炸药爆轰的连续介质本构模型和数值计算方法

假定炸药和爆轰产物处于局部热力学平衡状态, 即它们的压力和温度相同, 利用热力学基本关系建立炸药爆轰过程的连续介质本构模型的一般理论框架. 在此框架下, 炸药爆轰本构模型由一组常微分方程构成, 包括炸药和爆轰产物的状态方程、简单混合法则、化学反应速率方程和能量守恒方程, 易于由成熟的计算方法如梯形法等进行求解. 一组广义Maxwell型非线性固体本构形式的微分方程描述了压力和温度随时间的演化速率与应变率和化学反应速率的关系, 借助简单混合物理论, 其中的系数由炸药和爆轰产物的材料参数确定. 未反应的炸药和爆轰产物采用JWL状态方程, 化学反应率方程采用Lee-Tarver点火-燃烧二项式模型, 模拟PBX-9404炸药的一维冲击波起爆过程和爆轰波传播过程. 计算结果表明了本文给出的本构模型和相应计算方法的有效性. 关键词： 炸药爆轰 本构模型 化学反应率方程 数值模拟     

利用电磁法研究HMX与TATB混合钝感炸药的冲击起爆特性

为研究含有少量奥克托金(HMX)且以三氨基三硝基苯(TATB)为基的高能钝感炸药PBX-3的冲击起爆反应增长规律,采用火炮驱动蓝宝石飞片的方法和铝基组合式电磁粒子速度计技术进行了一维平面冲击实验。通过实验测量撞击表面及内部不同深度处的冲击波后粒子速度,得到PBX-3炸药的Hugoniot关系。根据冲击波示踪器所测数据绘制了炸药到爆轰的时间-距离(x-t)图,获得了反映炸药冲击起爆性能的Pop关系。将入射压力为12.964 GPa时达到爆轰的6条速度曲线修整成相同零点,通过读取6条曲线的分离点即反应区末端的C-J点,计算出化学反应区时间和宽度。     

PBX-9502炸药爆轰反应速率模型研究

利用高能炸药爆轰反应的拉格朗日分析方法,得到了一个形式简单的PBX-9502炸药的爆轰反应速率方程。运用该速率方程,计算了PBX-9502炸药爆轰波反应区的纵向结构,并与三项式点火增长模型的计算结果及实验结果进行比较。结果表明:该爆轰反应速率方程能很好地模拟PBX-9502炸药爆轰波反应区的纵向结构。     

A kinetic model of the reaction of dispersed aluminum with water under exposure to hydrocavitation and stabilization of the final product

The reaction of dispersed aluminum with water under the exposure of an A-IX-2 aluminum-containing explosive compound to hydrocavitation has been discussed. A kinetic model of the process has been developed; the chemical reaction rate constant has been determined under experimental conditions. It has been shown that the reaction occurs in an autocatalytic mode and can lead to the complete conversion of aluminum to aluminum hydroxide. A method to stabilize dispersed aluminum during the hydrocavitational extraction of a conversion explosive by using a phosphate buffer has been developed. Experiments have shown that the phosphate buffer has a stabilizing effect and leads to an improvement of the characteristics of the resulting industrial explosive composition.     

TNT含铝炸药粉的光谱研究

利用我们研制的光谱探测技术成功地研究了ＴＮＴ含铝炸药的快速反应特性。研究表明：本文的光变技术可以很好地研究粉状含能材料的快速反应特性。测量结果可供使用ＴＮＴ含铝炸药粉时参考。     

猛炸药RHT-901和钝感炸药IHE-2的爆轰波直角绕射

 采用高速转镜分幅相机和电探针技术研究了猛炸药RHT-901和钝感炸药IHE-2的爆轰波直角绕射图像和不同位置上的爆轰波传播时间。从研究得出，两种炸药都在拐角顶点附近绕射，爆轰波传播时间增长，爆速变小。但是两种炸药绕射爆轰波的状态不一样，钝感炸药IHE-2中爆轰波绕过直角时，在拐角顶点附近约10 mm范围内炸药未完全反应，猛炸药RHT-901中爆轰波绕过直角时未出现类似现象。两者相比，钝感炸药中绕射爆轰波速度变化大，波阵面曲率半径小，而猛炸药的绕射爆轰波速度变化小，波阵面曲率半径大。这说明炸药的爆轰波绕射与炸药的冲击感度、反应区宽度有关。     

氢化镁储氢型乳化炸药的爆炸特性研究

 通过理论计算和水下爆炸实验,初步研究了MgH₂敏化储氢型乳化炸药的爆炸特性和爆轰反应机理。结果表明：与玻璃微球敏化的乳化炸药相比,MgH₂敏化的乳化炸药水下爆炸的冲击波超压、比冲量、比冲击波能、比气泡能及水下爆炸比总能量显著增加,其中冲击波超压和水下爆炸总能量分别增加了20.5%和31.0%。MgH₂储氢型乳化炸药的爆轰机理与玻璃微球敏化乳化炸药不同,MgH₂在乳化炸药中起到了敏化剂和含能材料的双重作用,即MgH₂在乳化基质中水解产生均匀分布的氢气泡,起到了敏化作用,同时氢气参与爆炸反应,提高了炸药的爆炸能量和做功能力。     

用光电法研究钝感炸药JB-9014反应区结构

 报道了用光电法研究炸药反应区结构的原理、实验方法和钝感炸药JB-9014的反应区结构。研究结果表明，密度为1.894 g/cm³的JB-9014炸药在平面一维定常爆轰时，其Neumann峰压力为36.5 GPa，反应区宽度为1.75 mm，反应过程时间为0.31 μs；装药密度减少时，Neumann峰压力、反应区宽度和反应过程时间均减小。     

Spontaneous explosive crystallization and phase transformations in a selenium/copper bilayer nanofilm

Spontaneous explosive crystallization in a selenium/copper bilayer nanofilm has been experimentally studied. It has been shown that the formation of a microcrack network in the selenium film is a decisive factor for spontaneous explosive crystallization. The microcrack network is an efficient channel for the relaxation of the collected energy of elastic stresses in the selenium film. The relaxation of this energy accelerates crystallization and transfers it to the explosive regime. It has been found that crystalline phases appearing in the products of the reaction after spontaneous explosive crystallization depend on the ratio of the thicknesses of the copper and selenium films.     

Experimental measurement of energy release from an initiating layer in an insensitive explosive

When subjected to a shock of insufficient strength to trigger prompt reaction, heterogenous condensed phase explosives can form regions where significant amounts of the explosive remain unreacted for times much greater than the reaction time of the detonating explosive. This phenomena is observed for the explosive PBX 9502 (95 wt% TATB) both for planar and oblique input shocks. In this work, we build on previous results by performing cylinder expansion (CYLEX) tests where the explosive charge is comprised of a faster core of PBX 9501 (95 wt% HMX) inside a slower annulus of PBX 9502. The detonation in the faster PBX 9501 drives an oblique shock into the adjacent PBX 9502, and an annular transverse initiating layer (IL) results. In the test geometry, the IL travels steadily down the length of the test after a short run distance. At radial positions beyond the IL, an annular region of detonating PBX 9502 is observed. Using standard CYLEX test diagnostics, we infer the total energy release of this experiment. By making the assumptions that (1) the combined energy release is comprised of contributions from detonating PBX 9501, detonating PBX 9502, and the IL in the PBX 9502 and (2) mass-specific energy release for the detonating explosives is approximately the same as typically observed for each explosive, the IL energy release and reaction efficiency can be computed. Results are compared to prior results for a similar geometry, and indicate that while shock deadened PBX 9502 does not detonate promptly, it does eventually release a significant portion of its chemical potential energy over longer timescales on the order of 10 µs.     

炸药安全性的火箭橇实验研究

 采用双轨火箭橇加载装置,对PBX-1炸药结构件进行了“靶打弹”撞击实验,采用PVDF计和压电石英计,测量炸药中入射压力和反应压力的变化情况;通过高速摄影和大画幅照相,观察了炸药件受撞击后发生反应的直观图像和靶、弹撞击的细节过程;利用冲击波超压传感器,测量了炸药反应后的超压曲线,并估算了其相对能量释放率。初步实验结果表明,当入射压力为0.48 GPa时,炸药发生部分爆炸,相对能量释放率约为51.8%。     

炸药粉点火与快速反应临界条件的确定

 在爆炸激波管中利用我们研制的测温技术、回收技术及光谱技术研究了三氨基三硝基苯（TATB）、黑索金（RDX）、梯恩梯（TNT）粉在不同激励条件下的反应程度。研究表明：TATB炸药的临界点火温度和压力最高,其次是TNT,RDX最小。测量结果与国外的结果进行了比较。     

Strong explosive interaction of hydrogenated porous silicon with oxygen at cryogenic temperatures

We report new types of heterogeneous hydrogen-oxygen and silicon-oxygen branched chain reactions which have been found to proceed explosively after the filling of pores of hydrogen-terminated porous silicon (Si) by condensed or liquid oxygen in the temperature range of 4.2-90 K. Infrared vibrational absorption spectroscopy shows that, while initially Si nanocrystals assembling the layers have hydrogen-terminated surfaces, the final products of the reaction are SiO2 and H2O. Time-resolved optical experiments show that the explosive reaction develops in a time scale of 10(-6) s. We emphasize the remarkable structural properties of porous Si layers which are crucial for the strong explosive interaction.     

利用单色谱仪研究炸药粉快速反应产物发射谱

利用作者研制的快速反应（爆轰）光谱探测技术研究了五种常用猛炸药快速反应最终产物光谱。研究表明，随着炸药负氧平衡值的影响，最终产物Ｈ２Ｏ的含量也增加，同样随着炸药中碳含量的增加ＣＯ２量增加，固体Ｃ２也明显增多，它能为爆轰产物合成金刚石选用主炸药提供有参考价值的数据，实验值与ＢＫＷ方程计算进行了比较，其趋势是一致的，为微观研究炸药粉快速反应提供了一个较简便而行之有效的方法。     

钝感炸药冲击起爆反应过程的 PDV 技术

为研究A型钝感炸药冲击起爆反应演化过程,进行了火炮驱动蓝宝石飞片的一维平面冲击实验。实验中采用光子多普勒测速仪(Photonic Doppler velocimetry,PDV)技术测量冲击起爆后台阶型炸药的粒子速度。在炸药不同厚度台阶的后界面固定镀铝膜的楔形氟化锂(LiF)窗口,利用阻抗匹配将PDV测量的LiF窗口波后粒子速度转化为炸药样品波后粒子速度。比较组合式电磁粒子速度计和PDV两种测速技术,结果表明,相较于组合式电磁粒子速度计,PDV测量的粒子精度更高。简要分析了PDV测速探头角度、探头孔径、窗口折射率等影响,得到PDV测速的相对不确定度小于1%。     

金属隔层和空气间隙对钝感炸药冲击起爆的影响

为了确定空气间隙和金属隔层对冲击起爆的影响,采用火炮加载蓝宝石飞片冲击起爆Φ50 mm×30 mm的A型炸药,产生的冲击波通过空气间隙和金属隔层起爆Φ50 mm的台阶型B型炸药。在B型炸药的后界面粘贴镀膜氟化锂(LiF)窗口,使用光子多普勒测速仪(PDV)测量金属和B型炸药的后界面速度,进而计算得到金属和B型炸药的冲击波透射压力,再利用阻抗匹配计算得到金属和B型炸药的入射压力。结果表明:传爆药和金属隔层间的空气间隙使冲击压缩过程转变为准等熵压缩和冲击压缩两个过程,同时使冲击波的幅值减小;确定了金属隔层厚度为5 mm时冲击波压力的衰减范围;当使用A型炸药作为传爆药,空气间隙为0.3 mm,金属隔层厚度为5 mm时,B型炸药在7~10 mm之间开始反应。     

弹粘塑性双球壳塌缩热点反应模型

 基于Kim的弹粘塑性单球壳塌缩模型,考虑PBX炸药中的粘结剂效应,假设炸药和粘结剂均为弹粘塑性材料,建立了弹粘塑性双球壳塌缩热点反应模型,给出了炸药球壳在冲击压力作用下的速度、应变、温度和化学反应速率的时空分布,以及新的热点反应速率理论表达式。把新的热点反应项与Kim的低压下慢反应项和张震宇提出的高压反应速率方程相结合,得到了新的冲击起爆三项式细观反应速率模型。把该模型加入DYNA2D中,模拟了PBX-9501炸药的一维冲击起爆过程,结果表明：该模型除了可以解释炸药颗粒度和孔隙度的影响外,还可以较好地描述粘结剂强度和含量对PBX炸药冲击起爆感度的影响。     

Sensitivity of run-to-detonation distance in practical explosives

The dynamics of detonation in a granular explosive following a piston impact is examined computationally for a two-phase model. Different choices are considered for equations of state and reaction rate. Of special interest is the behaviour of the run-to-detonation distance as a function of the initial porosity of the explosive, for which new experimental information has recently become available. It is found that this response can vary both qualitatively and quantitatively depending upon the constitutive input to the model. Computations based upon up-to-date equation-of-state and reaction-rate information for the explosive PBX-9501 show that the response of the run-to-detonation distance as a function of the initial porosity is in the shape of an inverted U, which is in qualitative agreement with the latest experiments. Mechanisms responsible for this behaviour are identified.     

High time resolution spectroscopy studies of the explosive decomposition of silver azide

We have analyzed the existing assumptions about the mechanism of the explosive decomposition of the heavy metal azides. We present here a study of the kinetics of the explosive decomposition of silver azide, initiated by a laser pulse. New effects are identified and studied, including a pre-explosion conductivity and luminescence. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the reaction proceeds by a chain reaction mechanism. In terms of band theory, we propose a model of the primary chain step of the reaction as the creation of a quasilocalized state deep in the valence band with two holes localized at a defect (N₃ ⁰), with impact ionization occurring as they “float up”. State University, Kemerov. Translated from Ivvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 162–175, November, 1996.     

光纤探针应用于爆速测试实验研究

为研究光纤探针应用于炸药爆速测试的可行性及其在冲击作用下的响应特性,开展了梯黑铝（THL）炸药和混合B炸药爆轰实验、冲击作用下光纤响应实验。分别采用直径0.063 5 mm、前端带聚光准直凸透镜的玻璃光纤探针和直径1 mm、前端不带聚光准直凸透镜的塑料光纤探针,测定爆轰过程化学反应阵面传播速度。结果表明:两者都能够准确测定约7 000 m/s的炸药爆轰速度,测量不确定度2%。另外,采用直径1 mm、前端不带聚光准直凸透镜的塑料光纤探针,记录强冲击波作用下光纤响应信号,验证了强冲击产生的高压高温作用下的黑体辐射现象。因此,光纤探针能够准确测定炸药爆轰速度,且在冲击作用下出现色温现象,即黑体辐射现象。