ESRF-type lattice design and optimization for the High Energy Photon Source

A new generation of storage ring-based light sources,called diffraction-limited storage rings(DLSRs),with emittance approaching the diffraction limit for multi-keV photons by means of multi-bend achromat lattices,has attracted extensive studies worldwide.Among various DLSR proposals,the hybrid multi-bend achromat concept developed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility(ESRF) predicts an effective way of minimizing the emittance while keeping the required chromatic sextupole strengths to an achievable level.For the High Energy Photon Source planned to be built in Beijing,an ESRF-type lattice design consisting of 48 hybrid seven-bend achromats is proposed to reach emittance as low as 60 pm-rad with a circumference of about 1296 m.Sufficient dynamic aperture,allowing vertical on-axis injection,and moderate momentum acceptance are achieved simultaneously for a promising ring performance.     

第四代同步辐射光源物理设计与优化

近十年来,世界上开始大力发展第四代同步辐射光源——衍射极限储存环光源。目前我国正在建设或立项建设两台第四代同步辐射光源:高能同步辐射光源和合肥先进光源。从储存环磁聚焦结构设计与优化、束流注入与集体效应等方面,对第四代同步辐射光源的物理设计与优化进行了介绍;对国际范围内第四代储存环光源装置的研制情况进行了介绍。     

衍射极限储存环物理设计研究进展

总结了国内外在衍射极限储存环(DLSR)物理设计方面的研究进展。为了在合理的周长范围内实现超低束流发射度,DLSR线性束流光学设计普遍采用紧凑型多二极铁消色散结构。在非线性动力学优化中,通常采用相移控制技术、解析和数值优化技术减小由色品六极铁导致的强非线性效应。DLSR束流接受度较小,主要考虑脉冲多极铁偏轴注入和快速冲击磁铁在轴注入两种注入方案。束流集体效应(尤其是束流内部散射和托歇克散射效应)随发射度降低而增强,需要采用束长拉伸、横向反馈等方法提高DLSR中束流的稳定性。     

高能同步辐射光源

基于多弯铁消色散结构的超低发射度储存环光源是新一代同步辐射光源发展的一个重要方向。作为国内第一台第四代同步辐射光源,高能同步辐射光源已经完成物理及工程设计,并于2019年启动建设。高能同步辐射光源电子能量6 GeV,流强200 mA,水平自然发射度低于60 pm?rad,可提供能量达300 keV的X射线,在典型硬X射线波段的同步辐射亮度达1×1022 phs·s?1·mm?2·mrad?2·（0.1%bw）?1,可为材料科学、化学工程、能源环境、生物医学、航空航天、能源环境等众多基础和工程科学研究领域提供先进的实验平台。本文将介绍高能同步辐射光源项目的整体方案及物理设计。     

合肥先进光源前端光子吸收器的设计及热分析

合肥先进光源（HALF）将建设成为1台第四代衍射极限储存环光源。HALF的引出光具有更高亮度,能给储存环带来更高的热负载。引光段需设置光子吸收器,以限定引出光的尺寸和吸收其余未使用的同步光,同时减少同步光热负载对储存环超高真空系统的影响。紧凑的衍射极限储存环的物理设计及光子吸收器与真空室连接方式的选择给光子吸收器的设计带来了一系列挑战。在插入式双片型吸收器结构的基础上,综合考虑吸收面形状、水冷结构、安装定位等因素,设计了一种基于CuCrZr材料、与真空室一体、无需单独定位的光子吸收器,并计算其位于弯转角2.74°的弯转磁铁下游光引出段处,被同步光照射的光斑尺寸和辐射功率;采用有限元分析方法对光子吸收器进行热力学模拟,得到辐照后的最高温度约为80 ℃,最大应力为20.8 MPa,最大热变形为0.05 mm。结合制作材料CuCrZr在高热负载下的许用准则,确定了光子吸收器结构的合理性。此研究为合肥先进光源中前端区光子吸收器的设计提供了重要的理论依据。     

Bunch length manipulation in a diffraction-limited storage ring

In an electron storage ring,the bunch length can be increased or decreased by using harmonic cavities.Taking the High Energy Photon Source as an example,we test the bunch length manipulation with harmonic cavities in a diffraction-limited storage ring(DLSR).The most important collective effects in a DLSR,intra-beam scattering and Touschek effects,are evaluated for different bunch-length patterns.Our study shows that it is feasible to produce long and short bunches simultaneously in a DLSR,without causing severe emittance growth and reduction in lifetime.     

束内散射效应下HALF储存环物理参数的优化设计

合肥先进光源（HALF）是我国规划建设的软X射线与VUV衍射极限储存环光源（DLSR）。如何有效地实现衍射极限束流发射度,是DLSR物理设计中的核心问题之一。基于束流发射度演化方程,针对HALF预研项目的储存环物理设计方案,计算了束内散射（IBS）效应带来的发射度增长,研究了DLSR中关键参数选择对IBS造成的发射度增长的影响。研究表明,在中低能DLSR物理设计中需要综合考虑储存环的周长、同步辐射阻尼时间等关键参数,以更好地抑制束流发射度的增长。在此研究基础上,通过综合考虑用户需求与储存环物理要求,提出了HALF当前工程项目的储存环物理设计方案。进一步综合应用束团拉伸、全耦合等措施后,更高效地抑制了HALF储存环内IBS造成的束流发射度增长。     

基于新型安全架构的HEPS插入件安全控制系统

高能同步辐射光源（HEPS）插入件控制系统的主要功能是实现插入件磁间隙的开合运动控制。插入件控制系统的安全运动对插入件、储存环和光束线站的设备和人员安全至关重要。针对HEPS插入件控制系统的安全需求,研究了工业安全设计的标准和规范,在国内外同类型插入件控制系统中首次设计和实现了基于新型安全架构的安全系统。安全系统的设计和实施符合国际安全标准,并达到了安全完整性三级的高安全等级。该系统已成功应用在HEPS测试束线低温波荡器中,并完成了系统性的测试。测试结果表明,HEPS插入件安全系统实现了所有预期的安全指标,达到了高安全等级工业控制系统的标准。     

低能区衍射限储存环同步辐射的应用浅析

在科学技术新需求的推动下,同步辐射光源持续往前发展。目前,同步辐射装置发展已历经三代,正处于第四代同步辐射光源蓬勃发展阶段。基于衍射极限储存环的同步辐射装置是第四代同步辐射光源的典型代表之一。第四代同步辐射光源主要发展趋势是进一步减小电子束流发射度,使光源具有极好的横向相干性,以及产生圆截面辐射的能力。如果束流发射度降至光学衍射极限“辐射波长/4π”,其亮度比第三代同步辐射光源高2个数量级。这种同步辐射光源在性能上发生的质的飞跃,将给同步辐射实验技术带来实质性的突破,从而给前沿科学技术研究和现代产业发展带来全新的机遇。从国际同步辐射发展趋势入手,首先介绍低能区衍射限储存环光源的特色和性能,然后介绍其带来的同步辐射实验技术的进步,并浅析低能区衍射限储存环光源在材料科学、能源科学、生命科学和环境科学上的应用,以及其带来的产业机遇。最后,总结和展望了低能区衍射限储存环光源带来的技术突破和潜在的应用前景。     

高能光源增强器束流横向尺寸测量系统设计

高能同步辐射光源的增强器将直线加速器注入的束流加速到储存环所需的能量,为储存环提供高品质的电子束。为了对增强器的束流横向截面尺寸、发射度及能散进行测量,设计了两条可见光-紫外波段的束测光束线。两条光束线分别选取无色散和色散较大的两处弯铁位置作为光源点,使用两套同步光成像系统来监测光源点的束流截面尺寸,并计算束流发射度及能散。介绍了同步光引出真空室及光学成像系统,对影响成像质量的空间分辨率进行了分析,并针对升能过程中不同能量下束流光斑变化的测量进行了设计。     

HEPS在轴注入冲击器系统及快脉冲电源样机研制

高能同步辐射光源(HEPS)是我国计划建造的下一代基于储存环的高亮度光源,束流自然发射度已经接近衍射极限。作为典型的低发射度储存环(LER),HEPS的动力学孔径远小于物理孔径,传统的离轴累积注入已经无法满足要求,只能采用基于strip-line kicker的在轴注入方案。为了实现逐束团操控,HEPS要求注入kicker脉冲电源底宽(3%~3%) < 10 ns,半高宽(50%~50%)>4.5 ns,幅度>±17.5 kV(50 Ω负载),重复频率>50 Hz。高能同步辐射光源验证装置(HEPS-TF)工程研制了一台基于DSRD的双极性快脉冲电源性能样机,在50 Ω负载上可以获得上升时间(10%~90%) < 2.6 ns,下降时间(90%~10%) < 3.2 ns,半高宽(50%~50%)>5 ns,底宽(3%~3%) < 10 ns,幅度>±18 kV的脉冲高压,可以满足HEPS注入基准方案——在轴置换注入的要求。     

高能同步辐射光源磁铁数据库系统的设计

高能同步辐射光源(HEPS) 磁铁数据库系统的开发过程包括数据库设计、数据库创建以及用于存储查询的网页管理系统的整体结构设计和开发。根据对磁铁相关数据格式和功能需求的调研, 整个系统采用MySQL数据库, 将HEPS的磁铁相关数据规范统一地存储, 包括磁铁设计参数、磁铁设备信息和磁铁测量数据等。同时, 开发了一套基于web的数据录入、查询管理系统, 能够提供便捷的数据展示、数据获取等功能, 并可以连接HEPS命名数据库、参数数据库等, 对于磁铁设备的安装、运行和维护以及HEPS整体的设备信息管理具有重要的意义。     

高能同步辐射光源直线加速器初期调束取得重要进展

高能同步辐射光源（HEPS）是中国第一台第四代高能同步辐射光源,其加速器由直线加速器、增强器、储存环及输运线组成。报道了HEPS直线加速器的初期束流调试重要进展。HEPS直线加速器是一台500 MeV S波段常温直线加速器,由热阴极电子枪、聚束系统、主直线加速器构成。在按时完成设备加工、安装和老练的基础上,于2023年3月9日启动束流调试,当天实现束流全线贯通。3月14日束流能量达到500 MeV,束团电荷量达到2.5 nC。经过测量,直线加速器出口束流能散0.4%,能量稳定度0.06%,水平和垂直几何发射度分别为233 nm和145 nm。目前直线加速器束团电荷量可达到7.0 nC,相关束流调试正在进行。     

Beam life time studies and design optimization of the Ultra-low energy Storage Ring

The Ultra-low energy electrostatic Storage Ring (USR) at the future Facility for Low-energy Antiproton and Ion Research (FLAIR) will provide cooled beams of antiprotons in the energy range between 300 keV down to 20 keV. Based on the original design concept developed in 2005, the USR has been completely redesigned over the past few years by the QUASAR Group. The ring structure is now based on a ’split achromat’ lattice. This ensures compact ring dimensions of 10 m × 10 m, whilst allowing both, in-ring experiments with gas jet targets and studies with extracted beams. In the USR, a wide range of beam parameters shall be provided, ranging from very short pulses in the nanosecond regime to a coasting beam. In addition, a combined fast and slow extraction scheme will be featured that allows for providing external experiments with cooled beams of different time structure. Detailed investigations into the dynamics of low energy beams, including studies into the long term beam dynamics and ion kinetics, beam life time, equilibrium momentum spread and equilibrium lateral spread during collisions with an internal target were carried out. This required the development of new simulation tools to further the understanding of beam storage with electrostatic fields. In addition, studies into beam diagnostics methods for the monitoring of ultra-low energy ions at beam intensities less than 10 ⁶ were carried out. This includes instrumentation for the early commissioning of the machine, as well as for later operation with antiprotons. In this paper, on overview of the technical design of the USR is given with emphasis on two of the most important operating modes, long term beam dynamics and the design of the beam diagnostics system.     

Advanced Photon Source

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory is preparing for a major upgrade, centered on installation of a multibend achromat (MBA) lattice that will dramatically improve the brightness, coherence, and stability of the X-ray beams.     

Compact IR synchrotron beamline design

Third‐generation storage rings are massively evolving due to the very compact nature of the multi‐bend achromat (MBA) lattice which allows amazing decreases of the horizontal electron beam emittance, but leaves very little place for infrared (IR) extraction mirrors to be placed, thus prohibiting traditional IR beamlines. In order to circumvent this apparent restriction, an optimized optical layout directly integrated inside a SOLEIL synchrotron dipole chamber that delivers intense and almost aberration‐free beams in the near‐ to mid‐IR domain (1–30 µm) is proposed and analyzed, and which can be integrated into space‐restricted MBA rings. Since the optics and chamber are interdependent, the feasibility of this approach depends on a large part on the technical ability to assemble mechanically the optics inside the dipole chamber and control their resulting stability and thermo‐mechanical deformation. Acquiring this expertise should allow dipole chambers to provide almost aberration‐free IR synchrotron sources on current and `ultimate' MBA storage rings.     

A hybrid doubled achromat based on a photon sieve

Photon sieves are diffractive optical elements with large chromatic aberration. To correct the dispersion of a photon sieve, a novel hybrid doubled achromat combined a photon sieve and a refractive lens is proposed. The design of this achromat applies the opposite dispersive characteristics of diffractive and refractive elements. Two design examples for different bandwidths of 300 nm and 80 nm in visible spectrum are given. For analyzing their focusing properties, the intensity distributions both along the axis and at the focal plane are studied. The results illustrate that the achromatic design is achieved and the secondary spectrum can be corrected for a narrow bandwidth. And compared to traditional hybrid achromat, it can focus to a sharper spot.     

Preliminary R&D of vibrating wire alignment technique for HEPS

The alignment tolerance of multipoles on a girder is better than ±30 μm in the storage ring of the High Energy Photon Source(HEPS) which will be the next project at IHEP(Institute of High Energy Physics).It is difficult to meet the precision when only using the traditional optical survey method.In order to achieve this goal, a vibrating wire alignment technique with high precision and sensitivity is considered to be used in this project.This paper presents some preliminary research works about theory, scheme design and achievements.     

PETRA IV Workshop on Research with High-Energy X-rays at Ultra-Low Emittance Sources

Recent advances in storage ring technology pioneered by MAX IV (Sweden) allow synchrotron radiation sources to achieve significantly smaller emittances than those currently in operation. This new, multi-bend achromat technology can thus boost spectral brightness, enabling unprecedented experimental possibilities. The high-energy synchrotron radiation facilities ESRF (France), SPring-8 (Japan), and APS (USA) have settled upgrade plans to improve their storage ring emittance by up to two orders of magnitude at 6 GeV electron energy. PETRA III at DESY has the largest circumference with 2.3 km. As the emittance scales favorably with the storage ring size, an upgrade of PETRA III offers the unique potential to reach a diffraction limit up to X-ray energies of 10 keV. Operating at 6 GeV with an emittance of 10 pmrad, this PETRA IV facility would pave the way for new experimental opportunities, especially for those using high photon energies.     

高能光源BPMS独立支架系统设计

高能光源(HEPS)要求束流轨道稳定性达到0.1 μm。束流位置探测器系统(BPM)作为储存环的重要系统,其测量数据在监测和实现束流轨道稳定中具有重要作用,需要具有长期稳定性。为抑制由于机械振动、环境温度变化导致的机械形变等对BPM探头机械稳定性的影响,需为BPM探头设计独立稳定的支撑系统,使其具有较高的固有频率、较小的振动放大比和较小的温度形变。本文首先考虑温度形变,选取具有良好温度稳定性的Invar36合金作为支架的主体结构材料;为加工及安装方便,杆板结构选作支架模型,通过仿真测试寻找最优结构;利用ANSYS软件中拓扑优化寻找限制空间内实现最大固有频率的模型结构,为支架设计做指导;加工支架实物,并在实验室测量。支架实验室测量结果与仿真结果进行比较,进而优化安装方式。在四种安装方式下对支架进行测试,为支架在光源实地安装提供参考。