Some charge exchange reactions involving H2O

Charge exchange cross sections for the reaction of O⁺, N⁺, and N⁺₂ with H₂O have been measured over the energy range 0.2–10 eV in the center-of-mass system. The implications of these measurements for recent space experiments are discussed briefly.     

Dissociative excitation of some aliphatic hydrocarbons by electron impact

Cross sections and threshold energies are compared for radiation from fragments produced by electron impact on methane, ethylene, ethane and acetylene. Some previous measurements have been repeated. The emission cross sections for corresponding Balmer radiation are within 10% equal for these hydrocarbons. Also the thresholds for Balmer radiation lie close together. These results can be explained in a model where H fragments arise from Rydberg states excited by promotion of an inner valence electron to a non-bonding orbital. In this model a comparison between dissociative ionization yielding H⁺ and dissociative excitation yielding H⁺ is made. For radiation from molecular fragments it is shown that the CH(A² Δ-X²Π) emission cross sections are particularly high in the case of acetylene. The electron impact data appear to be consistent with photoabsorption data.     

A surface hopping quasiclassical trajectory study of the H2+ + H2 and (H2 + D2)+ systems

In this work we use a complete surface hopping quasiclassical trajectory method to determine cross sections for the reactions H₂⁺ + H₂ → H₃⁺ + H and the isotopic variants (H₂⁺ + D₂ and D₂⁺ + H₂). Initial translational energies ranged between 0.5 and 6 eV. The vibrational quantum number (v⁺) of the charged diatom is either 0 or 3. Comparing these results with our previous results with a partial treatment of surface hopping, we find essentially no change for v⁺ = 0 and reductions in cross sections of up to 30% for v⁺ = 3 trajectories.     

UV emission of CF2 produced by electron and ion impact on CHF3

Emission spectra produced by 0–1 keV electron and 1–25 keV H⁺ impact on CHF₃ were obtained and absolute cross section for a band in the UV were determined. The latter emission between ≈ 230 and 350 nm is attributed to the CF₂ (ā → X?) transition by comparison with fluorescence spectra from photolysis of CF₂ containing species. An analysis of the energy dependence of the cross sections indicates that the corresponding excitation processes involve excited state(s) of CHF₃ in particular the (4e)^?2(3p) Rydberg state dissociating into CF₂(ā) and H, F fragments.     

H2-induced CO adsorption and dissociation over Co/Al2O3 catalyst

The activation of adsorbed CO is an important step in CO hydrogenation. The results from TPSR of pre-adsorbed CO with H2 and syngas suggested that the presence of H2 increased the amount of CO adsorption and accelerated CO dissociation. The H2 was adsorbed first, and activated to form H＊ over metal sites, then reacted with carbonaceous species. The oxygen species for CO2 formation in the presence of hydrogen was mostly OH^＊, which reacted with adsorbed CO subsequently via CO^＊＋OH^＊ → CO2^＊＋H^＊; however, the direct CO dissociation was not excluded in CO hydrogenation. The dissociation of C-O bond in the presence of H2 proceeded by a concerted mechanism, which assisted the Boudourd reaction of adsorbed CO on the surface via CO^＊＋2H^＊ → CH^＊＋OH^＊. The formation of the surface species （CH） from adsorbed CO proceeded as indicated with the participation of surface hydrogen, was favored in the initial step of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.     

Theoretical investigation of the character of the electronic states of H2O along a linear dissociation path leading to OH + H

A series of MRD CI calculations is presented for the linear asymmetric dissociation of singlet states of the water molecule. The present calculations complement previous work on H₂O, providing further information on conical intersections in the higher excited states and on the nature and dissociation limits of the third ¹A' state in C_s symmetry, which is shown to correlate with the ion-pair limit (OH⁻ +H⁺). At large distances the ion-pair state is no longer the third ¹A' species as other states, corresponding to the OH(X ²Π) + H(2s,2p) dissociation limit, are then lower in energy.     

Energy transfer processes in reactions of He(23S) with triatomic molecules. II. H2O and H2S

The energy transfer reactions He(2³S) + H₂O and He(2³S) + H₂S were studied spectroscopically in the visible and ultraviolet ranges in a flowing afterglow apparatus. No primary triatomic ion emission was observed in this study. Only dissociative fragments were found to emit. In the He(2³S)/H₂O system intense OH(A²Σ⁺ → X²Π_i) emission bands and hydrogen Balmer series were observed while in the He(2³S)/H₂S system intense HS⁺(A³Π_i → X³ Σ^?), weak hydrogen Balmer series and some atomic sulfur lines were found. It is concluded that dissociative processes are competitive with Penning ionization in these energy transfer reactions with other possible reaction channels playing inferior roles. The post-ionization process of ion—electron recombination in the flowing afterglow dominates the emission results in the He(2³S)/H₂O system.     

A quasiclassical trajectory study of the collisional dissociation of H2 by H atoms

The collision induced dissociation of H₂ by H atoms was studied by quasiclassical trajectories using the Liu-Siegbahn-Truhlar-Horowitz potential energy surface. Dissociation cross sections were obtained for five highly internally excited initial states of H₂ for translational energies up to 100 kcal mol^?1. Rate constants for dissociation out of these states were calculated for temperatures of 1000 to 10,000 K. Initial internal energy strongly enhances the probability of collisional dissociation, vibrational energy being more effective than rotational. The results are compared to those from a similar study of the H₂?He system, and are discussed in relation tothe respective potential energy surfaces. The implications for the kineticsof thermal dissociation are also considered.     

Absolute and relative emission cross sections for electron impact on CH3F,CH2F2 and CHF3

Emission spectra following electron impact on CH₃F, CH₂F₂ and CHF₃ at various energies have been investigated in the spectral region from 200 nm to 700 nm. Emission thresholds and excitation functions for atomic and molecular fragments have been determined. Absolute emission cross sections were obtained for two band systems, ^{A 2} Δ → X ² Π, C ² Σ⁺ → X ² Π, observed in the emission spectrum of CH₃F and for the H-Balmer radiation, H _α ? H _γ, in the spectra of all compounds. The continuous emission between 200 nm and 400 nm in the spectra of CH₂F₂ and CHF₃ has been examined systematically. It was found that CF₂(Ã) is the main precursor in both spectra.     

Formation of H3+ in Collisions of H2+ with H2 Studied in a Guided Ion Beam Instrument

In order to study collisions between ions and neutrals, a new Guided Ion Beam (GIB) apparatus, called NOVion, has been assembled and tested. The primary purpose of this instrument is to measure absolute cross sections at energies relevant for technical or inter- and circumstellar plasmas. New and improved results are presented for forming H₃⁺ in collisions of H₂⁺ with H₂. Between 0.1 eV and 2 eV, our measured effective cross sections are in good overall agreement with most previous measurements. However, at higher energies, our results do not show the steep decline, recommended in the standard literature. After critical evaluation of all experimental and theoretical data, a new analytical function is proposed, describing properly the dependence of the title reaction on the collision energy up to 10 eV.     

Deuterium exchange in the systems of H2O+/H2O and H3O+/H2O

The reactions of H₂O⁺, H₃O⁺, D₂O⁺, and D₃O⁺ with neutral H₂O and D₂O were studied by tandem mass spectrometry. The H₂O⁺ and D₂O⁺ ion reactions exhibited multiple channels, including charge transfer, proton transfer (or hydrogen atom abstraction), and isotopic exchange. The H₃O⁺ and D₃O⁺ ion reactions exhibited only isotope exchange. The variation in the abundances of all ions involved in the reactions was measured over a neutral pressure range from 0 to 2 × 10⁻⁵ Torr. A reaction scheme was chosen, which consisted of a sequence of charge transfer, proton transfer, and isotopic exchange reactions. Exact solutions to two groups of simultaneous differential equations were determined; one group started with the reaction of ionized water, and the other group started with the reactions of protonated water. A nonlinear least-squares regression technique was used to determine the rate coefficients of the individual reactions in the schemes from the ion abundance data. Branching ratios and relative rate coefficients were also determined in this manner.A delta chi-squared analysis of the results of the model fitted to the experimental data indicated that the kinetic information about the primary isotopic exchange processes is statistically the most significant. The errors in the derived values of the kinetic information of subsequent channels increased rapidly. Data from previously published selected ion flow tube (SIFT) study were analyzed in the same manner. Rigorous statistical analysis showed that the statistical isotope scrambling model was unable to explain either the SIFT or the tandem mass spectrometry data. This study shows that statistical analysis can be utilized to assess the validity of possible models in explaining experimentally observed kinetic behaviors.     

Coherent excitation of H(n=2) in H+, H - He collisions

The coherent excitation of H(n=2) in H⁺, H - He collisions was investigated at incident energies of 5–25 keV. From a polarization analysis of the emitted Lyman-α radiation as a function of an external electric field, the partial cross sections for excitation to the H(2s) and the H(2p _m) magnetic substates and the real part of thes ?p ₀-coherence were extracted. For H⁺-He collisions, the measured partial cross sections are in fair agreement with previous two-electron calculations by Kimura and Lin; the agreement with one-electron calculations of Jain et al. is, particularly at the lower incident energies, less satisfactory. For both collision systems, an energy-dependent forward-backward asymmetry corresponding to a shift of the center-of-charge relative to the center-of-mass (dipole moment) was observed. In H⁺ - He collisions, the measured dipole moment was positive; it thus corresponds to an electron trailing behind the proton. The same analysis applied to the H - He system showed the electron riding in front of the proton.     

Electron-impact dissociative excitation of H 2 + : low energy studies

Electron impact dissociative excitation cross sections for vibrationally excited H ₂ ⁺ ions have been measured over the energy range from 0.01–35 eV. They are found to blend smoothly with previous crossed beam measurements and to match theory based upon the Born Approximation.     

Mass spectrometric study of the dissociation of Group XI metal complexes with fatty acids and glycerolipids: Ag2H+ and Cu2H+ ion formation in the presence of a double bond

Results of mass spectrometric studies are reported for the collisional dissociation of Group XI (Cu, Ag, Au) metal ion complexes with fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic) and glycerolipids. Remarkably, the formation of M₂H⁺ ions (M = Cu, Ag) is observed as a dissociation product of the ion complexes containing more than one metal cation and only if the lipid in the complex contains a double bond. Ag₂H⁺ is formed as the main dissociation channel for all three of the fatty acids containing double bonds that were investigated while Cu₂H⁺ is formed with one of the fatty acids and, although abundant, is not the dominant dissociation channel. Also, Cu(I) and Ag(I) ion complexes were observed with glycerolipids (including triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids) containing either saturated or unsaturated fatty acid substituents. Interestingly, Ag₂H⁺ ion is formed in a major fragmentation channel with the lipids that are able to form the complex with two metal cations (triacylglycerols and glycerophosphoglycerols), while lipids containing a fixed positive charge (glycerophospocholines) complex only with a single metal cation. The formation of Ag₂H⁺ ion is a significant dissociation channel from the complex ion [Ag₂(L–H)]⁺ where L = Glycerophospholipid (GP) (18:1/18:1). Cu(I) also forms complexes of two metal cations with glycerophospholipids but these do not produce Cu₂H⁺ upon dissociation. Rather organic fragments, not containing Cu(I), are formed, perhaps due to different interactions of these metal cations with lipids resulting from the much smaller ionic radius of Cu(I) compared to Ag(I).     

Gas-phase fragmentation reactions of protonated glycerol and its oligomers: Metastable and collision-induced dissociation reactions,associated deuterium isotope effects and the structure of [C3H5O]+, [C2H5O]+, [C2H4O]+. and [C2H3O]+ ions

The chemistry of glycerol subjected to a high-energy particle beam was explored by studying the mass spectral fragmentation characteristics of gas-phase protonated glycerol and its oligomers by using tandem mass spectrometry. Both unimolecular metastable and collision-induced dissociation reactions were studied. Collision activation of protonated glycerol results in elimiation of H₂O and CH₃OH molecules. The resulting ions undergo further fragmentations. The origin of several fragment ions was established by obtaining their product and precursor ion spectra. Corresponding data for the deuterated analogs support those results. The structures of the fragment ions of compositions [C₃H₅O]⁺, [C₂H₅O]⁺, [C₂H₄O]^+. and [C₂H₃O]⁺ derived from protonated glycerol were also identified. Proton-bound glycerol oligomers fragment principally via loss of neutral glycerol molecules. Dissociation of mixed clusters of glycerol and deuterated glycerol displays normal secondary isotope effects.     

Production of H,D(2s, 2p) by electron impact (0–2000 eV) on simple hydrogen containing molecules

Absolute emission cross sections of Ly-α (H, D (2p → 1s)) radiation have been determined for 0–2000 eV electrons incident on H₂, HD, D₂, HCl, H₂O, NH₃ and CH₄. By means of the application of electric quenching the excitation cross sections of H, D (2s) could be obtained from the increase of the resulting Ly-α radiation for these molecules. It was found that only for H₂, HD and D₂ fragments in the H (2s) state are formed.     

Electron impact dissociation of cyanobenzene radical cations by ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy

Trapped ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy has been used for the first time to study the electron impact dissociation of ions. Fragmentation of C₆H₅CH⁺ to produce C₆H⁺₄ and HCN is observed to occur at low electron energies (3–9 eV). The extent of dissociation is observed to be linear in emission current, rising from a threshold at 3.0 ± 0.5 eV to a maximum cross section estimated to be 6A² at 7.5 ± 0.5 eV. The implications of these results are discussed.     

pH and H2O2 dual-responsive carbon dots for biocatalytic transformation monitoring

Development of sensitive biosensors for biocatalytic transformations monitoring is in high demand but remains a great challenge. It is ascribed to the current strategies that focused on the single metabolite detection, which may bring about the relatively low sensitivity and false diagnosis result. Herein, we report the design and fabrication of novel carbon dots (CDs) with strong orange light emission, pH and H₂O₂ dual-responsive characteristics. The fluorescence quenching of CDs by H⁺ and H₂O₂ enables the highly sensitive detection of H⁺/H₂O₂-generating biocatalytic transformations. This is exemplified by the glucose oxidase-mediated catalytic oxidation reaction on glucose, in which H⁺ and H₂O₂ would be formed. As compared to the case in which glucose is present, significant fluorescence reduction is detected, and the fluorescence intensity is negatively proportional to glucose concentration. Thus, highly sensitive detection of glucose was readily achieved with a detection limit down to 10.18 nmol/L. The prepared CDs not only realize the highly sensitive detection of glucose, but also allows the probing other substances by changing the enzymes, thus providing a versatile platform, and demonstrating good potential to be used for biocatalytic transformations effective monitoring.     

Photoabsorption cross section of H2S

The photoabsorption cross sections for H₂S were measured in the 47–102 nm region using synchrotron radiation. The absorption cross section in the range of λ > 90 nm showed many small peaks assigned to the 5a₁ → 6sa₁ Rydberg transition. and in the 77–90 nm region the 2b₂ → nda₁ (n = 4.5) Rydberg series were observed. At the energies of 18.2. 19.5 and 21.1 eV, small broad peaks were recognized and tentatively assigned to the vertical ionization potentials of the 1⁴A₂, ⁴B₁ and 2⁴A₂ electronic states of the H₂S⁺ ion, respectively, by comparing with the recent ab initio calculations for the H₂S⁺ energy diagram.     

Excited states of gaseous ions. V. The predissociation of the h2o+ ion

The B?² state of H₂O⁺ is predissociated twice. First, by the ã⁴B₁ state, giving OH⁺ + H fragments via spinorbit coupling interaction. Secondly, by a²A state, giving H ⁺ OH fragments via spin-orbit coupling and Coriolis interactions. A vibrational analysis of the photoelectron band of the B? state of H₂O⁺ and D₂O⁺ is carried out. This provides the vibrational frequencies of the H₂O⁺, D₂O⁺ and HDO⁺ ions, as well as a vibrational assignment of the peaks. The H₂O⁺ ion in its B?²B₂ state is found to have a OH bond length of 1.12 A and a valence angie of 78°.In order to describe the unimolecular fragmentation process, a distinction is introduced between the totally symmetric, optically active vibrational modes, and the antisymmetric ones which are coupled to the continuum. The former are supplied with photon or electron impact energy, but only the latter are chemically efficient. The dynamics of the dissociation process depends therefore on the couplings among normal modes. This is studied in the framework of two models. In Model 1, it is assumed that, as a result of the anharmonicity of the potential energy surface, only even overtones of the antisymmetric vibration are excited by Fermi resonance. In Model II, excitation of the odd overtones is provided by vibronic coupling. Model II is in better agreement with experiment than Model I. Calculated and experimental results have been compared on the following points: isotopic shift on the appearance potential of OH⁺ and OD⁺ ions, shapes of the photoionization curves, fragmentation pattern with 21 eV photons, presence of a unimolecular metastable transition, production of O⁺ ions. All the vibrational levels situated above the dissociation asymptote are totally predissociated. Autoionization is shown in this case to contribute only to the formation of molecular H₂O⁺ ions, and not to that of the OH⁺ fragments. For 21 eV electrons, the contribution due to direct ionization is calculated to represent about 25% of the total cross section, the rest being due to autoionization.