能量增长倍率达到近70倍,对应谱宽约为5 nm。     

混频＋m腔微波电子枪束流动力学特性

为了使自由电子激光器的电子束注入器具有小的能散，小的横向发射度、高的亮度，本文提出在　腔的微波电子枪中采用混频腔技术，并用解析方法研究了混频加速的　腔方案的动力学特性，所导出的表达式说明此方案能改善束流的纵向和横向粒子动力学性能；为了对比，还借助于ＰＡＲＭＥＬＡ程序对此方案进行了束流动力学模拟，结论与导出的解析表达式结果一致．     

螺旋线行波管1维多频非线性理论与模拟

 采用CHRISTINE报告中的1维多信号非线性互作用模型,在其场方程、相位方程和含空间电荷场的运动方程的表达式基础上,增加了切断区域的工作方程组,并考虑了电位下沉带来的影响。基于此非线性互作用工作方程组编写了数值计算程序。为了便于对行波管互作用进行模拟设计时选择最佳工作电压和输入功率,在程序中加入了扫描电压和输入功率的功能。对某行波管注波互作用过程进行了模拟,并分析了谐波和互调的影响。由于计算速度快,模拟结果较好,对螺旋线行波管的初步设计和验证具有较强的指导意义。     

利用Monte Carlo法计算粒子传输中的空间电荷效应

在电子束印刷(electron-beam lithography)、聚焦离子束(focus ion beam)以及阴极射线管(cathode ray tube)等电子及离子束器件中,束中各粒子之间存在相互作用,产生空间电荷效应。人们对电子及离子束器件中的空间电荷效应已经做了大量的研究。到目前为止,通常采用Monte Carlo法计算粒子输运过程中的离散的空间电荷效应。在此主要研究在束形成区利用Monte Carlo法计算空间电荷效应,并讨论在计算过程中出现的边缘效应,在此基础上提出一些新的处理方法以减小边缘效应,提高计算效率。     

纯永磁波荡器基波与谐波磁场的三维计算与测试

 对标淮的纯永磁波荡器进行了三维磁场的有限元计算,给出了纯永磁波荡器的基波与谐波磁场的幅值与相位,并与测试结果进行对比,结果表明,标准的纯永磁波荡器谐波磁场幅值比基波幅值低两个数量级。     

在速调管中空间电荷波对辐射波引起的电子束群聚的修正

 在相对论情况下,导出了速调管(klystron)和契伦柯夫(Cherenkov)器件中考虑空间电荷波影响的被调制电子束的谐波电流公式;并且分析了空间电荷波对电子束群聚的影响：在小信号时使群聚减小;在大信号时使群聚增强。     

微脉冲电子枪的动力学研究

 利用SEEG程序模拟计算了微脉冲电子枪束流动力学问题。在不考虑空间电荷效应的情况下，模拟了在微脉冲电子枪中电子纵向聚束的过程。进而详细研究了在空间电荷效应作用及相聚过程共同作用下形成饱和电流的过程。在此基础上，给出了经过优化后的微脉冲电子枪腔型特性,使用SEEG程序对该枪进行束流动力学模拟计算。最后给出一个实验用微脉冲电子枪的物理设计。     

Study on space charge effects of the CSNS/RCS

The Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) is a key component of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). The space charge effect is one of the most important issues in the CSNS/RCS, which limits the maximum beam intensity, as well as the maximum beam power. Space charge effects are the main source of emittance growth and beam loss in the RCS. Space charge effects have been studied by simulation for the CSNS/RCS. By optimizing the painting orbit, the optimized painting distribution was obtained. The space charge effects during the acceleration are studied and dangerous resonances, which may induce emittance growth and beam loss, are investigated. The results are an important reference for the design and commissioning of the CSNS/RCS.     

惯性约束聚变驱动器终端束匀滑器件前置时频率转换系统优化研究

在惯性约束聚变驱动器终端光学系统中,束匀滑器件前置有许多优点,但它同时也将对频率转换系统的工作状态产生影响.从系统集成优化的观点研究了这种影响,并基于高强度激光非线性传输理论,采用耦合波方程组及微扰理论,模拟计算了连续相位板前置时基频光束通过频率转换系统的三倍频转换效率及出射光束的近远场分布和焦斑形态,提出了优化倍频晶体失谐角和晶体厚度以减小CPP前置对系统性能的影响.模拟计算了频率转换系统优化前后的三倍频转换效率、光束通量对比度和能量集中度,并进行了对比分析.分析结果表明,频率转换系统的优化对减小CPP 关键词： 惯性约束聚变 频率转换系统 连续相位板 系统集成优化     

HIRFL-CSR电子冷却系统空心电子束性能研究

 电子冷却系统中冷却力的大小与电子束的温度密切相关。由于强流电子束自身产生的空间电荷场,使得电子束的速度离散,增加了电子束温度,降低了冷却效率。为了减小空间电荷效应,HIRFL CSR的电子冷却系统将首次采用空心电子束对储存环中的重离子束流进行冷却。通过分析实心电子束和空心电子束的空间电荷场,研究了其对电子束速度和温度的影响。     

Tracking simulations for the HLS-Ⅱ with a passive harmonic cavity in the symmetricand asymmetric fill patterns

A simulation code that executes the tracking of longitudinal oscillations of the bunches for the double rf system of the Hefei Light Source Ⅱ Project (HLS-Ⅱ) is presented to estimate the mean beam lifetime and the Robinson instabilities. The tracking results show that the mean beam lifetime is in agreement with the analytical results and the system is stable when we tune the harmonic cavity in the optimum lengthening conditions. Moreover, the simulated results of the asymmetric fill pattern show that some bunches are compressed only with a 7% gap (3 gaps), which will lead to the reduction in the mean bunch lengthening and potential beam lifetime. It is demonstrated that HLS-Ⅱ with a passive higher harmonic cavity is not suitable for operating in an asymmetric fill pattern.     

Optimization of magnetic system parameters for the multipurpose isochronous cyclotron AIC-144

Optimization of the magnetic system parameters for multipurpose isochronous cyclotron aimed at improving the separation of the last two orbits and increasing the ion beam extraction efficiency is described. The optimization involves the adjustment of both the phase of the accelerated ion bunch center at the electrostatic deflector position radius and the first harmonic amplitude and phase of the working magnetic field at the radius of the ejection of the beam into the electrostatic deflector. The adjustment is performed by varying the current in the trim coils and two pairs of harmonic coils to correct the first harmonic of the resulting magnetic field. An inhomogeneous system of nonlinear algebraic equations is also considered. Given the first harmonic amplitude and phase of the working magnetic field and the radius, it allows the inverse problem of calculating currents in two pairs of harmonic coils to be solved. The results of physics experiments conducted at the AIC-144 multipurpose isochronous cyclotron in April 2011 are reported.     

PIC mode simulation of solenoid collimation channel

A new SSC(Separated Sector Cyclotron)-Linac is being designed to serve as an injector for the SSC at the HIRFL(Heavy Ion Research Facility Lanzhou).The beam intensity at the LEBT(Low Energy Beam Transport)for the heavy ions after the selection is typically low and the space charge effects are inconspicuous.The space charge effects become obvious when the beam current increases to a few hundred microamperes.The emittance growth deriving from the space charge effects may be particularly troublesome for the following linac and cyclotron.An optical system containing three solenoids has been designed for the LEBT to limit the beam emittance and to avoid the unnecessary beam loss in the cyclotron,as well as for the purpose of immunizing the LEBT emittance growth due to the space charge effects.The results of the PIC(Particle-In-Cell)mode simulation illustrate that this channel could limit the beam emittance growth and increase the beam brightness.     

Transverse dynamics of space charge dominated beam during bunching

In this paper we present a technique to optimize the transport parameters for transverse matching of the space charge dominated beams in the presence of bunching. The increase in the current within the specified bunch width during the transport is obtained from the disc model and is included in the optimization method. A 2D particle in cell (PIC) code is then developed to study the details transverse dynamics of the bunch taking into account the effect of longitudinal compression by reweighting the charge and mass of macroparticles. The evolution of rms beam size obtained using PIC simulation agrees well with the results obtained by solving beam envelope equation. The PIC simulation shows emittance growth during bunching induced by the space charge effect for nonuniform distribution. The growth in the emittance increases with the nonlinearity of distribution and peaks near the time focus.