高分辨率有限体积LW格式

一、引言 采用通量差分分裂技术或通量分裂技术设计出的高分辨率格式,推广应用到双曲型气动方程组时,编程要比常规的中心差分格式复杂很多。使用校正通量技术设计的TVD格式,集中了TVD格式分辨率高,中心差分格式编程容易的优点。在中心差分格式的基础上,根据TVD理论添加新的数值耗散项,通过感知流场的变化,耗散项的大小能够自动地得以调整和控制,使基恰好能抑制住流场中出现的振荡。与常规的人工耗散(AD)不同,新的数值耗散具有感受一反馈机制,不含和问题相关的自由参数,为了和人工耗散相区别,不妨称之为智能耗散(ID)。     

一类新型激波捕捉格式的耗散性与稳定性分析

高超声速流动是高复杂性的可压缩黏性流动, 其中存在激波、剪切层、激波/激波干扰、激波/边界层干扰、旋涡与分离流动等复杂流场结构. 对其进行准确模拟需要使用低耗散、强鲁棒性的激波捕捉方法. 本文基于一类新型的通量项分裂方法, 提出了一种耗散低且鲁棒性好的激波捕捉格式K-CUSP-X. 对该格式的耗散性和激波稳定性进行了详细的理论分析, 得到了格式激波稳定的数值条件. 推论认为, 迎风格式激波稳定的充分条件为速度扰动量具有衰减性, 数值实验验证了该推论. 研究表明, 该格式与Toro提出的通量分裂格式K-CUSP-T相比, 在保证精确捕捉接触间断的同时, 又具有更好的稳定性, 在激波处不会产生“红玉”现象.     

一种改进的HLLEM格式及其激波稳定性分析

使用低耗散激波捕捉格式对高超声速流动问题进行数值模拟时经常会遭受不同形式的激波不稳定性.本文基于二维无黏可压缩Euler方程,对低耗散HLLEM格式进行激波稳定性分析.结果表明:激波面横向通量中切向速度的扰动增长诱发了格式的不稳定性.通过增加耗散来治愈HLLEM格式的激波不稳定性.为了避免引入过多的耗散进而影响剪切层的分辨率,定义激波探测函数和亚声速区探测函数,使得只有在计算激波层亚声速区的横向数值通量时才增加耗散,其余地方的数值通量依然采用低耗散的HLLEM格式来计算.稳定性分析和数值模拟的结果表明,改进的HLLEM格式不仅保留了原格式高分辨率的优点,还大大提高了格式的鲁棒性,在计算强激波问题时能够有效地抑制不稳定现象的发生.     

一种减少壁热误差的自适应热粘性

使用单元中心型拉氏方法,研究一维球、柱坐标等径向对称流体力学方程组的数值格式和减少壁热误差的方法.简要分析壁热误差与差分格式修正方程的关系.通过对Riemann问题声波和HLL近似解的比较,提出减少壁热误差的一种自适应的热通量粘性.多项数值实验表明该方法可以获得令人满意的计算结果.     

双曲型守恒律的一种三阶半离散中心迎风格式

对一维双曲型守恒律,给出了一种具有较小数值耗散的三阶半离散中心迎风格式.该格式以Liu和Tadmor提出的三阶无振荡重构为基础,同时考虑了波传播的单侧局部速度.时间离散用保持强稳定性的三阶Runge-Kutta方法.由于不需用Riemann解算器,避免了特征分解过程,保持了中心格式简单的优点.数值算例验证本方法可进一步减小数值耗散,提高分辨率.     

用NND格式模拟Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性

使用局部Steger-Warming通量分裂方法,利用NND有限差分格式求解守恒型流体力学方程组,实现对Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性的数值模拟.数值模拟给出的线性增长率与线性稳定性分析给出的结果相符合,得到锐利的界面变形图像.     

多介质流体力学计算的守恒型高分辨率格式

应用Lagrange坐标系下的守恒型格式计算多介质流体力学问题,在物质交界面附近采用一阶格式的数值通量,而在其余部分采用高分辨率格式的数值通量,不仅保持了高分辨率的良好性质,而且消除了一般的守恒型格式在界面附近所产生的震荡.     

一种基于特征理论模拟凝聚炸药爆轰的单元中心型Lagrange方法

提出一种数值模拟凝聚炸药爆轰问题的单元中心型Lagrange方法.利用有限体积离散爆轰反应流动方程组,基于双曲型偏微分方程组的特征理论获得离散网格节点的速度与压力,获得的网格节点速度与压力用于更新网格节点位置以及计算网格单元边的数值通量.以这种方式获得的网格节点解是一种"真正多维"的理论解,是一维Godunov格式在二维Riemann问题的推广.有限体积离散得到的爆轰反应流动的半离散系统使用一种显-隐Runge-Kutta格式来离散求解：显式格式处理对流项,隐式格式处理化学反应刚性源项.算例表明,提出的单元中心型Lagrange方法能够较好地模拟凝聚炸药的爆轰反应流动.     

低阶格式在大涡模拟计算中的适用性

采用三维Taylor-Green涡作为研究对象,利用工程中常用的低阶数值格式,研究格式本身的数值误差对大涡模拟计算的影响.结果表明:三种数值格式的数值耗散行为都与亚格子模型行为类似,即在小雷诺数下,流场比较光滑时,耗散很小,当雷诺数增加,流动转捩为湍流,流场梯度增大,耗散显著增大.对于MUSCL格式和二阶有界中心格式,在高雷诺数下,亚格子尺度模型没有明显改善计算结果,但也没有使计算结果恶化.中心格式相比其它两种格式,数值耗散最小,但是在高雷诺数湍流情况下,中心格式的数值耗散仍然主导了能量的耗散,再添加亚格子模型,计算结果反而变得稍差.对于工程中的低阶格式而言,采用中心格式计算大涡模拟是比较好的选择,而且在计算不存在稳定性问题时,采用不添加亚格子模型的隐式大涡模拟效果更好.     

一种具有较小数值耗散的对称TVD格式

为了减小TVD格式的数值粘性,提高TVD格式的分辨度,提出了一种具有较小数值耗散的Harten型TVD格式.数值模拟结果表明,这种Harten型TVD格式比原来的Harten格式^[1]及其改进形式Harten-Yee^[2]的TVD格式能更好地模拟出边界层及涡流.     

Generalized finite compact difference scheme for shock/complex flowfield interaction

A class of generalized high order finite compact difference schemes is proposed for shock/vortex, shock/boundary layer interaction problems. The finite compact difference scheme takes the region between two shocks as a compact stencil. The high order WENO fluxes on shock stencils are used as the internal boundary fluxes for the compact scheme. A lemma based on the property of smoothness estimators on a 5-points stencil is given to detect the shock position. There is no free parameter introduced to switch the compact scheme and the WENO scheme. Some numerical experiments are given and they demonstrate that the present scheme has low dissipation due to the compact central differencing scheme used in the smooth regions.     

Warm cascade states in a forced-dissipated Boltzmann gas of hard spheres

We study the homogeneous isotropic Boltzmann equation for an open system. For the case of a hard spheres gas, we look for nonequilibrium steady solutions in the presence of forcing and dissipation. Using the language of weak turbulence theory, we analyze the possibility of observing the Kolmogorov-Zakharov steady distributions, i.e. solutions characterized by constant fluxes of conserved quantities. We derive a differential approximation model and we find that the expected nonequilibrium steady solutions have always the form of warm cascades. We propose an analytical prediction for the relation between the forcing and dissipation and the thermodynamic quantities of the system. Specifically, we find that the temperature of the system is independent of the forcing amplitude and determined only by the forcing and dissipation scales. Finally, we perform direct numerical simulations of the Boltzmann equation finding consistent results with our theoretical predictions.     

Non-Gaussian buoyancy statistics in fingering convection

We examine the statistics of active scalar fluctuations in high-Rayleigh number fingering convection with high-resolution three-dimensional numerical experiments. Marked non-Gaussian tails are found in the one-point distribution of buoyancy fluctuations. A modified theory based on an original approach by Yakhot (1989) is used to model the active scalar distributions as a function of the conditional expectation values of scalar dissipation and fluxes in the flow. Simple models for these two quantities highlight the role of blob-like coherent structures for scalar statistics in fingering convection.     

基于气动声学问题的高阶非线性紧致格式

文章基于线性中心紧致差分格式, 通过非线性加权插值的方法来求解网格中心处的函数值.这类格式保持了原有中心紧致差分格式的高阶精度和低耗散特性, 同时其分辨率也非常高, 由于其非线性插值的机制, 使得这类格式能够捕捉强激波, 所以这类新的高阶非线性紧致格式是一种较好的模拟湍流和气动声学等多尺度问题的方法.      

Modeling of filtered heat release for large eddy simulation of compressible infinitely fast reacting flows

A priori and a posteriori studies for large eddy simulation of the compressible turbulent infinitely fast reacting shear layer are presented. The filtered heat release appearing in the energy equation is unclosed and the accuracy of different models for the filtered scalar dissipation rate and the conditional filtered scalar dissipation rate of the mixture fraction in closing this term is analyzed. The effect of different closures of the subgrid transport of momentum, energy and scalars on the modeling of the filtered heat release via the resolved fields is also considered. Three explicit models of these subgrid fluxes are explored, each with an increasing level of reconstruction and all of them regularized by a Smagorinsky-type term. It is observed that a major part of the error in the prediction of the conditional filtered scalar dissipation comes from the unsatisfactory modeling of the filtered dissipation itself. The error can be substantial in the turbulent fluctuation (rms) of the dissipation fields. It is encouraging that all models give good predictions of the mean and rms density in a posteriori LES of this flow with realistic heat release corresponding to large density change. Although a posteriori results show a small sensitivity to subgrid modeling errors in the current problem, extinction–reignition phenomena involving finite-rate chemistry would demand more accurate modeling of the dissipation rates. A posteriori results also show that the resolved fields obtained with the approximate reconstruction using moments (ARM) agree better with the filtered direct numerical simulation since the level of reconstruction in the modeled subfilter fluxes is increased.     

A Discontinuous Galerkin Method Based on a BGK Scheme for the Navier-Stokes Equations on Arbitrary Grids

A discontinuous Galerkin Method based on a Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) formulation is presented for the solution of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations on arbitrary grids. The idea behind this approach is to combine the robustness of the BGK scheme with the accuracy of the DG methods in an effort to develop a more accurate, efficient, and robust method for numerical simulations of viscous flows in a wide range of flow regimes. Unlike the traditional discontinuous Galerkin methods, where a Local Discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) formulation is usually used to discretize the viscous fluxes in the Navier-Stokes equations, this DG method uses a BGK scheme to compute the fluxes which not only couples the convective and dissipative terms together, but also includes both discontinuous and continuous representation in the flux evaluation at a cell interface through a simple hybrid gas distribution function. The developed method is used to compute a variety of viscous flow problems on arbitrary grids. The numerical results obtained by this BGKDG method are extremely promising and encouraging in terms of both accuracy and robustness, indicating its ability and potential to become not just a competitive but simply a superior approach than the current available numerical methods.     

Comparison of Several Spatial Discretizations for the Navier–Stokes Equations

Grid convergence studies for subsonic and transonic flows over airfoils are presented in order to compare the accuracy of several spatial discretizations for the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. The discretizations include the following schemes for the inviscid fluxes: (1) second-order-accurate centered differences with third-order matrix numerical dissipation, (2) the second-order convective upstream split pressure scheme (CUSP), (3) third-order upwind-biased differencing with Roe's flux-difference splitting, and (4) fourth-order centered differences with third-order matrix numerical dissipation. The first three are combined with second-order differencing for the grid metrics and viscous terms. The fourth discretization uses fourth-order differencing for the grid metrics and viscous terms, as well as higher-order approximations near boundaries and for the numerical integration used to calculate forces and moments. The results indicate that the discretization using higher-order approximations for all terms is substantially more accurate than the others, producing less than two percent numerical error in lift and drag components on grids with less than 13,000 nodes for subsonic cases and less than 18,000 nodes for transonic cases. Since the cost per grid node of all of the discretizations studied is comparable, the higher-order discretization produces solutions of a given accuracy much more efficiently than the others.