Mass and Charge in Brane-World and Non-Compact Kaluza-Klein Theories in 5 Dim

In classical Kaluza-Klein theory, with compactified extra dimensions and without scalar field, the rest mass as well as the electric charge of test particles are constants of motion. We show that in the case of a large extra dimension this is no longer so. We propose the Hamilton-Jacobi formalism, instead of the geodesic equation, for the study of test particles moving in a five-dimensional background metric. This formalism has a number of advantages: (i) it provides a clear and invariant definition of rest mass, without the ambiguities associated with the choice of the parameters used along the motion in 5D and 4D, (ii) the electromagnetic field can be easily incorporated in the discussion, and (iii) we avoid the difficulties associated with the splitting of the geodesic equation. For particles moving in a general 5D metric, we show how the effective rest mass, as measured by an observer in 4D, varies as a consequence of the large extra dimension. Also, the fifth component of the momentum changes along the motion. This component can be identified with the electric charge of test particles. With this interpretation, both the rest mass and the charge vary along the trajectory. The constant of motion is now a combination of these quantities. We study the cosmological variations of charge and rest mass in a five-dimensional bulk metric which is used to embed the standard k = 0 FRW universes. The time variations in the fine structure constant and the Thomson cross section are also discussed.     

基于哈希理论和线性近邻传递反馈的乳腺X线图像肿块检索方法

在乳腺X线图像肿块检测中存在较高的假阳性率,通过基于内容的肿块检索,将待判定肿块与已确诊肿块进行相似性分析,可有效降低假阳性率.本文提出了一种结合可区分锚点图哈希和线性近邻传递的乳腺图像肿块检索方法.针对传统锚点图哈希在相似度定义中没有考虑病理相关性的问题,引入病理类别至锚点图哈希图像相似度计算,提出了可区分锚点图哈希以重新表示图像.利用线性近邻传递作为相关反馈技术,基于图像底层特征表达与图像高层语义间的学习机制,实现交互式肿块图像检索.采用北京大学人民医院乳腺中心提供的临床图像作为实验数据,实验结果表明,引入病理类别的可区分锚点图哈希图像表达在肿块相似性分析上优于传统锚点图哈希.相比于现有方法,本文提出的方法在肿块检索性能上得到明显提高.     

关于M.Goldhaber中微子螺旋性测量结果的分析和讨论

本文认为M .Goldhaber对中微子螺旋性测量结果不能证实二分量中微子是否正确 ,也即中微子的静止质量并非为零 ,分析了其产生的原因     

5D Dirac Equation in Induced-Matter Theory

According to an induced-matter approach, Liu and Wesson obtained the rest mass of a typical particle from the reduction of a 5D Klein–Gordon equation to a 4D one. Introducing an extra-dimension momentum operator identified with the rest mass eigenvalue operator, we consider a way to generalize the 4D Dirac equation to 5D. An analogous normal Dirac equation is gained when the generalization reduces to 4D. We find the rest mass of a particle in curved space varies with spacetime coordinates and check this for the case of exact solitonic and cosmological solution of the 5D vacuum gravitational field equations.     

Orbits in the field of a gravitating magnetic monopole

Orbits of test particles and light rays are an important tool to study the properties of space-time metrics. Here we systematically study the properties of the gravitational field of a globally regular magnetic monopole in terms of the geodesics of test particles and light. The gravitational field depends on two dimensionless parameters, defined as ratios of the characteristic mass scales present. For critical values of these parameters the resulting metric coefficients develop a singular behavior, which has profound influence on the properties of the resulting space-time and which is clearly reflected in the orbits of the test particles and light rays.     

Physical basis for the symmetries in the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker metric

Modern cosmological theory is based on the Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) metric. Often written in terms of co-moving coordinates, this well-known solution to Einstein’s equations owes its elegant and highly practical formulation to the cosmological principle and Weyl’s postulate, upon which it is founded. However, there is physics behind such symmetries, and not all of it has yet been recognized. In this paper, we derive the FRW metric coefficients from the general form of the spherically symmetric line element and demonstrate that, because the co-moving frame also happens to be in free fall, the symmetries in FRW are valid only for a medium with zero active mass. In other words, the spacetime of a perfect fluid in cosmology may be correctly written as FRW only when its equation of state is ρ+3p = 0, in terms of the total pressure p and total energy density ρ. There is now compelling observational support for this conclusion, including the Alcock–Paczy´nski test, which shows that only an FRW cosmology with zero active mass is consistent with the latest model-independent baryon acoustic oscillation data.     

应用于空间惯性传感器的压电驱动器的性能测试

为保证空间惯性传感器的正常在轨运行,在发射阶段需保证测试质量固定以避免与周围电容极板的接触碰撞;到达预定轨道后再重新捕获并以最小残余线速度将测试质量释放至精确位置,保持自由悬浮状态。测试质量的捕获定位对驱动器提出高精度的要求。本文针对在太空中捕获定位释放测试质量所用的压电直线驱动器进行了设计定制与性能测试。试验结果表明:该定制的压电驱动器最小步长小于1 nm,但步长稳定性误差较大;150 V工作电压条件最大驱动力达72 N;单步行进驱动力稳定;夹持测试质量过程中,驱动力稳定,稳定性偏差为0.16%。满足捕获、定位、释放机构的使用需求。     

Weyl geometric gravity and electroweak symmetry “breaking”

A Weyl geometric scale covariant approach to gravity due to Omote, Dirac, and Utiyama (1971ff) is reconsidered. It can be extended to the electroweak sector of elementary particle fields, taking into account their basic scaling freedom. Already Cheng (1988) indicated that electroweak symmetry breaking, usually attributed to the Higgs field with a boson expected at 0.1–0.3 TeV, may be due to a coupling between Weyl geometric gravity and electroweak interactions. Weyl geometry seems to be well suited for treating questions of elementary particle physics, which relate to scale invariance and its “breaking”. This setting suggests the existence of a scalar field boson at the surprisingly low energy of ～ 1 eV. That may appear unlikely; but, as a payoff, the acquirement of mass arises as a result of coupling to gravity in agreement with the understanding of mass as the gravitational charge of fields.     

On the Interaction of Massive Photons and Mechanical Oscillators in Cavity Optomechanics: Basic Model and Quantization

This study investigates the theoretical aspects of the interaction between photons with mass and a mechanical oscillator as drawn within the framework of cavity optomechanics. The study employs Proca theory as the mathematical framework to initially describe the dynamics of massive photons in a Fabry-Perot cavity with a movable mass, both in classical and quantum scenarios. It quantifies the modifications induced by the nonzero photon mass, considering first- and second-order effects, and derives expressions for the amplification of radiation pressure resulting from the presence of nonzero photon mass. Additionally, it derives the Hamiltonian of the quantum optomechanical system, incorporating the effects of photon mass at first and second order. It anticipates that experimental realization of massive optomechanics can be achieved by utilizing Proca material, which is a spatio-temporally dispersive material that exhibits behavior equivalent to Proca theory in a vacuum, thus enabling the study of the interaction between massive photons and mechanical systems in cavity-based optomechanical setups (referred to as massive cavity optomechanics). The study presented here caters to a diverse audience with an interest in the analysis and measurement of interactions among massive objects at the quantum scale.     

2+1维SU(2)格点规范场胶球质量的无规相近似计算

采用无规相近似(RPA)耦合集团展开方法,用空心图作为试探波函数,利用Feymann-Hellman定理和截断薛定谔方程本征值方程的方法得到的封闭方程组,计算出三到六阶2+1维SU(2)格点规范场的胶球质量.结果显示:当计算进行到六阶时,胶球质量已出现标度窗口和收敛趋势,预示七阶结果将在弱耦合区能表现出良好的标度行为和收敛性     

多孔介质对流干燥外部传热传质的非平衡热力学理论

从非平衡热力学理论出发,以广义热力学力作为传质过程驱动势,建立了描述多孔介质恒速干燥阶段外部对流传热传质过程的热力学理论模型,并进行了数值计算,计算值与已有的实验数据吻合较好;同时,还将计算结果与传统的理论进行了比较,结果表明,非平衡热力学理论更能反映过程的物理本质。     

Extra Force from an Extra Dimension: Comparison Between Brane Theory, Space-Time-Matter Theory, and Other Approaches

We investigate the question of how an observer in 4D perceives the five-dimensional geodesic motion. We consider the interpretation of null and non-null bulk geodesics in the context of brane theory, space-time-matter theory (STM) and other non-compact approaches. We develop a frame-invariant formalism that allows the computation of the rest mass and its variation as observed in 4D. We find the appropriate expression for the four-acceleration and thus obtain the extra force observed in 4D. Our formulae extend and generalize all previous results in the literature. An important result here is that the extra force in brane-world models with Z ₂-symmetry is continuous and well defined across the brane. This is because the momentum component along the extra dimension is discontinuous across the brane, which effectively compensates the discontinuity of the extrinsic curvature. We show that brane theory and STM produce identical interpretation of the bulk geodesic motion. This holds for null and non-null bulk geodesics. Thus, experiments with test particles are unable to distinguish whether our universe is described by the brane world scenario or by STM. However, they do discriminate between the brane/STM scenario and other non-compact approaches. Among them the canonical and embedding approaches, which we examine in detail here.     

A Note on Black Hole Information Paradox in de Sitter Spacetimes

The possibility of stable or quasi-stable Planck mass black hole remnants as solution to the black hole information paradox is commonly believed phenomenologically unacceptable. Since we need a black hole remnant for every possible initial state,the number of remnants is expected to be infinite and that would lead to remnant pair production in any physical process with a total available energy roughly exceeding the Planck mass. In this note I point out that a positive cosmological constant of the Universe would naturally lead to an upper bound on the numberof possible remnants.     

多层多孔吸声材料结构参数优化设计*

高开孔率的发泡材料(如三聚氰胺、聚氨酯发泡材料)具有优良的吸声、隔热防火、防腐及环保性能,可以作为吸声、阻尼等材料应用于建筑、航空、交通工具等领域。该文基于Biot理论和多层介质声波传播理论(传递矩阵法),建立多层多孔吸声结构背衬刚性壁的理论模型,利用遗传算法优化多层结构厚度和质量。将理论模型计算结果与阻抗管测试结果进行对比,验证了理论模型的准确性。结果表明:优化后的多层多孔吸声结构在整体厚度降低18 mm的基础上,吸声能力并未降低,且部分结构低频吸声增强,结构的整体重量也有所降低,达到轻薄化的目标,具有较大的应用价值。     

Structure of elementary particles in a nonlinear field theory

Characteristics of nonlinear gauge-invariant singularity-free field theories of elementary particles are discussed. It is shown that the electromagnetic field, in conjunction with a scalar field which is required for gauge invariance, provides a potential mechanism for the creation of the spin and magnetic moment of the particle, in addition to its mass and charge.     

EXACT SOLUTIONS OF CLASSICAL SCALAR FIELD EQUATIONS

We give a class of exact solutions of quartic scalar field theories. These solutions prove to be interesting as are characterized by the production of mass contributions arising from the nonlinear terms while maintaining a wave-like behavior. So, a quartic massless equation has a nonlinear wave solution with a dispersion relation of a massive wave and a quartic scalar theory gets its mass term renormalized in the dispersion relation through a term depending on the coupling and an integration constant. When spontaneous breaking of symmetry is considered, such wave-like solutions show how a mass term with the wrong sign and the nonlinearity give rise to a proper dispersion relation. These latter solutions do not change the sign maintaining the property of the selected value of the equilibrium state. Then, we use these solutions to obtain a quantum field theory for the case of a quartic massless field. We get the propagator from a first-order correction showing that is consistent in the limit of a very large coupling. The spectrum of a massless quartic scalar field theory is then provided. From this we can conclude that, for an infinite countable number of exact classical solutions, there exist an infinite number of equivalent quantum field theories that are trivial in the limit of the coupling going to infinity.     

Equation of Motion of a Mass Point in Gravitational Field and Classical Tests of Gauge Theory of Gravity

A systematic method is developed to study the classical motion of a mass point in gravitational gauge field.First,by using Mathematica,a spherical symmetric solution of the field equation of gravitational gauge field is obtained,which is just the traditional Schwarzschild solution.Combining the principle of gauge covariance and Newton's second law of motion,the equation of motion of a mass point in gravitational field is deduced.Based on the spherical symmetric solution of the field equation and the equation of motion of a mass point in gravitational field,we can discuss classical tests of gauge theory of gravity,including the deflection of light by the sun,the precession of the perihelia of the orbits of the inner planets and the time delay of radar echoes passing the sun.It is found that the theoretical predictions of these classical tests given by gauge theory of gravity are completely the same as those given by general relativity.     

Quark masses,the Dashen phase,and gauge field topology

The CP violating Dashen phase in QCD is predicted by chiral perturbation theory to occur when the up–down quark mass difference becomes sufficiently large at fixed down-quark mass. Before reaching this phase, all physical hadronic masses and scattering amplitudes are expected to behave smoothly with the up-quark mass, even as this mass passes through zero. In Euclidean space, the topological susceptibility of the gauge fields is positive at positive quark masses but diverges to negative infinity as the Dashen phase is approached. A zero in this susceptibility provides a tentative signal for the point where the mass of the up quark vanishes. I discuss potential ambiguities with this determination.     

Parametric instabilities and their control in advanced interferometer gravitational-wave detectors

A detailed simulation of Advanced LIGO test mass optical cavities shows that parametric instabilities will excite 7 acoustic modes in each fused silica test mass, with parametric gain R up to 7 and only 1 acoustic mode with R approximately 2 for alternative sapphire test masses. Fine-tuning of the test mass radii of curvature causes the instabilities to sweep through various modes with R as high as approximately 2000. Sapphire test mass cavities can be tuned to completely eliminate instabilities using thermal g-factor tuning. In the case of fused silica test mass, instabilities can be minimized but not eliminated.